2016 Schweser Notes. CFA. Level 2. Book 2: Financial Reporting and Analysis and Corporate Finance

412 Pages·12.527 MB·English

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BooK 2 -
FINANCIAL REPORTING AND
ANALYSIS AND CORPORATE FINANCE
Readings and Learning Outcome Statements ............................................................. v
Study Session 5 - Financial Reporting and Analysis:
Inventories and Long-lived Assets ............................................................................. 1
Study Session 6 - Financial Reporting and Analysis: lntercorporate Investments,
Post-Employment and Share-Based Compensation, and Multinational Operations .... 59
Study Session 7 - Financial Reporting and Analysis: Earnings Quality Issues
and Financial Ratio Analysis .................................................................................. 15 8
Self-Test - Financial Reporting and Analysis .......................................................... 206
Study Session 8 - Corporate Finance ..................................................................... 214
Study Session 9 - Corporate Finance: Financing and Control Issues ....................... 307
Self-Test - Corporate Finance ................................................................................ 388
Formulas ............................................................................................................... 392
Index .................................................................................................................... 397
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SCHWESERNOTES™ 2016 LEVEL II CFA® BOOK 2: FINANCIAL REPORTING
AND ANALYSIS AND CORPORATE FINANCE
©2015 Kaplan, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published in 2015 by Kaplan, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America.
ISBN: 978-1-4754-3530-6
PPN: 3200-6842
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and republished from 2016 Learning Outcome Statements, Level I, II, and III questions from CFA®
Program Materials, CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct, and CFA lnstitute's Global
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These materials may not be copied without written permission from the author. The unauthorized
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Your assistance in pursuing potential violators of this law is greatly appreciated.
Disclaimer: The Schweser Notes should be used in conjunction with the original readings as set forth
by CFA Institute in their 2016 Level II CFA Study Guide. The information contained in these Notes
covers topics contained in the readings referenced by CFA Institute and is believed to be accurate.
However, their accuracy cannot be guaranteed nor is any warranty conveyed as to your ultimate exam
success. The authors of the referenced readings have not endorsed or sponsored these Notes.
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READINGS AND
LEARNING OUTCOME STATEMENTS
READINGS
The following material is a review oft he Financial Reporting and Analysis, and Corporate
Finance principles designed to address the learning outcome statements set forth by CPA
Institute.
STUDY SESSION 5
Reading Assignments
Financial Reporting and Analysis, CFA Program Curriculum, Volume 2, Level II
(CFA Institute, 2015)
16. Inventories: Implications for Financial Statements and Ratios page 1
17. Long-lived Assets: Implications for Financial Statements and Ratios page 25
STUDY SESSION 6
Reading Assignments
Financial Reporting and Analysis, CFA Program Curriculum, Volume 2, Level II
(CFA Institute, 2015)
18. Intercorporate Investments page 59
19. Employee Compensation: Post-Employment and Share-Based page 94
20. Multinational Operations page 119
STUDY SESSION 7
Reading Assignments
Financial Reporting and Analysis, CFA Program Curriculum, Volume 2, Level II
(CFA Institute, 2015)
21. Evaluating Quality of Financial Reports page 158
22. Integration of Financial Statement Analysis Techniques page 184
STUDY SESSION 8
Reading Assignments
Corporate Finance, CFA Program Curriculum, Volume 3, Level II
(CFA Institute, 2015)
23. Capital Budgeting page 214
24. Capital Structure page 262
25. Dividends and Share Repurchases: Analysis page 281
©2015 Kaplan, Inc. Page v
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Book 2 - Financial Reporting and Analysis and Corporate Finance
Readings and Learning Outcome Statements
STUDY SESSION 9
Reading Assignments
Corporate Finance, CFA Program Curriculum, Volume 3, Level II
(CFA Institute, 2015)
26. Corporate Performance, Governance, and Business Ethics page 307
27. Corporate Governance page 318
28. Mergers and Acquisitions page 337
LEARNING OUTCOME STATEMENTS (LOS)
The CFA Institute Learning Outcome Statements are listed below. These are repeated in each
topic review; however, the order may have been changed in order to get a better fit with the
flow of the review.
