1=AFRO-ASIAN phylosector

42 Pages·2000·0.71 MB·English

1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector page 81
Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory
1=AFRO-ASIAN
phylosector
This phylosector covers 43 sets of languages (276 outer languages, comprising 683 inner languages) spoken by communities
across the northern half of the African continent and in western Asia, constituting the "Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic"
intercontinental affinity. The component phylozones are numbered in approximate clockwise order, beginning in Northwest
Africa.
Zones 10= and 11= cover 2 sets (and nets) of languages spoken or formerly spoken in northern Africa, otherwise known as
"Berber" and "Egyptian". Zone 12= covers one set of languages spoken over an extensive area from northwest Africa to
southwest and central Asia and northeast Africa:
10=TAMAZIC 11=COPTIC 12=SEMITIC
Zones 13= to 16= cover 16 sets of languages spoken in northeast Africa, formerly classified together as "Cushitic". There is
now evidence to suggest that the languages of Zone 13= (formerly "North Cushitic") and =16 (formerly "West Cushitic"), and
probably also Zone 15= (formerly "South Cushitic" or "Paracushitic"), are more safely treated as separate components of the
Afro-Asiatic affinity, and the term "Cushitic" is here restricted to the Central and Eastern languages (in Zone 14=) of a "wider
Cushitic" hypothesis:
13=BEJIC phylozone 14=CUSHITIC phylozone 15=EYASIC phylozone
16=OMOTIC phylozone
Zones 17= to 19= cover 24 sets of languages spoken in parts of Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria, constituting three
groupings within a wider "Chadic" affinity, which itself forms the most complex component of the Afro-Asiatic intercontinental
affinity:
17=CHARIC phylozone 18=MANDARIC phylozone 19=BAUCHIC phylozone
Languages in zones 11= and 12=, and also 10=, were of particular importance in the early development of writing.
☛
Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One
Additional or improved data on languages and communities covered by this sector will be welcomed
by e-mail at: [email protected], or by letter-post at: LINGUASPHERE PRESS, HEBRON SA34 0XT, WALES (UK).
COLUMN 1 & 2 COLUMN 3 COLUMNS 4 & 5
layers of reference other nomenclature and notes nation-states scale of
codes and reference-names (+ provinces) and speakers
"Tamazic", "Berber" or Tamasheq+Qabaylith set of
10= TAMAZIC languages; part of "Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" inter- Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Mali; 7
Mauritania; Morocco; Niger;
phylozone continental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 4 outer Tunisia; plus migration> France;
languages) spoken by communities in the highlands, oases
Israel
and urban areas of Northern Africa:
10-A TAMASHEQ+ QABAYLITH
Forms of the extended cover-name tamazigh or "wider"
tamazight are here prefered to the exonym 'berber'.
10-A TAMASHEQ+ BERBER, tamazigh, "wider" tamazight, "tamazic", in [51] Français:
QABAYLITH set berbère
10-AA TAMASHEQ+
QABAYLITH chain
10-AAA TAMASHEQ+
QABAYLITH net
10-AAA-a Znaga tamazigh-SW., "tamazic"-SW., 'berber'-SW. Mauritania 4
10-AAA-aa znaga zenaga Mauritania (VI region) 4
page 82 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
10-AAA-b Tamasheq Tuareg, tamazigh-C., "tamazic"-C., 'berber'-C.; tamahaq, tamachek, Algeria; Mali; Niger; Nigeria; 6
”
tamashekin, tomachek, amazigh; tuareg, touareg community; targi Burkina Faso; also Libya
person (cid:1)traditionally Tifinagh script; also Latin script; Arabic script
10-AAA-ba ta-mahaq mahaq, tamasheq-N. Algeria (Oasis; Saoura); Mali 4
(Gao); also Libya (Awbari)
10-AAA-baa ta-masinin masinin, timasinin ⊕Zaouia-el-Kahla, Fort Flatters… (Oasis)
10-AAA-bab immidir tadjemout ⊕Tadjmout (Oasis; Saoura)
10-AAA-bac ahnet adrar n'ahnet ⊕Adrar n'Ahnet massif (Oasis)
10-AAA-bad ta-haggart haggart, tamanrasset, ahaggar-en, ahaggar, hoggar ⊕Ahaggar, (Oasis)
Hoggar massif
10-AAA-bae ta-dghaq dghaq, tessalit, kidal ⊕Adrar-des-Iforas (Gao); Algeria (Oasis)
10-AAA-baf kel-ajjer ajjer, tassili, ghat, ganet, djanet ⊕Tassili-n'-Ajjer plateau … Djanet… (Oasis); (Awbari)
Ghat
10-AAA-bb ta-majeq majeq, ta-mashekin, ta-machek, to-macheck, tamasheq-S. Mali (Gao); Niger (Niamey; 6
Tahoua; Aïr; Agadez); Burkina
Faso (Dori); migration> Nigeria
10-AAA-bba ta-nslemt nslemt, ta-naslamt, timbuktu ⊕Tombouctou+ Goundam (Gao)
10-AAA-bbb ta-wllemmet-W. wllemmet-W., ta-wallammat-tan-ataram, ioullemmeden-W. ⊕Niger (Gao); (Dori)
river-bend
10-AAA-bbc ta-wllemmet-E. wllemmet-E., ta-wallammat-tan-dannag, ioullemmeden-E. (Niamey); (Gao)
10-AAA-bbd ta-huwa huwa, ta-houa ⊕Tahoua (Tahoua)
10-AAA-bbe ta-yrt yrt, tayart, aïr, agadez ⊕Aïr massif (Aïr; Agadez)
10-AAA-bbf ta-nassfarwat nassfarwat, ta-magarast Niger
10-AAA-c Qabaylith+ Tashelhit Kabyle+ Shleuh, tamazigh-N., "tamazic"-N., 'berber'-N. (cid:1)Arabic Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; Libya; 7
script; Latin script; recently Tifinagh script Egypt; migration> France; Israel
”
10-AAA-ca ta-shelhit shleuh "proper", shelhit, ta-shlhiyt, ta-chelhait, ta-chel'hit, tachilhit, ta- Morocco (Agadir; Tarfaya; 6
shilheet, ta-tshalhit, ta-soussit, susiua, shilha "proper", in [51] Français: Ouarzazate; Ksar-es-Souk); also
chleuh Algeria (Saoura)
10-AAA-caa oued-dra'a ⊕Oued-Dra valley (Agadir; Tarfaya)
10-AAA-cab jbel-bani ⊕Jbel-Bani massif (Agadir)
10-AAA-cac 'anti-atlas' ⊕Anti-Atlas mountains (Agadir; Ouarzazate)
10-AAA-cad agadir ihaham, "fishermen's" tashelhit ⊕Agadir… Ifni coast (Agadir)
10-AAA-cae sus sous ⊕Sous plain (Agadir)
10-AAA-caf 'haut-atlas'-W. ⊕Haut-Atlas-W. mountains (Ouarzazate)
10-AAA-cb ta-mazight tamazight "proper", mazight, tamazir't, beraber, 'shleuh'-C., 'shilha'-C. Morocco (Ouarzazate; Ksar-es- 6
Souk; Meknès; Fès; Taza-SW.;
Oujda-S.); Algeria (Saïda; Saoura)
”
10-AAA-cba meknès ⊕Meknès (Meknès)
10-AAA-cbb 'moyen-atlas' ⊕Moyen-Atlas mountains (Ksar-es-Souk; Meknès; Fès;
Taza-SW.)
