1D Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures: Synthesis and Applications in Gas Sensing and Optoelectronic

362 Pages·2023·10.496 MB·english

by  Kumar A., Aswal D.K., Joshi N. (ed.)

1D Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures
1D Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures
Synthesis and Applications in Gas Sensing
and Optoelectronics
Edited by Arvind Kumar, Dinesh K. Aswal, and Nirav Joshi
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v
Contents
Preface xiii
1 One-Dimensional Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructure: Gas Sensing
and Optoelectronic Applications 1
Jyoti Rawat, Himani Sharma, and Charu Dwivedi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Synthesis of 1D Hybrid Nanostructures 2
1.2.1 Top-Down Approach 2
1.2.2 Bottom-Up Approach 3
1.2.2.1 Nanotubes 4
1.2.2.2 Nanowires 5
1.2.2.3 Nanorods 6
1.3 Applications of 1D Hybrid Nanostructures 7
1.3.1 Gas Sensing 7
1.3.1.1 Safety Monitoring of Exhaust Gases in Automobile 8
1.3.1.2 Health Monitoring 10
1.3.1.3 Environmental Monitoring 11
1.3.2 Optoelectronic Application 12
1.3.2.1 Photodetector 14
1.3.2.2 Solar Cell 16
1.3.2.3 Light-Emitting Diode 16
1.4 Conclusions 18
Acknowledgment 18
References 18
2 Synthesis and Gas-Sensing Application of 1D Semiconducting Hybrid
Nanostructures 27
Nguyen D. Cuong and Nguyen Van Hieu
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Noble Metal-Functionalized 1D Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Gas
Sensors 29
2.3 1D Metal Oxide/Metal Oxide
Heterojunctions-Based Gas Sensors 34
vi Contents
2.4 Conducting Polymer/1D Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Gas
Sensors 36
2.5 Hybrid Conducting Polymer/Carbon Nanotube-Based Gas Sensors 39
2.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 44
Acknowledgment 45
References 45
3 Room-Temperature Gas-Sensing Properties of Metal Oxide Nanowire/
Graphene Hybrid Structures 57
Pooja Devi, Sandeep Sharma, and Rajan Saini
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Synthesis of Graphene and Graphene Oxide 58
3.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 58
3.2.2 Electrochemical Method 58
3.2.3 Sonication 58
3.2.4 Exfoliation of Graphite Oxide 59
3.2.5 Unzipping Carbon Nanotubes 59
3.2.6 Epitaxial Growth on Silicon Carbide (SiC) 59
3.2.7 Chemical Vapor Deposition 60
3.3 Graphene/Metal Oxide Nanowires Hybrid-Based Sensors 60
3.3.1 ZnO Nanowires Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrids for NH
3
Detection 61
3.3.1.1 Influence of Weight Percentage on Ammonia-Sensing
Characteristics 63
3.3.2 NO Detection Using Metal Oxide Nanowires Hybrids with Reduced
2
Graphene Oxide 65
3.3.2.1 Cu O Nanowires/RGO-Based Hybrid 65
2
3.3.2.2 SnO Nanowires/RGO-Based Hybrid 66
2
3.3.3 H S Detection Using SnO Quantum Wire/RGO-Based Hybrid 67
2 2
3.3.4 ZnO Nanowires-Graphene-Based H Sensor 67
2
3.3.5 ZnO Nanowires on Laser-Scribed Graphene-Based Devices for NO Gas
Detection 69
3.3.6 UV Light-Activated NO - and SO -Gas-Sensing Using RGO/Hollow SnO
2 2 2
Nanofibers 69
3.4 Conclusion 72
References 72
4 Highly Sensitive Room-Temperature Gas Sensors Based on 
Organic–Inorganic Nanofibers 75
Bhagyashri Bhangare, Sinjumol K. Rajan, Niranjan S. Ramgir,
Dinesh Kumar Aswal, and Anil Krishna Debnath
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Classification of Nanofibers for Gas-Sensing Application 77
4.2.1 Organic Nanofibers 77
4.2.2 Inorganic Nanofibers 77
4.2.3 Heterostructure-Based Organic–Inorganic Nanofibers 77
Contents vii
4.3 Different Configurations of Gas Sensors 79
4.4 Synthesis of NFs 80
4.4.1 Electrospinning and Coaxial Electrospinning Techniques 80