STUDY SESSION 5
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CFA Institute assigned reading:
16. Inventories: Implications for Financial Statements and Ratios
The candidate should be able to:
a. calculate and explain how inflation and deflation of inventory costs affect
the financial statements and ratios of companies that use different inventory
valuation methods. (page 1)
b. explain LIFO reserve and LIFO liquidation and their effects on financial
statements and ratios. (page 6)
c. convert a company's reported financial statements from LIFO to FIFO for
purposes of comparison. (page 13)
d. describe the implications of valuing inventory at net realisable value for financial
statements and ratios. (page 14)
e. analyze and compare the financial statements and ratios of companies, including
those that use different inventory valuation methods. (page 16)
f. explain issues that analysts should consider when examining a company's
inventory disclosures and other sources of information. (page 18)
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CFA Institute assigned reading:
17. Long-Lived Assets: Implications for Financial Statements and Ratios
The candidate should be able to:
a. explain and evaluate how capitalising versus expensing costs in the period in
which they are incurred affects financial statements and ratios. (page 25)
b. explain and evaluate how the different depreciation methods for property, plant,
and equipment affect financial statements and ratios. (page 32)
c. explain and evaluate how impairment and revaluation of property, plant, and
equipment and intangible assets affect financial statements and ratios. (page 37)
d. analyze and interpret financial statement disclosures regarding long-lived assets.
(page 40)
e. explain and evaluate how leasing rather than purchasing assets affects financial
statements and ratios. (page 42)
f. explain and evaluate how finance leases and operating leases affect financial
statements and ratios from the perspectives of both the lessor and the lessee. (page 42)
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publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
Book 2 - Financial Reporting and Analysis and Corporate Finance
Reading and Learning Outcome Statements
STUDY SESSION 6
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CFA Institute assigned reading:
18. lntercorporate Investments
The candidate should be able to:
a. describe the classification, measurement, and disclosure under International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for 1) investments in financial assets,
2) investments in associates, 3) joint ventures, 4) business combinations, and
5) special purpose and variable interest entities.(page 59)
b. distinguish between IFRS and US GAAP in the classification, measurement,
and disclosure of investments in financial assets, investments in associates,
joint ventures, business combinations, and special purpose and variable interest
entities. (page 59)
c. analyze how different methods used to account for intercorporate investments
affect financial statements and ratios. (page 82)
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CFA Institute assigned reading:
19. Employee Compensation: Post-Employment and Share-Based
The candidate should be able to:
a. describe the types of post-employment benefit plans and implications for
financial reports. (page 94)
b. explain and calculate measures of a defined benefit pension obligation (i.e.,
present value of the defined benefit obligation and projected benefit obligation)
and net pension liability (or asset). (page 95)
c. describe the components of a company's defined benefit pension costs. (page 99)
d. explain and calculate the effect of a defined benefit plan's assumptions on the
defined benefit obligation and periodic pension cost. (page 104)
e. explain and calculate how adjusting for items of pension and other post
employment benefits that are reported in the notes to the financial statements
affects financial statements and ratios. (page 106)
f. interpret pension plan note disclosures including cash flow related information.