10-AAA-cbc 'haut-atlas'-E. ⊕Haut-Atlas-E. mountains (Ksar-es-Souk)
10-AAA-cbd dadès ⊕Jebel Sahro, Sarre massif… Dadès valley (Ouarzazate)
10-AAA-cbe oranais-C. ⊕Tabelbala… Béchar (Saoura)
10-AAA-cbf ksurs ⊕Ksour mountains (Oujda-S.); Algeria (Saïda)
10-AAA-cc 'judeo'-tamazight "judeo-berber", "hebraicised berber" (cid:1)influenced by [12] Ivrit (Hebrew) Morocco; exodus> Israel 3
10-AAA-cca 'judeo'-tamazight-W. ⊕including Tifnit Morocco
10-AAA-ccb 'judeo'-tamazight-E. "émigré judeo-berber" ⊕Tel-Aviv exodus> Israel
10-AAA-cd ghomara ghmara, gmara, part of zenati-NW. Morocco (Tétouan) 3
10-AAA-ce senhaja rif-W., part of zenati-NW., in [51] Français: senhaja de Srair ⊕Rif-W., Morocco (Taza; Oujda) 5
Riff-W. massif
10-AAA-cf ta-rift rift, ta-rifit, ti-rifie, rif, ruafa, rifia, rifi, rifeño, 'shleuh'-N., 'shilha'-N., Morocco (Oujda; Al Hoceima; 6
tamazight-N., part of zenati-NW., in [51] Français: rifain, rifian ⊕Rif, Riff Taza); Algeria (Tlemcen; Oran)
massif ¶the survival and linguistic status of the following communities
need to be confirmed
10-AAA-cfa aït-amert amert, aït-amar ⊕Aït-Amar-ou-Said (Al Hoceima; Taza)
10-AAA-cfb aït-urrighel urrighel, aït-ouriaghel, beni-ouriaghel, beni-ouriarhel (Taza)
10-AAA-cfc ibeqqoyen Morocco
10-AAA-cfd ikebdanen Morocco
10-AAA-cfe iqrâyen Morocco
10-AAA-cff aït-saïd saïd, beni-bou-saïd (Oujda)
10-AAA-cfg temsaman Morocco
10-AAA-cfh aït-tuzin tuzin, aït-touzin Morocco
10-AAA-cfi igeznayen igzennaian Morocco
10-AAA-cfj iznacen beni-iznacen, beni-iznassen ⊕Iznassèn mountains… Moulouya valley (Oujda)
10-AAA-cfk djerada Morocco and/or Algeria
10-AAA-cfl lalla-maghnia ⊕Lalla Maghnia (Tlemcen)
10-AAA-cfm snus snous, beni-snous (Tlemcen) 3
10-AAA-cfn arzeu ⊕Arzeu (Oran)
1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector page 83
Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory
10-AAA-cg menasser+ metmata menacer+ metmata-W., part of zenati-NW. Algeria (El Asnam) 4
10-AAA-ch tha-qabaylith-C. kabyle, qabaylith, tha-qabayil #from [12] 'Arabiyya: qabayil Algeria (Tizi-Ouzou; Sétif); 6
=«tribesman» ⊕Grande Kabylie massif migration> France
10-AAA-cha zwawa zouaoua, agawawa ⊕Djurdjura (Tizi-Ouzou; Sétif)
10-AAA-chb tha-qabaylith-N. ⊕Grande Kabylie-N. massif (Tizi-Ouzou)
10-AAA-ci tha-qabaylith-E. qabaylith-E., kabyle-E. ⊕Petite Kabylie region Algeria (Sétif); migration> France 6
10-AAA-cj shawiya chaouia, shawia, zenaga, aurès, in [51] Français: zenati d'Aurès #from Algeria (Batna; Annaba; 5
[12] 'Arabiyya: shawia = «shepherds» ⊕Aurès massif Constantine; Tébessa); Tunisia (El
Kasserine…); migration> France
10-AAA-cja barika ⊕Barika valley (Batna)
10-AAA-cjb batna ⊕Batna (Batna)
10-AAA-cjc aïn-beïda beïda ⊕Aïn-Beïda (Constantine)
10-AAA-cjd oued-abdi abdi ⊕Oued Abdi (Constantine; Tébessa)
10-AAA-cje aurès-W. ⊕Aurès-W. (Batna)
10-AAA-cjf aurès-E. ⊕Aurès-E. (Batna; Tébessa)
10-AAA-cjg tebéssa ⊕Tebéssa mountains (Tébessa)
10-AAA-cjh djerid ⊕Djerid region Tunisia (El Kasserine…)
10-AAA-ck tugurt tougourt, touggourt, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Oasis) 4
10-AAA-cka oued-rihr rihr, oued-righ, oued-rir', oued-ghir (Oasis)
10-AAA-ckb tugurt-A. touggourt "proper" ⊕Touggourt (Oasis)
10-AAA-ckc témacine ⊕Témacine (Oasis)
10-AAA-cl wargla+ ngusa ouargla, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Oasis) 4
10-AAA-cla wargla ouargla "proper", ouargli ⊕Ouargla (Oasis)
10-AAA-clb ngusa ngousa, n'gouça, ngoussi ⊕Ngoussi (Oasis)
10-AAA-cm mzab mzabi, part of zenati-sahara, in [51] Français: mzabite ⊕M'zab valley Algeria (Oasis) 4
10-AAA-cma berrian berriane ⊕Beriane (Oasis)
10-AAA-cmb ghardaïa ⊕Ghardaïa (Oasis)
10-AAA-cmc melika ⊕Melika (Oasis)
10-AAA-cmd beni-izgen izgen, beni-isguen ⊕Beni-Isguen (Oasis)
10-AAA-cn gurara gourara, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Saoura) 4
10-AAA-cna timimun ⊕Timimoun oasis (Saoura)
10-AAA-cnb badrian ⊕Badriane (Saoura)
10-AAA-co tuat touat, tuwat, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Saoura) 3
10-AAA-coa tementit ⊕Tementit oasis (Saoura)
10-AAA-cob tittaf ⊕Tittaf oasis (Saoura)
10-AAA-cp tidikelt tidiheit, part of zenati-sahara Algeria (Oasis) 3
10-AAA-cpa tidikelt-A. tidikelt "proper" ⊕Tidikelt desert (Oasis)
10-AAA-cpb tit ⊕Tit oasis (Oasis)
10-AAA-cq sened part of zenati-E. Tunisia (Gafsa) 3
10-AAA-cqa sened-A. sened "proper" (Gafsa)
10-AAA-cqb tmagurt tmagourt (Gafsa)
10-AAA-cr ta-mezret metmata-E., part of zenati-E. Tunisia (Gabès; Médenine) 4
10-AAA-cra zrawa zraoua, zaoua, zawa, zeraoua ⊕Zarawah (Gabès)
10-AAA-crb taujjurt taoujjout, taujjut ⊕Taoujout (Gabès)
10-AAA-crc tamezret-A. temzret, temezret, tamazrat, tamezret ⊕Tamazrat (Gabès)
10-AAA-crd shanini chnini ⊕Shanini (Médenine)
10-AAA-cre duiret douiret (Gabès or Médenine)
10-AAA-cs jerba djerba, part of zenati-E. ⊕Djerba-S. island Tunisia (Djerba) 3
10-AAA-ct zuara zuwarah, zwara, zuraa, part of zenati-E. ⊕Zuwarah Libya (Az-Zawiyah) 3
10-AAA-cu nefusi part of zenati-E. Libya (Gharyan-N.) 3
10-AAA-cua jebel-nefusa nefusa, nefousa, nefousi, nefusi "proper" ⊕Jebel Nefusa, Nafusah (Gharyan-N.)
