2) Which extraordinary experiment was carried out by Brazil? arks:1 Answer

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CIVICS

1) Define coalition government.
Answer: A government formed by the coming together of at least two political parties. Usually partners
in a coalition form a political alliance and adopt a common programme.
2) Which extraordinary experiment was carried out by Brazil?arks:1
Answer:
A city called Porto Alegre, in Brazil, has carried out an extraordinary experiment in combining
decentralisation with participative democracy.
3) Which Union Territory was bifurcated in order to create a state in 1987?
Answer: Goa and Daman Diu is the only Union Territory that was bifurcated in 1987 to create a separate
state – Goa and a Union Territory – Daman Diu.
4) Define Constitution.Marks:1
Answer: Constitution: means a set of written or unwritten rules which determine the form of
government, the powers of the government, the rights of the citizens & the relation between the
government & its citizens.

5) 5) Mention some features of federalism
arks:3
Answer: The key features of Federalism are:
(a) There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
(b) Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction
in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
(c) The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the
constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally
guaranteed.
6) What are the various problems faced by a federation?rks:3
Answer:
The major problems which usually characterise a federation can be identified as follows:
a. Problem of settling Centre-State disputes
b. Problem of ensuring a clear-cut and settled division of power between the Center and federal
States
c. Problem of overcoming regional imbalances and regionalism
What are union territories? Why union territories are not states?
Answer: Some units of the Indian union are smaller in size in comparison to other states and cannot be
merged with other states. Such units are called union territories, for example, Chandigarh or
Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi. They are not given the status since they are too small in size to
be considered as independent units. Central government has special powers in running these areas.
7) Discuss three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social division.ks:4
Answer:
The three factors which are important for deciding the outcomes of politics of social divisions:-

(i) How people perceive their identities:-
If people see their identities in singular & exclusive terms it becomes difficult to
accommodate. It is much easier if the people see that their identities are multiple & are
complementary with the national identity Eg. Majority of people in Belgium now think that they
are as much Belgian as German or Dutch speaking.

(ii) How political leaders raise the demands of a community:-
It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework &
are not at the cost of another community. e.g. Demand of only ‘Sinhali’ was at the cost of the
interest of Tamil community in Sri Lanka.

8) Explain the factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social division.Marks:5
Answer:
The factors which are important for deciding the outcomes of politics of social divisions are:-
(i) How people perceive their identities:-
If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes difficult to
accommodate. As long as people in Northern Ireland saw themselves as only Catholic or
Protestant, their differences were difficult to reconcile. It is much easier if the people see that
their identities are multiple & are complementary with the national identity. E.g.: A majority of
Belgians now feel that they are as much Belgian as they are Dutch or German-speaking.
This helps them to stay together.
(ii) How political leaders raise the demands of a community:-
It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at
the cost of another community. e.g. Demand of only ‘Sinhali’ was at the cost of the interest of
Tamil community in Sri Lanka. In Yugoslavia, the leaders of different ethnic communities
presented their demands in such a way that these could not be accommodated within a single
country.

(iii) How government reacts to demands of difference group:-
As in the case of Belgium and Sri Lanka, if the rulers are willing to share power & accommodate
the reasonable demands of minority, social divisions become less threatening for the country.
But if they try to suppress their demands, the results may be opposite. Such attempts at forced
integration often sow the seeds of disintegration.
9) Mention three elements which show the basic unity in India.Marks:4
Answer:
Following are the three elements:-
i) Cultural unity – Since ancient times we have emphasized tolerance, freedom & love for
the world peace which is evident in literature art & philosophy of the country.
ii) Unity in languages – for ages Sanskrit was the language for scholars then, come Hindi &
English as the link language in India & the world. India’s constitution has recognized numerous
languages with respect to each & every lingual diversity.
iii) Unity among religions – India has declared its religion to be a secular nation as all religions
in India have one Indian spirit that is non-violence, peaceful co-existence & universal
brotherhood.
10) Do all social differences lead to social divisions?Marks:3
Answer:
No, every social difference does not lead to social divisions. Social differences also unite people
as some can weaken other social differences (cross-cutting differences) and they may behave as
one community or a united group. E.g.: In Mexico Olympic games of 1968 Tommie Smith and
John Carlos, who were African–Americans, and Peter Norman of Australia, who was white,
together stood against racial discrimination.
HISTORY
1) What were General Dyer’s ‘crawling orders’?ks:1
Answer:
As per Dyer’s orders, satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the
streets and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs.
2) Why was the Khilafat committee formed in 1919?
Answer: In March 1919, in Bombay a Khilafat committee was formed to defend the temporal
powers of the Khalifa who was the spiritual leader of the Islamic world.
3) Why did Gandhi withdraw the Non Cooperation movement in 1922?
Answer:
Gandhi felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be
properly trained before they could be ready for mass struggles.
4) What was the Inland Act of Emigration of 1859?
Answer: This Act was applicable to all the plantation workers in the tea gardens of Assam.
According to this, they could not leave the premises without permission.
5) What is the importance of the Lahore Session (1929) of Congress in the history of India’s
freedom movement? Marks:3
Answer:
The Lahore session (1929) of Congress was of great importance in the history of freedom
movement.
1. In this session, Congress formalized the demand of Purna Swaraj or full independence for
India.
2. 26 January 1930, was declared as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to
struggle for complete independence
3. The Congress pledged to start Civil Disobedience Movement if its demands were not met.
6) Who formed the Swaraj Party? What was its aim?
Answer:
Swaraj party was formed by Moti Lal Nehru and C.R. Das.
The aim of this party was to:
1. Fight against the repressive measures of the British Government.
2. Launch agitation for speedy attainment of Dominion Status.
3. Enter the councils for the formation of provincial governments.
4. Oppose the British policies within the councils and demonstrate that these councils were not
truly democratic.
7) Why did Indian leaders oppose the Rowlatt Act in 1919?Marks:3
Answer:
The Rowlatt act was opposed by Indian leaders due to the following reasons:
1. Despite the united opposition of the Indian members, the imperial legislative council hurriedly
passed this act.
2. It gave the government enormous power to repress political activities.
3. Under this act political prisoners could be detained for two years without a trial.
8) Highlight the steps taken by Gandhiji to uplift untouchables.Marks:3
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi declared that Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was
not eliminated. He worked hard for the upliftment of the untouchables.
1. He called the ‘untouchables’ Harijan, or the children of God.
2. He organized Satyagraha to secure the untouchables entry into temples, and access to public
wells, tanks, roads and schools.
3. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the sweepers and persuaded upper castes
people to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’.