4.4.2 On-Chip Fabrication and Direct Writing of NFs-Based Gas Sensors 81
4.5 Role of Physicochemical Properties of Nanofibers in Gas Sensing 81
4.5.1 Surface-Dependent Properties 82
4.5.2 Interface-Dependent Properties 82
4.5.3 Morphology-Controlled Properties 83
4.5.4 Adsorption–Desorption Kinetics 83
4.6 Enhancement of Characteristics of Nanofibers-Based Sensor
Performance 85
4.6.1 UV Light/High-Energy Beam Irradiation 85
4.6.2 Noble Metal Sensitizers 85
4.7 Recent Trends 86
4.7.1 Single-Nanofiber-based Gas Sensors Synthesized by Electrospinning 87
4.7.2 E-Noses and Nano-e-Noses Using NFs 87
4.7.3 On-Chip Fabrication of Aligned NFs Heterostructures 89
4.7.4 Wearable Devices 90
4.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 90
Acknowledgment 91
References 92
5 1D Hybrid Tin Oxide Nanostructures: Synthesis and Applications 97
Pedro H. Suman, Alexandre O. Jorgetto, Fernanda C. Romeiro,
Anderson A. Felix, Paulo V. Morais, Miécio O. Melquíades, and
Marcelo O. Orlandi
5.1 Main Features of 1D Materials 97
5.2 Synthesis of 1D SnO, Sn O , and SnO Materials 99
3 4 2
5.2.1 Hydrothermal Method 99
5.2.2 Electrospinning Method 100
5.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 101
5.2.4 Reactive Sputtering Method 102
5.3 Tin-Based Hybrid Nanostructures 103
5.3.1 SnO -Based Hybrid Nanostructures 103
2
5.3.2 Sn O -Based Hybrid Nanostructures 104
3 4
5.3.3 SnO-Based Hybrid Nanostructures 105
5.4 Gas-Sensing Performance of 1D Tin Oxide-Based Hybrid
Nanostructures 106
5.4.1 Pristine 1D Tin Oxide Nanostructures 106
5.4.2 Doping, Loading, and Surface Functionalization with Noble Metals 107
5.4.3 Heterostructures and the Effect of Heterojunctions in Gas-Sensing
Performance 108
5.4.4 Composites with Carbon-Based Materials 109
5.4.5 Composites with Conducting Polymers 110
5.5 Photo(Electro)Catalytic Application of 1D Tin Oxide-Based
Heterostructures and Doped Materials 110
viii Contents
5.5.1 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants and NO Gas and
Photocatalytic Conversion of Benzyl Alcohol into Benzaldehyde Using 1D
Tin Oxide-Based Materials 110
5.5.2 Photo(Electro)Catalytic Water Splitting with 1D Tin Oxide-Based
Materials 113
5.6 Other Applications of 1D Tin Oxides 113
5.7 Final Considerations and Future Outlook 115
Acknowledgments 116
References 116
6 Recent Advances in Semiconducting Nanowires-Based Hybrid Structures
for Solar Cell Application 127
Jaydip Bhaliya, Meera R. Popaliya, Gautam M. Patel, Arvnabh Mishra,
and Vraj Shah
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Semiconductor Materials 129
6.2.1 Classification Semiconductors 130
6.2.1.1 Intrinsic Semiconductor 130
6.2.1.2 Extrinsic Semiconductor 131
6.2.2 Solar Photovoltaic Systems 131
6.2.3 Nanomaterials as Semiconductors 133
6.2.4 Effect of Nanomaterial Morphology in Semiconductors Applications 134
6.3 Semiconductor Nanowires Synthesis 136
6.3.1 Advantages of Nanowire Morphology 137
6.3.2 Nanowire Synthesis 138
6.3.2.1 ZnO Nanowire 139
6.3.2.2 SiNWs Preparation 140
6.3.2.3 NaNbO Nanowire 140
3
6.3.2.4 TiO Nanowires 140
2
6.3.2.5 ZnS Nanowire 141
6.3.2.6 CdS Nanowires 141
6.3.3 Characterization 142
6.4 Applications of Semiconductors in Solar Cells 145
6.4.1 Si-NWs for Solar Cells 145
6.4.2 ZnO Nanowires for Solar Cell 146
6.4.3 Ag-NWs for Solar Cells 148
6.4.4 III-V NWs 149
6.4.5 Cu-NWs for Solar Cell 149
6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 150
References 151
7 Introduction and Types of Semiconducting Hybrid Nanostructures
for Optoelectronic Devices 163
Byrappanapalya S. Ravikumar and Baishali Garai
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials 164
Contents ix
7.2.1 1D ZnO Nanostructures (Nanowires/Nanorods) 165