10-AAA-cub jemmari (Gharyan-N.)
10-AAA-cuc fossato fassato ⊕Fasatah (Gharyan-N.)
10-AAA-cv ghudamis ghadamès, part of zenati-E. ⊕Ghadamès. Libya (Gharyan-N.); also Algeria; 3
Tunisia
10-AAA-cva ayt-waziten (Gharyan-N.)…
10-AAA-cvb elt-ulid (Gharyan-N.)…
10-AAA-d Sokna+ Siwa tamazigh-E., "tamazic"-E., 'berber'-E., 'oasis-berber' Libya (Sabhah-N.; Banghazi); 4
”
Egypt
10-AAA-da sokna sawknah ⊕Awknah oasis… Libya (Sabhah-N.) 3
10-AAA-db wajili awjilah, augila, aoudjila, audjelah, aujila ⊕Awjilah oasis Libya (Banghazi) 3
10-AAA-dc siwa siwah, siouwa ⊕Siwah oasis Egypt (As-Sahra Al-Gharbiyah)
page 84 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
2*
11= COPTIC covers the "Egyptian" or "Coptic" set, part of the "Afro-Asiatic" Egypt
or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set
phylozone
(= 1 outer language formerly and perhaps still spoken by
communities in Northeast Africa, along the River Nile; still in
liturgical use:
11-A 'COPTIC'
11-A 'COPTIC' set EGYPTIAN
11-AA 'COPTIC' chain
11-AAA 'COPTIC' net
11-AAA-a 'Coptic' "christian egyptian"; "copt" community, in [12] 'Arabiyya: qobt Egypt 2*
#name from [56] Helleniki: Aiguptos= «EgyptÀ (cid:1)a late form of "ancient
Egyptian", strongly influenced by [56] Helleniki; in general use until
progressively submerged from 7th century by [12] 'Arabiyya (Arabic);
extinct as spoken language from c.16th century; written by Christians in
Egypt (Coptic church, from c. 3rd century until modern times),
successively in the "Akhimic" and the "Sahidic" ("Thebean") idioms,
until submerged by "Bohayric Coptic" from 11th century (cid:1)Egyptian
written from c.–3000 in Hieroglyphic script; from c.–1600 progressively
supplemented and replaced by cursive Hieratic script; from c.–700 to
+500 in Demotic script; written from c.200 in Coptic (Egyptian modified
Greek) script
11-AAA-aa 'bohairic-coptic' in [51] Français: bohayrique, boheirique ⊕Nile:Western Delta Egypt (Lower Egypt; Upper Egypt) 2*
southwards #name from [12] 'Arabiyya: al-Buhayrah = «maritime
province» (cid:1)written in Memphitic, Alexandrian variety of Coptic script
11-AAA-aaa (cid:2) 'coptic'-L. "liturgical coptic" (cid:1)surviving as liturgical language of Coptic Church (Lower Egypt; Upper Egypt)
✍
11-AAA-aab zeniyah* "revived spoken coptic" ¶reportedly in spoken use among some (Lower Egypt…) 2*
Coptic Christians (to be confirmed)
1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector page 85
Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory
8
12= SEMITIC covers the "Semitic" or 'Aramita+ Amarinya set, part of the Afghanistan; Algeria; Bahrein;
"Afro-Asiatic" or "Hamito-Semitic" intercontinental affinity; Chad; Comores; Cyprus; Djibouti;
phylozone comprising 1 set of languages (= 24 outer languages) spoken Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Iran; Iraq;
Israel; Jordan; Kenya; Kuwait;
by communities in Northern and Northeastern Africa and
Lebanon; Libya; Malta; Moldova;
Western Asia, from the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean
Morocco; Oman; Palestine; Qatar;
to the Black Sea and the Indian Ocean: Russia; Saudi Arabia; Senegal;
Somalia; Sudan; Syria; Tajikistan;
12-A 'ARAMITA+ AMARINYA
Tanzania; Tunisia; Turkey;
Uganda; Ukraine, United Arab
including 1 arterial language: 'Arabiyya Mashriqi with
Emirates; Uzbekistan; Western
'Arabiyya Maghribi (Eastern Arabic with Western Arabic) Sahara; Yemen; plus worldwide
migrations, including France;
For certain reference-names in zone 12=, especially in the
Sweden…
Arabic net [12-AAC], diacritics have been used as follows:
subscript dot / , (cid:1), ˝/ for velarised emphatic consonants; / (cid:2)/
for the voiceless pharyngeal fricative; and overlining as in / ā /
for long vowels.
12-A 'ARAMITA+ SEMITIC, "aramaic+ amharic"
AMARINYA set
12-AA 'ARAMITA+ "semitic"-C., "aramaic+ arabic"
'ARABIYYA chain
12-AAA 'ARAMITA net ARAMAIC
12-AAA-a 'Aramita lishshana-'aramita, "aramaic", "syriac", "assyrian", "chaldean", in [51] Palestine; Syria; Lebanon; Iran; 4
Français: araméen, syriaque, in Hebrew: 'aramiit; including modern Iraq; Turkey; Azerbaidjan.; in
"neo-aramaic", "neo-syriac", "neo-chaldean" #lishshana, lishana, lishan Christian use as far as India; Sri
=«language» (cid:1)written from c.–900 in "Aramaic" Hebraic, Targumic Lanka; China ”
script; Samaritan script; Nabatean script; Mandaean script; Melkite,
Melchite, Syro-Palestinian script; Palmyrene script; Estranguelo Syriac,
Estrangelo, Estranguela, Edessene script; Neo-Edessene, Peshitta
(=«simple») script; Nestorian Syriac script; Latin script
12-AAA-aa (cid:1) shamerit "liturgical samaritan", "palestinian-samaritan aramaic", "liturgical old Palestine; Israel
aramaic", in [12] Ivrit: shomronit; bene-yisrael, shamerim, shomronim,
"samaritan" jewish, kutim community ⊕Nabulus, Naplouse; Tel Aviv
