(1994) A critical edition of Fatḥ al-Mannān bi- Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, by al-Ḥasan b. Aḥmad ʻĀkis

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Arkadan, Salah Eddine S. (1994) A critical edition of Fatḥ al-Mannān bi-
Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, by al-Ḥasan b. Aḥmad ʻĀkish (d.1289/1874).

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A
critical edition of
Fath
al-Mannän
bi-Tafiiir
al-Qur' an
by
b. Ahmad CAkish
al-Hasan
(d. 1289/1874)
Salah
Eddine S. Arkadan
M. A.
Thesis Faculty Arts in University Glasgow (Arabic
submitted to the of the of
Islamic Studies) for degree Doctor Philosophy
the of of
and
$afar 1415/ July1994
CONTENTS
3
Acknowledgements
-
5
Preface
-
Chapter Introduction
one:
-
8
The
manuscript
his
Chapter The
two: author and work
-
11
(I) The
author
cAkish
25
(II) The
writings of
27
(III) Description
the
of manuscript
°Akish's
28
(IV)
spelling
29
(V) The
the
present owner of manuscript
cAkish
30
(VI) The
the to
attribution of manuscript
30
(VII) His
references and sources
(VIII) His in Fath 36
general method al-Mannän
38
(IX) Some detailed his Tafsir
characteristics of
38
(IX: A) The
scholarly aspects
°Akish's 67
(IX: B)
mistakes
°Akish 73
(X)
and al-Shawkäni
84
(XI) Conclusion
87
Notes Chapter
to two
-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
"He is is Alläh"
to to
who not grateful other people not grateful
[Prophet Muhammad]
I like
to thanks
would express my great and
individuals institu- : ':
to the
gratitude many of and
in
have
the
tions who assisted me preparation of
dissertation.
this
The
guidance, encouragement and assistance
by Professor John
to
given me my supervisor,
Mattock, have been invaluable. Professor Mat-
tock's
patience and understanding merit a grati-
is difficult
tude to
which express adequately.
Without his help in finding
tireless
advice and so-
lutions I have faced
to many of the problems that
throughout the
entire period of my postgraduate
this have been
study,
work could accom-
not
plished.
I
like
to
to
would also express my gratitude
Dr. Ismä°il Shaykh Yahyä cAkish
al-Bishri and
in
to
the
who provided me with manuscript order
assist my studies.
I deeply indebted
to the
am also al-Hariri
Foundation for
to
granting me a scholarship ena-
ble
to this
me undertake research.
ý: {Sýtýtýý1Py{{l ; l: {Sý{! tits?:: SJ :? ti? ti '.? ", 'ý1%:?: 7'ý
................. .
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...
Many libraries in
thanks to the the
staff of
Glasgow University, Chester Beatty (Dublin),
Heritage Manuscripts & Documents Centre
Leeds, Cam-
(Kuwait),
the
and universities of
bridge, Oxford, London, Riyäd, Jeddah, cAyn,
al
Kuwait Istanbul.
and
deepest
Finally, to
my gratitude goes my
wife, whose confidence, cheerfulness and never-
have
through
ending patience sustained my spirits
discouragement. My
to
periods of children, whom
I dedicate this have the
work, suffered most of
but
time, nevertheless are a constant source of
hope for I
and comfort, which am eternally grate-
ful.
ý4
PREFACE
cAkish
Qäd'i
known
al-Hasan the
was of region as al-
Mikhläf has important in
al-Sulaymäni, an area which an place
history South-Western Arabia for
the
of various geopolitical
and economic reasons.
Comprising between 16°-18°
that
an area stretches roughly
longitude 42°-44° latitude, has
and al-Mikhläf al-Sulaymäni as
its Southern Eastern boundaries
and the mountains of al-Sarwät
Saudi-Yemeni border; West it is bounded by
the to the the
and
Red Sea; to the North-West it is fringed by Wadi Hall b.
and
cAsir
Yacgnb the Generally it
and mountains. speaking occupies
South-Western Saudi Arabia known Jazän
the
part of the
as or
Tizän district important
buffer between
and acts as an two
zone
different the Hijäz in North Yemen
political systems: the the
and
in South. Also
is fact is
the
of significance the that the area
highly fertile densely
and
populated.
derives its from Sulaymän
al-Mikhläf
al-Sulaymäni
name
b. Taraf
from
al-Hakami, the the
who seized control of area
Ziyädid in 373H/983. The history is linked
ruler
of al-Mikhläf
inextricably
Yemen Tihämah,
that the
with of and and as such
be
background in
must viewed against the of events the region
as a whole.
