Description:This section underwent major revision for the 2008-2009 edition. Reviews basic anatomy of the retina and examines diagnostic approaches to retinal disease. Also examines disorders of the retina and vitreous, including retinal vascular and choroidal disease, focal and diffuse inflammation, hereditary dystrophies, peripheral abnormalities, and posterior segment manifestations of trauma. Laser therapy and vitreoretinal surgery are discussed as well.