environs: Holon ¶liturgical language – together with [12] Ivrit - of small
Samaritan Jewish community (around 500 in 1970's); ancient spoken
language of Samaritan community, replaced by [12] 'Arabiyya from 7th
century (cid:1)Samaritan script
12-AAA-ab (cid:1) surit-W. "syriac"-W., "liturgical jacobite", "jacobite syriac" (cid:1)Jacobite Syriac,
Serto script
12-AAA-ac (cid:1) surit-E. "syriac-E.", "liturgical nestorian", "nestorian syriac" (cid:1)Nestorian Syriac
script
12-AAA-ad ma'lula+ jub-'adin ma'lula, maaloula, "neo-aramaic"-W., "arabised neo-aramaic", Syria (Dimashq); Lebanon (al- 4
"maronite", "maronite christian" community #geographical names Biqa); also Palestine
(cid:1)influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya ⊕Jabal ash-Sharqi, Anti-Lebanon
mountains: Ma'lula+ Bakh'a… Jub'Adin
12-AAA-ada ma'lula ⊕Ma'lula+ Bakh'a… (Dimashq); (al-Biqa)
12-AAA-adb jub-'adin ⊕Jub-'Adin… (Dimashq); (al-Biqa)
12-AAA-ae tur-oyo t'uroyo, turyoyo, suroyo, suryoyo, syryoyo, syroyo, torani, "jacobite Turkey (Mardin: Mugla; Sirnak); 4
neo-aramaic", "neo-syriac"-W., "mesopotamian", part of "neo-aramaic"- Syria frontier; migration> Sweden
E., in [51] Français: soureth occidental; "jacobite christian", assorzi
community ⊕Tigris upper valley: Tur-'Abdin plateau bilingual in [12]
'Arabiyya and/or [44]Türkçe
12-AAA-af aisor aissor, lishana, khama, mosul+ urmi, "nestorian", "nestorian neo- Iran (Azarbaijan-Bakhtari…); Iraq 5
aramaic", "neo-assyrian", "neo-syriac"-E., "modern assyrian", part of (al-Mawsil; Diyala…); Syria (al-
"neo-aramaic"-E., in [51] Français: soureth occidental, in [53] Russkiy: Hasakah); Turkey (Van; Hakkari);
aysorskiy; "nestorian", "nestorian christian", 'assurai community ¶plus plus migration>Armenia; Russia
migration to Russia after Perso-Russian War (1827-28) & from 1918 (Caucasus; Moskva;
bilingual in [58]Farsi, [44]Türki and/or [12] 'Arabiyya St.Petersburg…); Ukraine
✍
12-AAA-afa aisor-F. "standard" aisor (cid:1)Urmi model Iran; Iraq; Turkey…;
12-AAA-afb urmi "neo-assyrian"-CW., in [51] Français: ourmien ⊕Urmia, Ourmia lake: (Azarbaijan-Bakhtari…)
Urmi, Reza'iyeh>N.& S.; migration to Tabriz… Teheran… Hamadan…
12-AAA-afc van ashirat; athurai community ⊕Kurdistani mountains (cid:1)further dialects to (Van; Hakkari)
be distinguished
12-AAA-afd khabur ⊕Khabur upper valley (migrated from Urmia lake in 1930's) (al-Hasakah)
12-AAA-afe ba'quba ⊕Al-Mawsil, Mosul… Ba'quba (migrated from region of Urmia lake (al-Mawsil; Diyala…)
several centuries ago)
12-AAA-ag kald-oyo chaldean, "neo-chaldean", kaldani; including bohtan… aradhin… originally Iraq (al-Mawsil); Turkey 5
mengesh; including "uniate", "uniate christian" community (Siirt; Hakkari); Syria (al-Qamishli)
(cid:1)linguistically closely linked to the Kurdistan Jewish community (see
Nas-Didán, below)
12-AAA-aga alqosh elkoosh, 'fallani', 'fellihi', 'fillihi' ⊕al-Mawsil, Mosul originally (al-Mawsil)
12-AAA-agb tel-kepe tall-kayf, tel-kef ⊕Tel-Kef originally (al-Mawsil)
12-AAA-agc dehuk dehok, dohuk, dahuk ⊕Dihuk, Dahuk originally (al-Mawsil)
12-AAA-agd al-amadiyah amadiya, amadiyah ⊕Al-Amadiyah originally (al-Mawsil)
page 86 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
12-AAA-age jezira gzira, cizre ⊕Tigris upper valley: Cizre originally (Siirt); (al-Qamishli); (al-
Mawsil)
12-AAA-agf zakho zakhu ⊕migrated from Turkey to Iraq> Khabur valley: Zakho originally (Siirt); (al-Mawsil);
12-AAA-agg nerwa nerva ⊕Nerva Zheri, Nerva Zhur originally (al-Mawsil); (Hakkari)
12-AAA-ah nash-didán judeo-aramaic, "hebraicised aramaic", "jewish aramaic", "pseudo" originally Iraq (al-Mawsil; Diyala; 4
judeo-kurdish, lishana noshan, lishanid noshan, lishana deni, lishan Irbil; as-Sulaymaniyah); Iran
hudaye, lishan hozaye, lishana axni, lishana didán, lishana-shel-imrani, (Kermanshahan; Azarbaijan-e-
hulani, jbeli, lakhlókhi (cid:1)influenced by [12] Ivrit (Hebrew) #sometimes Bakhtari; Kordestan); exodus>
improperly called 'kurdit' (literally «[58] Kurdish») in [12] Ivrit; or 'judeo- Israel; {Transcaucasia}; Russia;
kurdish' in [52] English; linguistically closely linked to the Chaldean Ukraine
Christian community (see Kald-oyo, above)
12-AAA-aha zakho-2 ⊕Zakho originally (al-Mawsil)
12-AAA-ahb atrush ⊕Atrush originally (al-Mawsil)
12-AAA-ahc al-amadiyah-2 amadiya-2, amadiyah-2 ⊕Al-'Amadiyah originally (al-Mawsil)
12-AAA-ahd kara ⊕Kara originally (al-Mawsil)
12-AAA-ahe nerwa-2 nerva ⊕Nerva Zheri, Nerva Zhur originally (al-Mawsil)
12-AAA-ahf dehuk-2 dehok, dohuk, dahuk ⊕Dihuk, Dahuk originally (al-Mawsil)
12-AAA-ahg arbil ⊕Irbil… originally (Irbil)
12-AAA-ahh rwanduz ⊕Rawanduz originally (Irbil)
12-AAA-ahi salamas salmas ⊕Urmia lake>NW.: Salmas originally (Azarbaijan-e-Bakhtari)
12-AAA-ahj batas ⊕Urmia lake>S.: Beytas originally (Azarbaijan-e-Bakhtari)
12-AAA-ahk saqiz ⊕Saqqez originally (Kordestan)