7.2.1.1 Hydrothermal Method: Experimental Steps for ZnO 165
7.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition: MoS Few Layer Structures 167
2
7.2.2.1 CVD: Experimental Steps for MoS 167
2
7.2.2.2 CVD: Experimental Steps for ZnO 168
7.2.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) 169
7.2.3.1 Experimental Steps for RGO 169
7.2.3.2 Experimental Steps for ZnO/RGO Hybrid Structure 170
7.2.4 Experimental Steps for ZnO/MoS Hybrid Structure 171
2
7.3 Applications of ZnO–Graphene Heterostructure for Photon
Detection 172
7.3.1 ZnO Nanowire/Graphene-Based Photodetector 173
7.3.2 Figure of Merits of a Photodetector 174
7.3.3 One-Dimensional Chalcogenide Material for Optoelectronic
Applications 175
7.3.4 Heterostructure-Based Solar Cell 176
7.4 Conclusion and Summary 176
References 177
8 One-Dimensional Si Nanostructure-Based Hybrid Systems: Surface-
Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Photodetector Applications 185
Prajith Karadan and Arvind Kumar
8.1 Introduction 185
8.2 Si Nanostructures 186
8.3 Fabrication of 1D Si Nanostructures 187
8.3.1 Vapor–Liquid–Solid Growth 187
8.3.2 Dry Etching 188
8.3.3 Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching 189
8.4 Applications of 1D Si Nanostructures Hybrids in SERS and
Photodetectors 190
8.4.1 SERS Applications of Si Nanostructure Hybrids 190
8.4.2 Si Nanostructure Hybrids for Photodetector Applications 195
8.4.2.1 Device Geometries of Photodetectors 195
8.4.2.2 1D Si Nanostructure Hybrids for Photodetectors 195
8.5 Conclusions 197
References 197
9 Hybrid 1D Semiconducting ZnO and GaN Nanostructures for
Light-Emitting Devices 205
Vinod Kumar, Habtamu F. Etefa, Mulugeta T. Efa, and Leta T. Jule
9.1 Introduction About 1D Nanostructures 205
9.2 Synthesis Methods for the Growth of 1D Nanostructure 206
9.2.1 Hydrothermal Method for the Synthesis of 1D ZnO Nanorods 207
9.2.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition Method 208
9.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method 208
9.2.4 Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition 209
x Contents
9.3 Application of ZnO- and GaN-Based Hybrid 1D Nanostructure for
Light-Emitting Devices 209
9.4 Conclusion 213
References 214
10 Optoelectronic Properties of TiO Nanorods/Au Nanoparticles
2
Heterostructure 217
Dhyey Raval, Abhijit Ray, and Brijesh Tripathi
10.1 Introduction 217
10.2 Theory of Electron Transfer 219
10.2.1 Description of Band Diagram 219
10.2.2 Extinction Estimation 220
10.3 Experimental 221
10.3.1 TiO Nanorods 221
2
10.3.2 Structural, Morphological, Elemental, and Optical Measurement 222
10.3.3 Amperometric Measurement 222
10.4 Results and Discussion 222
10.4.1 Morphology 222
10.4.2 Structural 224
10.4.3 Optical 225
10.4.4 Electrical 226
10.4.4.1 Electron Transfer Mechanism from AuNP to TiO NR 226
2
10.4.4.2 Amperometric (Current–Time) 228
10.5 Conclusions 229
Acknowledgments 229
Compliance with Ethical Standards 229
References 229
11 2D Materials with 1D Semiconducting Nanostructures for
High-Performance Gas Sensor 235
Shulin Yang, Yinghong Liu, Gui Lei, Huoxi Xu, Zhigao Lan, Zhao Wang,
and Haoshuang Gu
11.1 Introduction 235
11.2 Enhanced Gas-Sensing Performances of 1D-Sensing Materials
Composited with Different 2D Materials 237
11.2.1 Graphene or Reduced Graphene Oxide-based Composites 237
11.2.2 MoS -based Composites 243
2
11.2.3 WS -based Composite 249
2
11.2.4 ZnO-based Composite 252
11.2.5 NiO-based Composites 254
11.2.6 Other 2D material-decorated 1D nanomaterial 256
11.3 Remain Challenges and Possible Effective Ways to Explore High-
Performance Gas Sensor 262
11.4 Conclusions 265
Acknowledgments 265
References 265