Исследования по истории физики и механики 2009-2010

480 Pages·2010·4.925 MB·Russian

ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÀß ÀÊÀÄÅÌÈß ÍÀÓÊ
ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ
ÅÑÒÅÑÒÂÎÇÍÀÍÈß È ÒÅÕÍÈÊÈ èì. Ñ.È.ÂÀÂÈËÎÂÀ
ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈß
ÏÎ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ
ÔÈÇÈÊÈ È ÌÅÕÀÍÈÊÈ
2009–2010
Îòâåòñòâåííûé ðåäàêòîð
äîêòîð ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê
Ã.Ì. ÈÄËÈÑ
Ìîñêâà
Ôèçìàòëèò
2 0 1 0
ÓÄÊ 530+531 Èçäàíèå îñóùåñòâëåíî ïðè ïîääåðæêå
ÁÁÊ 223ã Ðîññèéñêîãî ôîíäà ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ
È 88 èññëåäîâàíèé ïî ïðîåêòó 10-06-07-130
Èçäàíèå îñíîâàíî â 1985 ã.
Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ:
äîêòîð ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê Ã.Ì. ÈÄËÈÑ (ïðåäñåäàòåëü),
äîêòîð ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê Âë.Ï. ÂÈÇÃÈÍ
(çàìåñòèòåëü ïðåäñåäàòåëÿ),
êàíäèäàò ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê Í.Â. ÂÄÎÂÈ×ÅÍÊÎ
(ó÷åíûé ñåêðåòàðü),
÷ëåí-êîððåñïîíäåíò ÐÀÍ Ë.È. ÏÎÍÎÌÀÐÅÂ,
äîêòîð ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê Á.Ì. ÁÎËÎÒÎÂÑÊÈÉ,
äîêòîð ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê À.Â. ÊÅÑÑÅÍÈÕ,
äîêòîð ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê Ã.Ê. ÌÈÕÀÉËÎÂ
Ðåäàêòîð-ñîñòàâèòåëü:
êàíäèäàò ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê Í.Â. ÂÄÎÂÈ×ÅÍÊÎ
Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî èñòîðèè ôèçèêè è ìåõàíèêè. 2009–2010/Èí-ò èñòî-

ðèè åñòåñòâîçíàíèÿ è òåõíèêè èì. Ñ.È. Âàâèëîâà ÐÀÍ: îòâ. ðåä.
Ã.Ì.Èäëèñ.— Ì.: Ôèçìàòëèò, 2010. — 480ñ.— ISBN 978-5-94052-202-7
(â ïåð.)
 ñáîðíèê âõîäÿò ìàòåðèàëû, ïîñâÿùåííûå 150-ëåòíåìó þáèëåþ ñî äíÿ ðîæ-
äåíèÿ Ìàêñà Ïëàíêà; èñòîðèè æèçíè è äåÿòåëüíîñòè À.Ã. Ñòîëåòîâà; èñòîðèè
ñîçäàíèÿ ïåðâîãî ñèíõðîôàçîòðîíà â Äóáíå; áîëüøàÿ ïîäáîðêà ìàòåðèàëîâ îä-
íîãî èç ñòàðåéøèõ ñîòðóäíèêîâ Êóð÷àòîâñêîãî èíñòèòóòà Ê.Í. Ìóõèíà î ñâîèõ
âïå÷àòëåíèÿõ îò âñòðå÷ ñî ìíîãèìè êðóïíåéøèìè îòå÷åñòâåííûìè è íåêîòîðû-
ìè çàðóáåæíûìè ôèçèêàìè; èíòåðåñíûå ïîäðîáíîñòè ñîçäàíèÿ Áîëüøîé Ñîâåò-
ñêîé Ýíöèêëîïåäèè. Ïóáëèêóåòñÿ ïèñüìî Ñ.Ý Õàéêèíà, ñâÿçàííîå ñ èäåîëîãè-
÷åñêèìè ðàçáîðêàìè 1940–1950-õ ãîäîâ â Ìîñêîâñêîì óíèâåðñèòåòå. Áîëüøîé
ðàçäåë ïîñâÿùåí ïàìÿòè óìåðøåãî â 2009 ã. ñòàðåéøåãî ÷ëåíà ðåäêîëëåãèè ñáîð-
íèêà àêàäåìèêà Â.Ë. Ãèíçáóðãà.