12-AAA-ahl sanandaj ⊕Sirvan valley: Sanandaj originally (Kordestan)
12-AAA-ahm kerend ⊕Zagros mountains: Kerend originally (Kermanshahan)
12-AAA-ahn sulaymaniyya* suleimaniya ⊕as-Sulaymaniyah originally (as-Sulaymaniyah);
(Kordestan)
12-AAA-aho bet-tanure ⊕Tannurah* originally (Diyala)
12-AAA-ahp dobe originally Iraq or Iran
12-AAA-ai hartevan Turkey (Siirt)
12-AAA-aj nasoraye nasooraye, "neo-mandaean", "modern mandaean", "modern mandiac", Iran (Khuzistan); adjacent Iraq 4
sabaean, "neo-mandaean christian" community ⊕Karun valley (Amarah, Basrah)
12-AAA-aja ahwaz ⊕Ahwaz, Ahvaz (Khuzistan)
12-AAA-ajb khorramshahr ⊕Khorramshahr (Khuzistan)
12-AAB IVRIT net HEBREW {Mediterranean}
12-AAB-a Ivrit "hebrew", "hebraic", "canaanite", 'ibriit, jehudit (=«Jewish language») Israel; {worldwide diaspora} ” 6
(cid:1)from c.–1400: Cuneiform script; Phoenician script; Punic script; from
c.–1200: Hebraic script
12-AAB-aa (cid:1) ivrit-tanachit leshon-hakkodesh, ivrit-shel-hatanach, sfat-hatanach, "biblical Israel; {worldwide diaspora}
hebrew", "liturgical hebrew" #leshon-hakkodesh =«sacred language»
✍
12-AAB-ab ivrit-modernit "modern hebrew", "revived spoken hebrew" Russia; Ukraine; Slovakia; Poland; 6
Hungary, etc....; migration>(cid:1)Israel
12-AAB-aba ivrit-F. "modern standard hebrew" Israel…
12-AAB-abb ivrit-ashkenazit "generalised israeli hebrew", "ashkenazi spoken hebrew" Israel…
12-AAB-abc ivrit-sefaradit "sefardic spoken hebrew" Israel…
12-AAB-abd ivrit-temanit* "yemenite-hebrew", "arabised hebrew" (cid:1)influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya Yemen; exodus in 1940's > Israel
12-AAC 'ARABIYYA net ARABIC, al-'arabiyya, arabiyya (cid:1)(from c. –1200 in North Arabian
scripts: Lihyanitic; Thamudic; Safaitic); from c.+500 in Arabic scripts;
also in Latin (Maltese) and Hebrew (Judeo-Arabic) scripts
✍
12-AAC-a 'Arabiyya-A. fa˝ī(cid:1), fasih, "formal written arabic", "classical arabic"+ "neoclassical Morocco; Mauritania; Algeria; 7
arabic" (cid:1)based on the written language of the Quran and the Hadith, Tunisia; Libya; Egypt; Sudan;
preserved and used with little fundamental change until modern times, Saudi Arabia; Palestine; Israel;
except for the generation and addition of new vocabulary Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Iraq; {Gulf
states}; Yemen; Djibouti; Somalia;
”
Ethiopia; Chad
12-AAC-aa (cid:1) al-'arabiyya-L. "koranic arabic", "liturgical arabic" {Islamic world}
✍
12-AAC-ab al-'arabiyya-F. al-fusha, "formal modern arabic", "modern standard arabic", "neo- (cid:1)Algeria; (cid:1)Saudi Arabia;
arabic", "neoclassical arabic", lughatu-es-sahafa (=«language of the (cid:1)Bahrain; (cid:1)Djibouti; (cid:1)Egypt;
press») (cid:1)United Arab Emirates; Ethiopia;
(cid:1)Iraq; (cid:1)Jordan; (cid:1)Kuwait;
(cid:1)Lebanon; (cid:1)Libya; (cid:1)Morocco;
(cid:1)Oman; (cid:1)Qatar; (cid:1)Somalia;
(cid:1)Sudan; (cid:1)Syria; Tanzania;
(cid:1)Chad; (cid:1)Yemen; (cid:1){UN}
12-AAC-aba al-'arabiyya-W. "literary" maghribi, "modern western standard arabic" {Morocco to Libya}
12-AAC-abb al-'arabiyya-E. "literary" mashriqi, "modern eastern standard arabic" {Libya eastwards}
1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector page 87
Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory
12-AAC-b Maghribī Arabic-W., maghrebi, "western colloquial arabic", "maghribian", Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; 7
"western settled arabic" Mauritania; Senegal; Mali; Niger;
”
migration> France
12-AAC-ba maghribī-W. maghribi "proper", maghrebi "proper", part of "settled maghribi-arabic" Morocco (Marrakech; Safi; Fès; 7
Meknès; Kenitra; Rabat; Oujda;
Casablanca; el-Jadida; Tanger;
Tétouan); Algeria (Tlemcen; Oran)
12-AAC-baa maghrībī-G. "general moroccan arabic" Algeria
12-AAC-bab marrakech ⊕Marrakech… Safi (Marrakech; Safi…)
12-AAC-bac fez+ meknès ⊕Fès, Fez… Meknès (Fès; Meknès…)
12-AAC-bad rabat+ dar-el-beida ⊕Rabat… Dar-el-Beida, Casablanca (Kenitra; Rabat; Casablanca …)
12-AAC-bae tanger ⊕Tanger… (Tanger…)
12-AAC-baf tétouan ⊕Tétouan… (Tétouan…)
12-AAC-bag oujda ⊕Oujda… (Oujda…)
12-AAC-bah tlemcen ⊕Tlemcen… (Tlemcen)
12-AAC-bai ouahran ⊕Ouahran, Oran… (Oran…)
12-AAC-bb maghribī-E. part of "settled maghribi-arabic" Algeria (Tiaret; Médéa; Algiers; 7
Sétif; Constantine; Annaba);
Tunisia (Nabeul; Sousse; Sfax;
Gabès; Binzert; el-Kairouan;
Tunis); Libya (Tripoli)
12-AAC-bba jazā'irī-G. "general algerian arabic" Algeria
12-AAC-bbb cherchel ⊕Cherchel (Tiaret; Médéa…)
12-AAC-bbc al-jazā'ir "algiers popular urban arabic" ⊕Algiers, Alger (Algiers)
12-AAC-bbd bejaïa ⊕Bejaïa, Bougie (Sétif)
12-AAC-bbe jijelli ⊕Jijelli, Djidjelli (Constantine)
12-AAC-bbf 'constantine' ⊕Constantine… (Constantine; Annaba…)
12-AAC-bbg ifrīqī-G. "coastal tunisian", "general tunisian" (Nabeul; Sousse; Sfax; Gabès)