(page 108)
g. explain issues associated with accounting for share-based compensation. (page
109)
h. explain how accounting for stock grants and stock options affects financial
statements, and the importance of companies' assumptions in valuing these
grants and options. (page 109)
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CFA Institute assigned reading:
20. Multinational Operations
The candidate should be able to:
a. distinguish among presentation (reporting) currency, functional currency, and
local currency. (page 119)
b. describe foreign currency transaction exposure, including accounting for and
disclosures about foreign currency transaction gains and losses. (page 120)
c. analyze how changes in exchange rates affect the translated sales of the subsidiary
and parent company.(page 121)
d. compare the current rate method and the temporal method, evaluate how each
affects the parent company's balance sheet and income statement, and determine
which method is appropriate in various scenarios. (page 121)
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Book 2 - Financial Reporting and Analysis and Corporate Finance
Reading and Learning Outcome Statements
e. calculate the translation effects and evaluate the translation of a subsidiary's
balance sheet and income statement into the parent company's presentation
currency. (page 127)
f. analyze how the current rate method and the temporal method affect financial
statements and ratios. (page 135)
g. analyze how alternative translation methods for subsidiaries operating in
hyperinflationary economies affect financial statements and ratios. (page 139)
h. describe how multinational operations affect a company's effective tax rate. (page
142)
1. explain how changes in the components of sales affect the sustainability of sales
growth. (page 143)
j. analyze how currency fluctuations potentially affect financial results, given a
company's countries of operation. (page 144)
STUDY SESSION 7
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CPA Institute assigned reading:
21. Evaluating Quality of Financial Reports
The candidate should be able to:
a. demonstrate the use of a conceptual framework for assessing the quality of a
company's financial reports. (page 158)
b. explain potential problems that affect the quality of financial reports. (page 159)
c. describe how to evaluate the quality of a company's financial reports.(page 162)
d. evaluate the quality of a company's financial reports. (page 162)
e. describe the concept of sustainable (persistent) earnings. (page 165)
f. describe indicators of earnings quality. (page 165)
g. explain mean reversion in earnings and how the accruals component of earnings
affects the speed of mean reversion. (page 167)
h. evaluate the earnings quality of a company. (page 167)
1. describe indicators of cash flow quality. (page 170)
j. evaluate the cash flow quality of a company. (page 170)
k. describe indicators of balance sheet quality. (page 171)
1. evaluate the balance sheet quality of a company. (page 171)
m. describe sources of information about risk. (page 172)
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CPA Institute assigned reading:
22. Integration of Financial Statement Analysis Techniques
The candidate should be able to:
a. demonstrate the use of a framework for the analysis of financial statements,
given a particular problem, question, or purpose (e.g., valuing equity based on
comparables, critiquing a credit rating, obtaining a comprehensive picture of
financial leverage, evaluating the perspectives given in management's discussion
of financial results). (page 184)
b. identify financial reporting choices and biases that affect the quality and
comparability of companies' financial statements, and explain how such biases
may affect financial decisions. (page 185)
c. evaluate the quality of a company's financial data, and recommend appropriate
adjustments to improve quality and comparability with similar companies,
including adjustments for differences in accounting standards, methods, and
assumptions. (page 199)
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Book 2 - Financial Reporting and Analysis and Corporate Finance
Reading and Learning Outcome Statements
d. evaluate how a given change in accounting standards, methods, or assumptions
affects financial statements and ratios. (page 200)
e. analyze and interpret how balance sheet modifications, earnings normalization,
and cash flow statement related modifications affect a company's financial
statements, financial ratios, and overall financial condition. (page 193)
STUDY SESSION 8
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CPA Institute assigned reading:
23. Capital Budgeting
The candidate should be able to:
a. calculate the yearly cash flows of expansion and replacement capital projects and
evaluate how the choice of depreciation method affects those cash flows. (page
217)
b. explain how inflation affects capital budgeting analysis. (page 224)
c. evaluate capital projects and determine the optimal capital project in situations
of 1) mutually exclusive projects with unequal lives, using either the least
common multiple of lives approach or the equivalent annual annuity approach,
and 2) capital rationing. (page 225)
d. explain how sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation
can be used to assess the stand-alone risk of a capital project. (page 230)
e. explain and calculate the discount rate, based on market risk methods, to use in
valuing a capital project. (page 233)
f. describe types of real options and evaluate a capital project using real options.