9) Critically examine the main aspects of Indian national movement during the period from
1930 to 1947? Marks:5
Answer:
During the period 1930 to 1932, there were great changes in India. The main aspects of Indian
national movement were:
1.In Lahore session, the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj became the goal of Indian National Congress.
26th January 1930 was declared to be celebrated as the Independence Day.
2.Dandi March – breaking of Salt Law- marked the beginning of Satyagraha and Civil
Disobedience movement was re-launched.
3.Poona pact - gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative
councils.
4.Hindu-Muslim relations worsened. Each community organised religious processions with
militant fervour. It provoked Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.
5.There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932.
6.In 1930, thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in
protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
10) What was the condition of plantation workers during Non-cooperation movement.arks:5
Answer:
For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the
confined space in which they were enclosed.
1. Under the Inland Emigration act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the
tea gardens without permission. When they heard of the non-cooperation movement; thousands
of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
2. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own
villages.
3. They, however, never reached their destination. On their way they were stranded by a railway
and streamer strike.
4. They were caught by the police and brutally beaten up and sent back to the plantations.
Model question paper , class X, Geography
(i) The type of farming in which high doses of biochemical inputs are used
for obtaining higher production is called:
(a) Commercial Farming (b) Primitive Subsistence farming
(c) Intensive Subsistence farming (d) none of the above
(ii) In which one of the following states, the coffee is not chiefly grown?
(a) Karnataka (b) Kerala (c) Tamil Nadu (d) West Bengal
(iii) In which of the states, the rubber is chiefly grown?
(a) Punjab (b) Haryana (c) Kerala (d) Jammu Kashmir
(iv) In India, primitive form of cultivation is called „Podu‟ in:
(a) Maharashtra (b) Andhra Pradesh (c) Orissa (d) Karnataka
Q1. What are food crops and non-food crops? List some examples.

Q2. By what other name Jhumming is known in India and other countries of the world?
Q3 List some of the measures taken by the government to improve agricultural sector in India.