12-AAC-bbh binzert ⊕Binzert, Bizerta (Binzert)
12-AAC-bbi tunis-U. "urban tunisian" ⊕Tunis (Tunis)
12-AAC-bbj kairouan ⊕El Kairouan (el-Kairouan)
12-AAC-bbk sfax ⊕Sfax (Sfax)
12-AAC-bbl ţarābulusī "tripolitanian" ⊕Tarabulus, Tripoli (Tripoli)
12-AAC-c Malti Maltese, maltija, al-'arabiyya al-maltiya, "maltese arabic" Malta 5
12-AAC-ca malti "sicilianised" maghribi (cid:1)influenced by [51] Napoletano+Siciliano Malta 5
12-AAC-caa ✍ malti-F. "standard maltese" (cid:1)Latin script (cid:1)Malta (Malta; Gozo)
12-AAC-cab valletta "port maltese" ⊕Malta island: Valetta (Malta)
12-AAC-cac zurrieq "traditional maltese"-S. ⊕Malta island: Zurrieq (Malta)
12-AAC-cad malti-E. "traditional maltese"-E. ⊕Malta-E. island: Zejtun… (Malta)
12-AAC-cae malti-C. "traditional maltese"-C. ⊕Malta-C. island: Rabat… (Malta)
12-AAC-caf malti-W. "traditional maltese"-W. ⊕Malta-W. island: Mellieha… (Malta)
12-AAC-cag gozo ⊕Gozo island (Gozo)
12-AAC-d Badawī-ŗa(cid:1)rāwī* Sahara-Bedouin, including "sahel bedouin" ¶largely nomadic or semi- Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Libya; 7
nomadic; dialects, geographical areas & communities to be confirmed Sudan; CAR; Cameroon; Niger;
”
Mali; Senegal; Mauritania
12-AAC-da ma'qilī-N. Algeria (Tiaret; Saïda; Saoura); 6
Morocco (Oujda; Taza; Ksar-es-
Souk; Kenitra; Tétouan; Settat;
Marrakech; Safi)
12-AAC-daa saïda ⊕Saïda>SW. (Tiaret; Saïda)
12-AAC-dab béchar ⊕Béchar… (Saoura); (Ksar-es-Souk)
12-AAC-dac muluya ⊕Moulouya valley & environs (Oujda; Taza…)
12-AAC-dad sebou ⊕Sebou valley… Rif-W. highlands (Kenitra; Tétouan…)
12-AAC-dae oum ⊕Oum valley & coastal plain (Settat; Marrakech; Safi…)
12-AAC-db (cid:1)assāniyya ma'qili-S., klam-el-bidhan (=«speech of the whites»), 'moorish'; sulaka, Morocco (Tarfaya); Western 6
hasanya, hassani, hassaniya, mauri, 'moor' community, in [51] Sahara; Mauritania; Senegal
Français: 'maure' #community-name (cid:1)dstinct from [12] Hassaniyya-E. (Fleuve); Mali (Gao)
12-AAC-dba (cid:1)assāniyya-N. ⊕Tarfaya>E. (Tarfaya)
12-AAC-dbb (cid:1)assāniyya-W. ⊕Villa Cisneros… Nouadhibou… Nouakchott>E. Western Sahara; Mauritania
12-AAC-dbc (cid:1)assāniyya-S. ⊕Saint-Louis>E. (Fleuve); (Gao)
12-AAC-dc hilālī-W. "hilalite"-W. community Algeria (Constantine; Sétif; Batna; 6
Saoura; Oasis)
12-AAC-dca 'constantine'-SW. ⊕Constantine>SW. (Constantine)
12-AAC-dcb 'tell-atlas' ⊕Tell-Atlas-C. mountains (Sétif; Batna)
12-AAC-dcc 'grand-erg' ⊕Grand-Erg desert (Saoura; Oasis)
12-AAC-dd hilālī-E. "hilalite"-E., zhbāliyya community Tunisia (Gafsa; el-Kasserine; el- 6
Kaf); Algeria (Annaba)
12-AAC-dda ksur ⊕Ksur, Ksour… (el-Kaf…)
12-AAC-ddb aurès-E. ⊕Aurès-E. mountains>E. (Annaba); (el-Kasserine)
12-AAC-ddc gafsa ⊕Gafsa… (Gafsa…)
page 88 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
12-AAC-de sulaymī sulaimi, "sulaimite", including maraziqi; sulaym community Algeria (Oasis; Annaba); Tunisia 6
(Tunis; el-Kairouan; Gafsa; Gabès;
Médenine); Libya (Gharyan;
Fazzan; Benghazi); Egypt (Marsa
Matruh)
12-AAC-dea el-kala ⊕ el-Kala hinterland (Annaba)
12-AAC-deb mejerda ⊕Mejerda, Medjerda lower valley>S. (Tunis; el-Kairouan…)
12-AAC-dec sulaymī-S. (Oasis); (Gafsa; Gabès;
Médenine); (Gharyan)
12-AAC-ded sulaymī-E. including fazzani, fezzani ⊕Fezzan desert… Sahra al-Gharbiyah+ al- (Fazzan; Benghazi); (Marsa
Libiyah deserts… Matruh)
12-AAC-df shuwa shua community, in [51] Français: choa, chowa, arabe du Tchad Chad (Guéra; Moyen-Chari; 6
Salamat; Ouaddaï; Batha; Kanem);
Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon
12-AAC-dfa shuwa-'chad' ⊕Chad, Tchad lake… Chad-W.; Niger-SE.; Nigeria-NE.;
Cameroon-N.
12-AAC-dfb guéra+ chari (Guéra; Moyen-Chari…)
12-AAC-dfc salāmāt-W. (Salamat…)
12-AAC-dfd waddai-baţ(cid:1)a ⊕Abéché… Batha valley (Ouaddaï; Batha)
12-AAC-dfe kanem tubu "arabic" (Kanem…)
12-AAC-dff shuwa-V. shuwa "vehicular" Chad; Niger; Nigeria; Cameroon
12-AAC-dg rizaygāt+ felaita baggara; baggaara, baqqarah communities; including salamat-E. Sudan (Darfur-S.; Kurdufan-S.&- 5
#baqqarah, baggara =«cattle-men» ¶cattle-herders (cid:1)inter-marriage W.; also nomadic into Bahr-el-
with [90] Fulfulde-speaking cattle-herding nomads from West Africa Ghazal); Chad
12-AAC-dga ta'aysha #community-name Sudan; Chad adjacent; Central
African Rep. adjacent
12-AAC-dgb (cid:1)abbāniya habaniya #community-name Sudan and/or Chad
12-AAC-dgc rizaygāt rizeigat #community-name (Darfur-S.)
12-AAC-dgd felaita part of misseria-humr, messiriyya-humr #community-name ⊕Dar-al- Sudan (Kurdufan-W.)
Humr country: el-Fula… #name inherited from [90] Fulfulde-speaking
cattle-keeping nomads from West Africa (cid:1)possible linguistic influence
from [90] Fulfulde-E. (Fellata)
12-AAC-dge 'ajaira part of misseria-humr, messiriyya-humr #community-name ⊕Dar-al- Sudan (Kurdufan-W.)
Humr country
12-AAC-dgf messiriyya-zurug misseria-zurug #community-name Sudan (Kurdufan-S.)