Äëÿ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â îáëàñòè ôèçèêè, ìåõàíèêè, èñòîðèè íàóêè è âîîáùå
äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêîãî êðóãà ÷èòàòåëåé, èíòåðåñóþùèõñÿ èñòîðèåé íàóêè.
Historical studies in physics and mechanics. 2009–2010/Institute for

the History of Science and Technology of the RAS: ed. by G.M. Idlis. —
M.: Fizmatlit, 2010. — 480 p. — ISBN 978-5-94052-202-7 (in cloth.)
The collection includes the materials, devoted to the 150-years anniversary of
Max Plank’s birthday; the history of A.G. Stoletov’s life and scientific activity; the
history of the first synchrophasotron in Dubna creation; rather a big set of facts
and evidence by one of the oldest scientists from Kurchatov Institute K.N. Mukhin
about the impressions of the meetings with many prominent soviet and some foreign
physicists; interest details of making the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. S.E. Khaikin’s
letter connected with the ideological persecution of 1940es –1950es in Moscow
University is published. A large part is devoted to the memory of the associate editor
of this collection academician V.L. Ginzburg, dead in 2009.
The collection might be of interest for physicists, mathematicians as well as for
those who are working in the history of science.
© Èí-ò èñòîðèè åñòåñòâîçíàíèÿ è òåõíèêè
èì. Ñ.È. Âàâèëîâà ÐÀÍ, 2010
© Èçäàòåëüñòâî ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé
ISBN 978-5-94052-202-7 ëèòåðàòóðû (îôîðìëåíèå), 2010
ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ
Îò ðåäêîëëåãèè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
I. Ê 150-ËÅÒÈÞ ÌÀÊÑÀ ÏËÀÍÊÀ
Î.Í. Ãîëóáåâà, À.Ä. Ñóõàíîâ
Èäåè Ïëàíêà êàê ïåðâîîñíîâà
íåêëàññè÷åñêîé ôèçèêè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Âë.Ï. Âèçãèí
Ìàêñ Ïëàíê è òåîðèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Þ.Ã.Ðóäîé
Ðîëü Ìàêñà Ïëàíêà â ñîçäàíèè
ðåëÿòèâèñòñêîé òåðìîäèíàìèêè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
À.À. Ïå÷åíêèí
Ïîëåìèêà Ë.È. Ìàíäåëüøòàìà è Ì. Ïëàíêà:
èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ è èñòîðèÿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
II. ÍÅÊÎÒÎÐÛÅ ÃËÀÂÛ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ
ÎÒÅ×ÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÉ ÍÀÓÊÈ
Â.Ï. Ðóñàêîâ
À.Ã.Ñòîëåòîâ. Ðàçâèòèå ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé
ôèçèêè â Ðîññèè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Ê.Í. Ìóõèí
Øòðèõè ê ïîðòðåòàì ôèçèêîâ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Ñ.Ý. Õàéêèí
Ïèñüìî â ÖÊ ÂÊÏ(á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
Â.È.Èâàíîâà
Ïðîõîðîâ, Ñàõàðîâ è äðóãèå ôèçèêè — ó÷àñòíèêè
ñîçäàíèÿ ÁÑÝ-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
Ë. Ë. Çèíîâüåâà
Èñòîðèÿ ñîçäàíèÿ äóáíåíñêîãî ñèíõðîôàçîòðîíà . . . . .263
3
Á.Ì. Áîëîòîâñêèé
Êàê áûëà îòêðûòà àâòîôàçèðîâêà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287
À.Â. Êåññåíèõ
Ôèçèê íà ñëóæáå ó õèìèêîâ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