Q1 Why is agriculture important for Indian economy?
Q2 Name different types of farming as practiced in India? Also give five
characteristic features of each one of them. OR
Give three pts. of difference between each of the following:
(a) Intensive subsistence farming and commercial farming
(b) Subsistence farming and shifting cultivation.
Q3 (a) By what other name Jhumming is known in India and other countries of the
world? What is its main drawback?
(b) Why is there enormous pressure on agricultural land in intensive subsistence
farming?
(c) Which crop is a commercial crop in Punjab and Haryana?
(d) Which is the most important plantation crop grown in India? Name its two major
producing states.
Q4 Name three cropping seasons of India? Give three pts. of difference between
them.
Q5 What are food crops and non-food crops?
Q6 Name three factors that determine the nature of crop cultivated in an area?
Q7 What are the geographical conditions(i.e.; temperature, rainfall and soil condition)
needed for the cultivation of Rice; wheat; Maize; Sugarcane; Tea;
Rubber;Cotton;Jute.
Q8 What factor has made it possible to cultivate rice in north-western parts of India?
Q9 Name two major wheat growing zones of India?
Q10 Name three important millets/coarse grains grown in the country? Name the
nutrients found in Ragi?
Q11 What factors have contributed to the increasing production of Maize?
Q12 (a) Name major pulses grown in India? In which cropping season are they grown?
Give four characteristic features of Pulses?
(b) Name two pulses which are of short duration and can be grown as
post rabi crop?
Q13 Name main oilseeds grown in India? Give five uses of oilseeds?
Q14 Name the variety of coffee which was initially brought in India and from where
was it brought? Name the place where it was initially introduced?
Q15 Name different fruits along with states where they are cultivated in India?
Q16 Name four major fiber crops cultivated in India? How silk fiber is different from
other fiber crops?
Q17 What is called as the golden fiber of India? What is its importance? Give reason
why demand for jute is going down?
Q18 What technological and institutional reforms were introduced in agriculture after
independence? What was its impact?
Q19 (a) What do you understand by KCC and PAIS?
(b) What do you mean by Green Revolution? What have been its consequences?
Q20 Write short note on Bhoodhan-Gramdan?
Q21 What efforts have been made by the government of India to modernize
Agriculture?
Q22 What is the trend of contribution of agriculture to GDP since independence?
Q23 Why so many farmers are committing suicide?
Q 24 MAP
On 11 different political maps of India mark the following:
(a) Major Rice producing regions
(b) Two important wheat producing zones
(c) Largest producer of Jowar, Bajra and Ragi
(d) Major Maize producing states
(e) Major pulse producing states
(f) Major sugarcane producing states
(g) Major tea producing states
(h) Major Coffee producing states
(i) Major Rubber producing states
(j) Major cotton producing states
(k) Major Jute producing states
Minerals
MINERAL RESOURCES
Q1 Explain with the help of examples the significance of minerals? Give 5 pts.
Q2 Name the minerals found in the toothpaste along with their properties.
Q3 What percentage of minerals is needed by the human body?
Q4 Give 5 identifying qualities of minerals?
Q5 Classify and explain different types of minerals .Give 4 examples each.
Q6 Explain 5 forms in which minerals occur? OR Explain how coal; bauxite and
major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead are formed and obtained?
Q7 Name the region of India which is: (a) rich in metallic & non-metallic minerals;
(b) rich in non-ferrous minerals;
(c) Devoid of minerals
Q8 Give reason for the uneven distribution of minerals in different parts of India?
How does it affect Industrial development of the country?
Q9 Give five uses of the following minerals.
a. Iron b. Aluminum c. Manganese
Q10 (a) Name the ores of iron and name the area‟s where they are found in India.
(b) Name major iron ore belts in India.
(c) Name the sea ports through which iron ore is exported to other countries.
(d) Which iron ore mine of India is known for its large deposits in the world?
Q11 How is iron ore significant in the development of our country? Explain with 4 examples
Q12 Name the largest producer of manganese ore in India?
Q13 (a) Name some non-ferrous metals that play an important role in industries?
(b) Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
Q14 (a) What are the properties/qualities of copper that makes it widely used mineral in
electronics and chemical industries?
(a) Name the largest producer of copper in India? Explain why mining and smelting of
copper in India is a costly affair?
Q15 List the properties/qualities of aluminum? Name the largest producer of
Q16 Give characteristic features of Mica?
Q17 Name the rocks with which limestone is associated?
Q18 What are the dangers associated with mining?
Q19 Give reasons why there is a need to conserve minerals? Mention 5
ways to conserve minerals?
ENERGY RESOURCES
Q1 What is the significance of energy resource? Name the various sources of energy?
Q2 Name 2 major sources of energy commonly used in villages?
Q3 How are conventional sources of energy different from non-conventional
sources of energy?Give 5 pts.
Q4 (a) What are Fossil Fuels?
(b) How is coal formed? Name different types of coal also give their characteristic features.
Name the geological era‟s to which rocks having coal belong? Where are
these rocks found in India? From which state is coal mainly obtained?
OR
Explain coal, petroleum, natural gas under following sub headings:
uses; occurrence;type; distribution; disadvantages.
Q5 Why natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel?
Q6 What do you know about Hazira-Bijaipur gas pipeline?
Q7 (a) Distinguish between Hydro-electricity and Thermal electricity? OR Hydel
power is more important source of energy than thermal energy. Give four pts.
(b)“Per capita energy consumption is considered as an index of
development.” Explain the statement .Give 2 egs.
(c) How is nuclear energy generated?
(d) Name the minerals found in India for generating nuclear energy? Where
are they found in India?
(e) Nuclear energy is expected to play an increasingly important role in India.
Give three pts. to explain the statement.
Q8 What are Non-conventional sources of energy? Give example.
Q9 Explain why non conventional sources of energy are gaining popularity
in recent times?
Q10 How is solar energy harnessed? In which part of India is it gaining popularity and
where is the largest solar plant located in India?
Q11 Why is India referred to as “wind super power”? OR Name the states of India
where wind energy is harnessed?
Q12 How is bio gas produced in India?
Q13 (a) Why is there a need to conserve energy resource?
(b) Suggest five measures to reduce dependence on coal?
Q14 MAP
On the political map of India mark the following:
(a) Richest iron ore field (b) Iron ore mines (c) State producing most of mica
(d) Two copper mines (e)Most important bauxite producing regions along with the state
(f) Iron ore mine of Karnataka meant for export
(g) State from where most of the coal is obtained
(h) Three major off shore oil fields of western India
(i) Oldest oil field of India
(j) Oil field producing most of petroleum
(j) HVJ pipeline and major natural gas reserves
(k) Thermal power station
(l) Six nuclear power stations in India