12-AAC-dgg baggārī-V. dar-fur "vehicular arabic" Sudan (Darfur-S.); Chad adjacent;
Central African Rep. adjacent
12-AAC-dh hawāzma+ sālima kurdufani-SE. Sudan (Kurdufan) 5
12-AAC-dha hawāzma #community-name ⊕Nuba hills & environs (Kurdufan)
12-AAC-dhb sālima #community-name ⊕between White Nile valley… Nuba hills (Kurdufan)
12-AAC-di kabābīsh+ hawāwīr kurdufani-N. Sudan (Kurdufan; ash-Shamaliya) 5
12-AAC-dia (cid:1)amar #community-name ⊕Dar-Hamar country (Kurdufan)
12-AAC-dib (cid:1)āmid #community-name ⊕Dar-Hamid country (Kurdufan)
12-AAC-dic kabābīsh #community-name ⊕Kagmar>N. (Kurdufan)
12-AAC-did hawāwīr #community-name ⊕ad-Dabbah>S. (Kurdufan; ash-Shamaliya)
12-AAC-die (cid:1)assāniyya-E. #community-name ⊕Nile bend: Baiyuda desert (cid:1)distinct from [12] (ash-Shamaliya)
Hassaniyya (North, West & South)
12-AAC-dj juhayna guhayna "proper" community Sudan (An-Nil al-Azraq)
12-AAC-dk shukrī shukriyya community Sudan (Kassala)
12-AAC-e Mashriqī Arabic-E., "eastern colloquial arabic" Libya; Egypt; Sudan; Jordan; Israel 8
& Palestine; Lebanon; Syria; Saudi
Arabia; Yemen; United Arab
Emirates; Oman; Kuwait; Bahrain;
Qatar; Iraq; Iran; Djibouti; Somalia;
”
Comoros
12-AAC-ea ma(cid:2)rī-N. "lower egyptian arabic" Egypt ("Lower Egypt": el- 7
Qâhira…); also Libya (Cyrenaica);
migration> Iraq; Jordan; Saudi
Arabia; United Arab Emirates;
Yemen
✍
12-AAC-eaa cairene-F. "formal cairo arabic", in [51] Français: cairote ⊕ el-Qahira, Cairo, (el-Qâhira)
Caïre…
12-AAC-eab (cid:1)alebī "popular urban cairo arabic", "popular cairene", in [51] Français: cairote (el-Qâhira)
populaire ⊕ el-Qahira, Cairo, Caïre
12-AAC-eac 'delta'-E. ⊕al-Mansurah… Dumyat… Bur-Sa'id… al-Isma'iliyah… (ad-Daqahliyah; Dumyat; Bur-
Sa'id; al-Isma'iliyah…)
12-AAC-ead 'delta'-C. ⊕Banha… Tanta… Kafr-ash-Shaykh… (al-Minufiyah; al-Gharbiyah; Kafr-
ash-Shaykh…)
12-AAC-eae al-iskandariyya ⊕Al-Iskandariyah, Alexandria>W. (al-Iskandariyah…)
12-AAC-eaf barqī "cyrenaican arabic" ⊕Banghazi>E. (cid:1)transition to [12] 'Arabiyya Libya (Cyrenaica: Banghazi; al-
(Mashriqi) Bayda; Darnah)
12-AAC-eag al-fayyūm faiyuum ⊕al-Fayyum (al-Fayyum)
12-AAC-eah banū-suwayf beni-suef, "lower nile arabic" ⊕Beni-Suef, Banu Suwayf… (Banu Suwayf)
12-AAC-eai minyā+ asyū(cid:2) #geographical names ⊕el-Minya… Asyut (Minya; Asyut)
1= AFRO-ASIAN phylosector page 89
Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory
12-AAC-eb (cid:2)a'idī "upper egyptian arabic", masri-SE. ⊕Nile upper Egyptian valley Egypt ("Upper Egypt"); Sudan 6
(ash-Shamaliya)
12-AAC-eba qinā ⊕Qina, Gina ("Upper Egypt")
12-AAC-ebb al-ba'irāt ⊕al-Ba'irat+ al-Uqsur, Luxor… Aswan ("Upper Egypt")
12-AAC-ebc wādī-(cid:1)alfā ⊕Wadi-Halfa (ash-Shamaliya)
12-AAC-ebd al-fayyūm faiyuum ⊕Al-Fayyum (al-Fayyum)
12-AAC-ec ma(cid:2)rī-SW. "egyptian oases arabic" Egypt ("Upper Egypt")
12-AAC-eca ba(cid:1)riyya bahariyya, bahriya==⊕al-Wahat-al-Bahriyah oasis… ("Upper Egypt")
12-AAC-ecb farāfira ⊕Qasr-al-Farafirah oasis ("Upper Egypt")
12-AAC-ecc dākhila dakhla=⊕al-Wahat-ad-Dakhilah oasis & highlands ("Upper Egypt")
12-AAC-ecd khārija kharga=⊕al-Kharijah oasis ("Upper Egypt")
12-AAC-ed sūdānī sudani, "sudan nile arabic"; in [51] Français: arabe du Nil soudanais Sudan; migration> Egypt; Ethiopia 7
12-AAC-eda shayqiyya shaygiyya #community-name ⊕west of Nile river-bend (ash-Shamaliya)
12-AAC-edb rubātāb #community-name ⊕east of Nile river-bend (ash-Shamaliya)
12-AAC-edc mirāfāb #community-name ⊕Atbara downstream (ash-Shamaliya)
12-AAC-edd ja'alī ga'aliyyin #community-name ⊕Atbara upstream (ash-Shamaliya)
12-AAC-ede umm-durmān part of kawahla =⊕Umm-Durmān, Omdurman (al-Khurtum)
12-AAC-edf al-khurţūm part of kawahla =⊕al-Khurtūm, Khartoum (al-Khurtum)
12-AAC-edg kurdufān-V. part of kawahla, "kordofanic settled arabic", in [51] Français: arabe (Kurdufan)
sédentaire du Kordofan=#geographical name
12-AAC-edh rufa'a =⊕Blue Nile lower valley: Rufa'a… (an-Nil-al-Azraq)
12-AAC-edi sūdānī-S. "sudan-S. vehicular arabic" (a'Ali-an-Nil…)
12-AAC-ee badawī-ma(cid:2)rī egyptian-bedouin Egypt; also Sudan
12-AAC-eea badawī-ma˝rī-W. "western desert bedouin" nomadic communities, including mareoti (al-Fayyum; Marsa Matruh)
(cid:1)transition to [12] 'Arabiyya (Mashriqi) (cid:1)several dialects to be
identified ⊕(Egyptian) Western Desert
12-AAC-eeb ma'aza part of "eastern desert bedouin" ⊕Jabal-Jalalah, Gebel-el-Galala (al-Bahr-al-Ahmar)
highlands>S.
12-AAC-eec 'abābda part of "eastern desert bedouin" #community-name ⊕Jabal-as-Siba'i… Egypt ("Upper Egypt"); Sudan
Jabal-Is… Jabal-Abadab, Red Sea west coast & highlands… Nile right- (Kassala-N.; ash-Shamaliyah-NE.)