Sharif
Hamnd, have been
to the
generally considered most
dynasty, his domains
the
powerful of al-Khayrät extended over
the Tihämah in Yemen far Zabid; his
the
whole of
as as reign
5
in
high "golden
the the
marks point or era" of al-Khayrät rule
lands
Although Yemeni to
the area. the coastal were returned
CAnsh
in Abn Turco-
Imam Sanä' the
the of after the arrival of
by Sharif
Egyptian force,
they were captured once more al-
Egyptian in
Flusayn b. Ali b. Haydar
the
evacuation
after
1256H/1840.
bi Tafsir
Fat
The
al-Qur'an,
of al-Mannan
present study
cAkish,
books
is based
on the writing of as well as on other and
into in Ar-
documents. My is divided two the
sections, one
study
in English. The Arabic the
the section consists of
abic and other
cAkish
his introduction, his
actual text of which comprises exeg-
cImrän,
it
Al
esis of al-Fatihah, al-Baqarah, and al-Nisa3; also
Epilogue is followed by Footnotes, Bibliogra-
contains an which
Index Appendix,
phy, and an which contains photographs and
in-
letters. The English introduction
section consists of an which
dicates importance difficulties that
the the the
of manuscript and
in
I faced during Also included
my analysis of the manuscript.
is biography his highlight-
this
section a of the author and work,
ing drawing
his
characteristics of tafsir, enumerating errors and
between him his
a comparisons and teacher al-Shawkani
.
6
One
Chapter
II
THE WORK "FATH AL-MANNAN"
cAkish
Although Shaykh b. Al
al-Hasan mad al-Qamad
,
died in 1289H, known his
to
who was well contemporary schol-
historian, linguist, he known
ars as an qäß and poet, was not as
Mufassir. The biographies do his
a existing not mention work
Fath bi Tafsir is
the
entitled al-Mannän al-Qur'an, which subject
There is information
this the
of study. no concerning manu-
in Institution for Arabic Manu-
this the
script of work available
body League
to the
scripts, a specialized official attached of
Arab States.
A by Dr. I.
copy of the manuscript was given to me al-
Bishn, lecturer in the Islamic University Imam Muhammad
a of
b. Sacnd in Abhä. He
the city of the
suggested contacting present
cAkish,
Shaykh
Yahyä
the
owner of manuscript, a grandson of
cAsir,
He lives in Damad Tihamah
the the
author currently
of
.
home
author's town, where I was able to examine the manu-
itself in 1990.
script
The interest lies in
the
this
of unique manuscript partly
time it During the late 13/19th
and place at which was written.
its between
the
the
century, political struggle reached peak
Imäms of Yemen in the South and the Sharifs of the Hijäz in the
North. At Wahhabi doctrines in
the time,
same were widespread
Najd, Ottman Turks direct
the to
while were attempting achieve
Also in Zaydi
the the
control of area. evidence was cult, as were
Sunni
as a number of minority sects.
8
It is interest demonstrating
of particular as the spread of
Wahhabi
In days
Wahhabism,
propaganda. the early of the au-
thor it books (now lost)
opposed and wrote two to this effect.
These
fi Hukm
were entitled: al-Fawä'id al-Jarlah al-Wasilah
calä
The
and al-Nasamät al-Sihriyyah al-Nafathät al-Najdiyyah.
first intercession Prophet
concerned the subject of the of the and
Imäms Righteous,
of the and the and also that of graves and
homage fulfill
shrines that people used to visit, pay to and vows.
cAbd
Muhammad b. be
these to
al-Wahhäb considered practices
deviations from Islam. The book de-
polytheistic and second
cAbd
Ibn "blow". The
the thoughts
scribed of al-Wahhäb as a
loss books has
develop-
these two
of the
unfortunately obscured
cAkish's
in thought he from being
ment as switched an enemy to
cAbd
Ibn ideas
becoming follower
to
al-Wahhäb's
a and sup-
ideas.
these
porter of
cAkish
by
Imam
taught
was the the
al-Shawkäni, author of
famous book Fath died in 1255H.
al-Qadir,
who al-Shawkäni
Zaydi
the but later became Salafi in-
was of
cult
a and was
fluenced by cAbd
the Muhammad b.
propaganda of al-Wahhäb.
cAkish
but he flexi-
respected
al-Shawkäni's writing, was more
ble
Imams.
and more respectful of the early
Fath bi Tafsir is important docu-
al-Mannän al-Qur'an an
for
intellectual history has been
ment the that
modem of an area
largely
neglected.
9