(page 234)
g. describe common capital budgeting pitfalls. (page 237)
h. calculate and interpret accounting income and economic income in the context
of capital budgeting. (page 238)
1. distinguish among the economic profit, residual income, and claims valuation
models for capital budgeting and evaluate a capital project using each. (page
242)
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CPA Institute assigned reading:
24. Capital Structure
The candidate should be able to:
a. explain the Modigliani-Miller propositions regarding capital structure, including
the effects of leverage, taxes, financial distress, agency costs, and asymmetric
information on a company's cost of equity, cost of capital, and optimal capital
structure. (page 262)
b. describe target capital structure and explain why a company's actual capital
structure may fluctuate around its target. (page 270)
c. describe the role of debt ratings in capital structure policy. (page 270)
d. explain factors an analyst should consider in evaluating the effect of capital
structure policy on valuation. (page 271)
e. describe international differences in the use of financial leverage, factors that
explain these differences, and implications of these differences for investment
analysis. (page 272)
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publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
Book 2 - Financial Reporting and Analysis and Corporate Finance
Reading and Learning Outcome Statements
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CFA Institute assigned reading:
25. Dividends and Share Repurchases: Analysis
The candidate should be able to:
a. compare theories of dividend policy and explain implications of each for share
value given a description of a corporate dividend action. (page 281)
b. describe types of information (signals) that dividend initiations, increases,
decreases, and omissions may convey. (page 282)
c. explain how clientele effects and agency issues may affect a company's payout
policy. (page 283)
d. explain factors that affect dividend policy. (page 285)
e. calculate and interpret the effective tax rate on a given currency unit of
corporate earnings under double taxation, dividend imputation, and split-rate
tax systems. (page 286)
f. compare stable dividend, constant dividend payout ratio, and residual dividend
payout policies, and calculate the dividend under each policy. (page 288)
g. explain the choice between paying cash dividends and repurchasing shares. (page
291)
h. describe broad trends in corporate dividend policies. (page 294)
1. calculate and interpret dividend coverage ratios based on 1) net income and
2) free cash flow.(page 295)
j. identify characteristics of companies that may not be able to sustain their cash
dividend. (page 295)
STUDY SESSION 9
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CFA Institute assigned reading:
26. Corporate Performance, Governance and Business Ethics
The candidate should be able to:
a. compare interests of key stakeholder groups and explain the purpose of a
stakeholder impact analysis. (page 307)
b. discuss problems that can arise in principal-agent relationships and mechanisms
that may mitigate such problems. (page 309)
c. Discuss roots of unethical behavior and how managers might ensure that ethical
issues are considered in business decision making. (page 31 O)
d. Compare the Friedman doctrine, Utilitarianism, Kantian Ethics, and Rights and
Justice Theories as approaches to ethical decision making. (page 311)
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CFA Institute assigned reading:
27. Corporate Governance
The candidate should be able to:
a. describe objectives and core attributes of an effective corporate governance
system and evaluate whether a company's corporate governance has those
attributes. (page 318)
b. compare major business forms and describe the conflicts of interest associated
with each. (page 319)
c. explain conflicts that arise in agency relationships, including manager
shareholder conflicts and director-shareholder conflicts. (page 320)
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Book 2 - Financial Reporting and Analysis and Corporate Finance
Reading and Learning Outcome Statements
d. describe responsibilities of the board of directors and explain qualifications and
core competencies that an investment analyst should look for in the board of
directors.(page 322)
e. explain effective corporate governance practice as it relates to the board of
directors and evaluate strengths and weaknesses of a company's corporate
governance practice. (page 322)
f. describe elements of a company's statement of corporate governance policies that
investment analysts should assess. (page 325)
g. describe environmental, social, and governance risk exposures. (page 325)
h. explain the valuation implications of corporate governance. (page 327)
The topical coverage corresponds with the following CFA Institute assigned reading:
28. Mergers and Acquisitions
The candidate should be able to:
a. classify merger and acquisition (M&A) activities based on forms of integration
and relatedness of business activities. (page 337)
b. explain common motivations behind M&A activity. (page 338)
c. explain bootstrapping of earnings per share (EPS) and calculate a company's
postmerger EPS. (page 341)
d. explain, based on industry life cycles, the relation between merger motivations
and types of mergers. (page 343)
e. contrast merger transaction characteristics by form of acquisition, method of
payment, and attitude of target management. (page 344)
f. distinguish among pre-offer and post-offer takeover defense mechanisms. (page
347)
g. calculate and interpret the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, and evaluate the
likelihood of an antitrust challenge for a given business combination. (page 350)
h. compare the discounted cash flow, comparable company, and comparable
transaction analyses for valuing a target company, including the advantages and
disadvantages of each. (page 364)
1. calculate free cash flows for a target company, and estimate the company's
intrinsic value based on discounted cash flow analysis. (page 352)
j. estimate the value of a target company using comparable company and
comparable transaction analyses. (page 357)
k. evaluate a takeover bid, and calculate the estimated post-acquisition value of
an acquirer and the gains accrued to the target shareholders versus the acquirer
shareholders. (page 365)
I. explain how price and payment method affect the distribution of risks and
benefits in M&A transactions. (page 369)
m. describe characteristics of M&A transactions that create value. (page 370)
n. distinguish among equity carve-outs, spin-offs, split-offs, and liquidation. (page
370)
o. explain common reasons for restructuring. (page 371)
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