bank
12-AAC-ef badawī-sīnaī sinaï-bedouin, sinaitic arabic" #community-name ⊕Suez canal… Egypt (Sina'; Sharqiyah); Palestine
Sinaï+ Negev deserts… Gaza coast (Gaza); Israel (Hanegev)
12-AAC-efa sharqāwī-W. "western" sharqiyya nomadic community ⊕west of Suez canal (Sharqiyah)
12-AAC-efb sharqāwī-E. "eastern" sharqiyya nomadic community ⊕east of Suez canal (Sina')
12-AAC-efc axrasī axarsa nomadic community (Sina')
12-AAC-efd biyyā(cid:1)ī biyyadiyya community ⊕Bir-al-Abd… Rāb'a… Naghila… Khirba… (Sina') 4
12-AAC-efe dwēgrī dawagra fishing community ⊕az-Zugba peninsula… Bardawil lagoon (Sina') 3
12-AAC-eff gaţāwiyya ⊕nomadic community-name (Sina')
12-AAC-efg 'alawiyya #community-name ⊕Bir-al-Abd district: Gatya oasis (Sina')
12-AAC-efh smē'nī sama'na community ⊕Bir-al-Abd district: Gatya oasis (Sina') 4
12-AAC-efi 'gēlī 'agayla community ⊕Mediterranean coast: al-Hmesa… Naqid… Bir-al- (Sina')
Kteb…
12-AAC-efj mas'ūdī masa'id nomadic community (Sina')
12-AAC-efk 'ayyādī 'ayayda semi-nomadic community (Sina')
12-AAC-efl turbānī tarabin nomadic community (Sina')
12-AAC-efm swērkī sawarkah nomadic community (Sina')
12-AAC-efn a(cid:1)aywī ahaywat nomadic community (Sina')
12-AAC-efo balawī bili semi-nomadic community (Sina')
12-AAC-efp malāl(cid:1)a #community-name ⊕Wadi-al-Arish water-course (Sina')
12-AAC-efq dullām "negev bedouin" #community-name ⊕Negev, Néguev desert Israel (Hanegev)
12-AAC-eg (cid:1)ijāzī "arabian"-W., in [51] Français: arabique occidentale Saudi Arabia; Jordan; Sudan; 6
Eritrea
12-AAC-ega riyāshāt #community-name nomadic community-name Egypt; Palestine; Jordan; Saudi
Arabia; Yemen
12-AAC-egb hadarīb #community-name ⊕Red-Sea west coast Sudan; Eritrea
12-AAC-egc tanūma "coastal" tihamah community #community-name ⊕Red-Sea east coast Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-egd mţēr #community-name ⊕Hufuf>N. Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-ege naghdī ⊕Naghran
12-AAC-egf 'asīr "valley" tihamah community #community-name ⊕Asir mountains Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-egg janādla Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-egh al-madīna ⊕Madina, in [51] Français: Médine Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-egi makka ⊕Makkah, Meccala, in [51] Français: la Mecque Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-egj jedda ⊕Jidda, in [51] Français: Djeddah Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-egk juhaynā #community-name Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-egl balī #community-name Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-egm mawāhib #community-name Saudi Arabia
page 90 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
12-AAC-egn banu-'aţiyya #community-name Saudi Arabia; also Jordan
12-AAC-ego huwaytāt #community-name Jordan; Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-eh 'syro-palestinian' "arabian-NW.", "levantine-arabic", in [51] Français: arabe levantin Egypt (Sina'); Palestine (Gaza); 7
Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria;
Cyprus
12-AAC-eha 'arāyshī ⊕al-Arish (Sina')
12-AAC-ehb gazzāwī ⊕Gaza, Gazzah (Gaza)
12-AAC-ehc badawī 'jordan' "jordanian bedouin" (cid:1)several idioms; continuum to Badawi-Sinai Jordan
12-AAC-ehd 'transjordanian' "settled transjordanian" Jordan; Palestine; Israel
12-AAC-ehe 'ammanī ⊕Amman Jordan
12-AAC-ehf al-khalīl ⊕al-Khalil, Hebron Palestine
12-AAC-ehg jerusalem ⊕Jerusalem Israel; Palestine
12-AAC-ehh nābulus ⊕Nabulus Palestine
12-AAC-ehi jaffa ⊕Jaffa, Yafo Israel
12-AAC-ehj haifa ⊕Haifa Israel
12-AAC-ehk libnān-'maronite'-S. "christian lebanese"-S.; part of "maronite", "maronite christian" Lebanon-S.
community
12-AAC-ehl libnān-druze druze "lebanese", druze "muslim" community Lebanon-S.
12-AAC-ehm ras-beirut part of beiruti #community-name ⊕Beirut Lebanon (Beirut)
12-AAC-ehn musaytbeh mousaytbeh, part of beiruti #community-name ⊕Beirut Lebanon (Beirut)
12-AAC-eho ashrafiyyeh part of beiruti #community-name ⊕Beirut Lebanon (Beirut)
12-AAC-ehp libnān-'maronite'-N. "christian lebanese"-N.; part of maronite, maronite christian community Lebanon-N.
12-AAC-ehq libnān-sunni-N. sunni "lebanese"; part of sunni, sunni muslim community Lebanon-N.
12-AAC-ehr hawran #community-name Syria-SW.
12-AAC-ehs dimishkī "damascene", in [51] Français: damascène ⊕Damascus, Damas Syria
12-AAC-eht suriyya-C. "syrian"-C. Syria-SC.
12-AAC-ehu badawī-suriyya-NE. urfa, part of "syrian bedouin" ⊕Urfa Syria-NE.; Turkey
12-AAC-ehv badawī-suriyya-NW. part of "syrian bedouin" Syria-NW.
12-AAC-ehw anţākya ⊕Antakya, Antioch Turkey
12-AAC-ehx kormakiti "cypriot arabic"; maronite cypriot community, part of maronite, maronite Cyprus-N. 3
christian community ⊕Kormakiti
12-AAC-ei 'syro-mesopotamian' 'shammari', "arabian"-N., najdi-N., "najdi bedouin"-N., in [51] Français: Syria; Jordan-E.; Saudi Arabia-N.;
arabique du nord Iraq-C.; Turkey (Siirt)
12-AAC-eia (cid:1)adīdīn part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-N.
12-AAC-eib n'aym naim, part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-N.
12-AAC-eic fadl fadhl, part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-S.
12-AAC-eid mawālī part of pre-'anazi #community-name Syria-S.
12-AAC-eie 'umūr part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Syria
12-AAC-eif slūţ part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Syria; Jordan
12-AAC-eig sir(cid:1)ān part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name ⊕Wadi-as-Sirhan Syria; Jordan
12-AAC-eih bani-sakhr banu-sakhari, bani-sakhar, part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Jordan; Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-eii sardiyya part of 'shammari'-W. #community-name Jordan
12-AAC-eij hā'il haayil ⊕Ha'il Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-eik sīrt-S. 'shammari'-C.; part of 'shammar', 'sammar' community Iraq; Saudi Arabia; Syria
12-AAC-eil 'abda part of 'shammari'-S., part of 'shammar', 'sammar' community Saudi Arabia; Iraq
12-AAC-eim qa˝īm part of 'shammari'-S., al-qasim, al-qasiim #community-name Saudi Arabia
(cid:1)transition to 'Anazi-N.
12-AAC-ein d(cid:1)afir part of 'shammari'-S., dafiir #community-name (cid:1)transition to 'Anazi-N. Saudi Arabia
12-AAC-eio tayyī part of 'shammari'-N., diyarbekir #community-name ⊕Diyarbekir Syria; Turkey
12-AAC-eip sīrt-N. part of 'shammari'-N. ⊕Sirt Syria; Turkey (Siirt)
12-AAC-eiq mardin part of iraqi-qeltu ⊕Mardin Syria; Turkey
12-AAC-eir basra-NW. part of iraqi-qeltu Syria
12-AAC-eis tadmur palmyra, part of iraqi-qeltu ⊕Tadmur, Palmyra Syria
12-AAC-eit tikrīt tikriit, part of iraqi-qeltu ⊕Tikriit Iraq
12-AAC-eiu 'anah ⊕'Anah Iraq
12-AAC-eiv hīt hiit ⊕Hiit Iraq
12-AAC-eiw mosul ⊕Tigris upper valley Iraq
12-AAC-ej 'anazī-NE. "arabian"-NE., in [51] Français: arabique du nord-est Iraq; Iran (Khuzestan) 6
12-AAC-eja khuzistanī ⊕Kaaruun middle & upper valley… Zagros western slopes (Khuzestan)
12-AAC-ejb sha(cid:2)(cid:2)-al-'arab ⊕Kaaruun lower valley… Shatt-al-Arab delta (Khuzestan)
12-AAC-ejc bassora basra-SE. ⊕Basra Iraq (Basra)
12-AAC-ejd dijlah ⊕Dijlah, Tigris lower valley Iraq (Maysaan)
12-AAC-eje furāt ⊕al-Furat, Euphrates lower valley Iraq (Dhi-Qaar; al-Muthanna; al-
Qaadisiyah; Baabil)
12-AAC-ejf baghdādī including "muslim" baghdadi… "christian" baghdadi… "jewish" Iraq (Baghdaad)
baghdadi ⊕Baghdad
12-AAC-ejg kawāwila kawaawila "gipsy", romani-arabic #community-name =«from Kabul» Iraq (Khuzistan)