III. ÐÀÇÍÎÅ ÈÇ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈ ÔÈÇÈÊÈ
Î.Í. Ãîëóáåâà, Ë.Â. Õîðóíæàÿ, À.Ä. Ñóõàíîâ
Ýâîëþöèÿ èäåé â ñòàíîâëåíèè è ðàçâèòèè
àíñàìáëåâîãî ïîäõîäà ê ôèçèêå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèõ
ÿâëåíèé (1809–2009). II. Ñòàíîâëåíèå ìîäåëè
íåêëàññè÷åñêîãî àíñàìáëÿ Ãèááñà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
IV. ÏÀÌßÒÈ Ó×ÅÍÎÃÎ
Âë.Ï. Âèçãèí
Â.Ë. Ãèíçáóðã è èñòîðèÿ íàóêè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Ã.Å. Ãîðåëèê
«LiDî÷êà» Ãèíçáóðãà è äðóãèå
òåðìîÿäåðíûå èäåè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392
Âèòàëèé Ëàçàðåâè÷ Ãèíçáóðã
Áåñåäà ñ èñòîðèêàìè íàóêè (25 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1990ã.) . . . . .407
Â.Ë. Ãèíçáóðã
Òåêñò âûñòóïëåíèÿ äëÿ Âñåñîþçíîãî ñîâåùàíèÿ
ôèçèêîâ 1949 ã. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444
À.Â. Êåññåíèõ
Íåîí Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷ Àðìàíä (1932–2009) . . . . . . . . . .466
ÀÍÍÎÒÀÖÈÈ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470
4
CONTENTS
From the Editorial Board
I. TO THE 150th ANNIVERSARY OF MAX PLANCK
O.N. Golubjeva, A.D. Sukhanov
Planck’s ideas as a fundamental principle
of nonclassical physics
Vl.P. Vizgin
Max Planck and the theory of relativity
Yu. G. Rudoy
The role of Max Plànck in the creation
of the relativistic thermodynamics
A.A.Pechenkin
The Mandelstam-Planck polemics:
the historiography and history
II. FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN SCIENCE
V.P. Rusakov
A.G.Stoletov. Development of experimental
physics in Russia
K.N. Mukhin
Some details to the portraits
of the physicists
S.E. Khaikin
Letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU(b)
V.I. Ivanova
Prokhorov, Sakharov and other physicists which took part in
creating of the third edition of the Grate Soviet Encyclopedia
L.L. Zinovyeva
The history of the synchrophasotron creation in Dubna
5
B.M. Bolotovsky
How the phase stability principle was discovered
A.V.Kessenikh
The physicist working for chemists
III. MISCELLANEA
O.N.Golubjeva, L.V.Horunzhaja, A.D.Sukhanov
The evolution of ideas in the becoming
and development of ensemble approach
to the stochastic physical processes (1809-2009).
II. Formation of the nonclassical Gibbs
ensemble method
IV. IN MEMORIAM
Vl.P. Vizgin
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg and a history of science
G.E.Gorelik
Ginzburg’s «LiDochka» and other thermonuclear ideas
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg
Conversation with historians of science (on September,
25th 1990)
V.L.Ginzburg
The text of speech for the All-Union meeting
of physicists in 1949
A.V.Kessenikh
Neon Aleksandrovich Armand (1932–2009)
ABSTRACTS
6
ÎÒ ÐÅÄÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ
 ñâÿçè ñ öåëûì ðÿäîì îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèõ è â
ñòðàíå è â Àêàäåìèè íàóê, èçäàíèå ïðåäûäóùåãî âûïóñêà
«ÈÈÔÌ. 2008» çàäåðæàëîñü íà ãîä. Ïîýòîìó î÷åðåäíîé òîì
îáúåäèíÿåò ðàáîòû ïîñëåäíèõ äâóõ ëåò, õîòÿ îáúåì åãî îñòà-
åòñÿ ïðåæíèì.
Ïî òðàäèöèè ïåðâûé ðàçäåë — þáèëåéíûé. Â 2008 ã. èñ-
ïîëíèëîñü 150 ëåò ñî äíÿ ðîæäåíèÿ çàìå÷àòåëüíîãî íåìåöêî-
ãî ôèçèêà Ìàêñà Ïëàíêà. Â Èíñòèòóòå ïðîøëà êîíôåðåíöèÿ,
ïîñâÿùåííàÿ ýòîé äàòå, à ðàáîòû, äîëîæåííûå íà íåé, âîøëè
â ñáîðíèê. Â ðàáîòå Î.Í.Ãîëóáåâîé è À.Ä.Ñóõàíîâà ïðîäåìîí-
ñòðèðîâàíî, ÷òî âîïðåêè ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîìó ñóæäåíèþ âêëàä
Ïëàíêà â ôóíäàìåíòàëüíóþ ôèçèêó íåëüçÿ ñâîäèòü èñêëþ÷è-
òåëüíî ê èäåå êâàíòîâàíèÿ ýíåðãèè. Ñðåäè åãî íàèáîëåå âû-
äàþùèõñÿ èäåé îíè ðàññìîòðåëè ââåäåíèå ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ
êîíñòàíò ñòîõàñòè÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ êâàíòîâîãî è òåïëîâî-
ãî òèïà è èäåþ íåêëàññè÷åñêîãî ñòàòèñòè÷åñêîãî àíñàìáëÿ,
ðåàëèçîâàííóþ èì ïðè îïèñàíèè òåïëîâîãî èçëó÷åíèÿ. Âêëà-
äó Ïëàíêà â òåîðèþ îòíîñèòåëüíîñòè, çàëîæèâøåìó îñíîâû
ðåëÿòèâèñòñêèõ ìåõàíèêè è òåðìîäèíàìèêè, ïîñâÿùåíû ðà-
áîòû Âë.Ï.Âèçãèíà è Þ.Ã.Ðóäîãî.  ñòàòüå À.À.Ïå÷åíêèíà
î ïîëåìèêå ìåæäó Ïëàíêîì è Ë.È. Ìàíäåëüøòàìîì ïî ïîâî-
äó òåîðèè ðàññåÿíèÿ ñâåòà Ðýëåÿ îòìå÷åíû ìîìåíòû íå òîëü-
êî íàó÷íîãî, íî è ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêîãî õàðàêòåðà, ïðè÷åì ðàç-
íûå â ðàçëè÷íûå ïåðèîäû àíàëèçà ýòîé ïîëåìèêè.
×òî êàñàåòñÿ âòîðîãî ðàçäåëà — ãëàâ èñòîðèè îòå÷åñòâåí-
íîé íàóêè, òî îòêðûâàåòñÿ îíà ïîñëåäíåé ñòàòüåé èñòîðè÷åñ-
êîãî öèêëà, íàïèñàííîãî ïîëâåêà íàçàä Â.Ï. Ðóñàêîâûì è ïî-
7
ñâÿùåííîãî âûäàþùèìñÿ ðîññèéñêèì ôèçèêàì êîíöà XIX–
íà÷àëà XX âåêîâ. Îíà ñâÿçàíà ñ èìåíåì À.Ã. Ñòîëåòîâà è ðàç-
âèòèåì â Ðîññèè ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé ôèçèêè. Çäåñü æå ìíî-
ãî «âîñïîìèíàòåëüíûõ» ñòðàíèö (Ê.Í.Ìóõèí, Â.È.Èâàíîâà,
À.Â.Êåññåíèõ), êîòîðûå áåç ñîìíåíèÿ ìîæíî îòíåñòè ê ðàç-
ðÿäó «ñâèäåòåëüñòâà î÷åâèäöåâ». À âîò ïóáëèêàöèÿ ïèñüìà
1945 ã. èçâåñòíîãî ìåõàíèêà, ïðîôåññîðà Ñ.Ý.Õàéêèíà â ÖÊ
ïàðòèè ïî ïîâîäó ãîíåíèé íà íåãî â Ìîñêîâñêîì óíèâåðñèòå-
òå — ýòî óæå ñâèäåòåëüñòâî ñàìîé èñòîðèè. Î÷åíü èíòåðåñíûå
è ïîçâîëÿþùèå ïî-íîâîìó âçãëÿíóòü íà èñòîðèþ ñîçäàíèÿ
ïåðâîãî ñèíõðîôàçîòðîíà â Äóáíå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäëàãàåò íà-
øåìó âíèìàíèþ ÷åëîâåê, èìåâøèé ê ýòîìó íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå
îòíîøåíèå, Ë.Ë.Çèíîâüåâà.  ïðåäûäóùåì âûïóñêå íàïå÷à-
òàíà åå ñòàòüÿ îá àâòîðñòâå ïðèíöèïà àâòîôàçèðîâêè. Îäíàêî
ñ åå àðãóìåíòàöèåé è àíàëèçîì ñîãëàñíû äàëåêî íå âñå. Íàøå
èçäàíèå îòêðûòî äëÿ ïîëåìèêè, è â ýòîì âûïóñêå ìû ïå÷àòà-
åì îòâåò íà åå ñòàòüþ, íàïèñàííûé ñîòðóäíèêîì ÔÈÀÍà
Á.Ì.Áîëîòîâñêèì.
 òðåòüåì ðàçäåëå ïóáëèêóåòñÿ âòîðàÿ ÷àñòü ðàáîòû î ðàç-
âèòèè àíñàìáëåâîãî ïîäõîäà ê ôèçèêå ñòîõàñòè÷åñêèõ ÿâëå-
íèé (1809–2009).
È íàêîíåö, ìåìîðèàëüíûé ðàçäåë. Âñå áîëüøå è áîëüøå
íàøèõ êîëëåã ïîêèäàþò íàñ, óõîäÿ íàâñåãäà. Â íîÿáðå 2009 ã.
ñêîí÷àëñÿ Âèòàëèé Ëàçàðåâè÷ Ãèíçáóðã. Åãî çíàëè âñå, à íå
òîëüêî ôèçèêè è èñòîðèêè íàóêè. Îí ïðîæèë áîëüøóþ è íà-
ñûùåííóþ òðóäàìè è ñîáûòèÿìè æèçíü. Ñ ìîìåíòà ïîÿâëå-
íèÿ íàøåãî èçäàíèÿ îí âõîäèë â åãî ðåäêîëëåãèþ. Âî ìíîãîì
áëàãîäàðÿ èìåííî åãî óñèëèÿì îíî è ïîÿâèëîñü íà ñâåò. Îí
áûë ÷åëîâåêîì î÷åíü øèðîêîãî êðóãîçîðà è ðàçìûøëÿë íàä
ïðîáëåìàìè ñàìîãî îáùåãî õàðàêòåðà. Íå èìåÿ âîçìîæíîñòè
îáúÿòü íåîáúÿòíîå, ìû îòäàåì äîëã åãî ïàìÿòè, ïîìåùàÿ ðÿä
ðàáîò, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ åãî äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ íà ïîïðèùå èñòîðèè
íàóêè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïóáëèêóåì èíòåðâüþ, êîòîðîå îí äàë èñ-
òîðèêàì åùå â 1990 ã., è åãî âûñòóïëåíèå íà çíàìåíèòîì
Âñåñîþçíîì ñîâåùàíèè ôèçèêîâ â 1949 ã.
 òîì æå 2009 ã. ñêîí÷àëñÿ îäèí èç íàøèõ àâòîðîâ — èç-
âåñòíûé ðàäèîôèçèê, ëàóðåàò Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ïðåìèé ÑÑÑÐ,
çàñëóæåííûé äåÿòåëü íàóêè è òåõíèêè ÑÑÑÐ Íåîí Àëåêñàí-
äðîâè÷ Àðìàíä. Åìó òîæå ïîñâÿùåí íåêðîëîã.
Ðåäêîëëåãèÿ ïðèçíàòåëüíà ñâîèì àâòîðàì è âñåì, êòî ïðè-
íèìàë ó÷àñòèå â ñîçäàíèè ýòîãî òîìà.
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Ñ êàæäûì ãîäîì ðÿäû íàøè êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêè ðåäåþò — íå
óñïåëè ìû ñäàòü â ïå÷àòü ýòîò âûïóñê, êàê íàñ ïîêèíóë åãî
îòâåòñòâåííûé ðåäàêòîð Ãðèãîðèé Ìîèñååâè÷ Èäëèñ. Áîëåå
äåñÿòè ëåò îí âîçãëàâëÿë ðåäêîëëåãèþ ñáîðíèêà, âñåãäà ìÿã-
êî è òîíêî ðåøàë âñå âîçíèêàþùèå ïðîáëåìû êàê âíóòðè
íàøåãî êîëëåêòèâà, òàê è ïðè ðàáîòå ñ èçäàòåëüñòâàìè. Ñâîå-
ìó ïðàâèëó — â êàæäîì âûïóñêå îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæíà áûòü åãî
ñòàòüÿ — îí íè ðàçó íå èçìåíèë. È âîò 29 ìàðòà 2010 ã. åãî â
îäíî÷àñüå íå ñòàëî.  ñëåäóþùåì ãîäó ìû, ïî òðàäèöèè, ïî-
ñâÿòèì ðàçäåë è åãî òâîð÷åñòâó è ïðîãðàììàì, êîòîðûå òàê è
íå óäàëîñü îñóùåñòâèòü.
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Ìàêñ ÏËÀÍÊ â ñâîåì ðàáî÷åì êàáèíåòå
(Ôîòî: George Grantham Bain Collection
èç àðõèâà áèáëèîòåêè Êîíãðåññà ÑØÀ)
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