1 9 7 1 1 9 7 1 A GLOBAL HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF BANGLADESH Srinath Raghavan Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, En gland 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Srinath Raghavan All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Raghavan, Srinath. 1971 : a global history of the creation of Bangladesh / Srinath Raghavan. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 72864- 6 (alk. paper) 1. Bangladesh— History—Revolution, 1971. 2. India- Pakistan Confl ict, 1971. 3. South Asia—P olitics and government. I. Title. II. Title: Global history of the creation of Bangladesh. DS395.5.R199 2013 954.9205'1—dc23 2013012267 To my parents CONTENTS Prologue: The Chronicle of a Birth Foretold? 1 1. The Turning Point 14 2. Breakdown 34 3. The Neighbor 54 4. The Grand Strategists 80 5. The Reluctant Rus sians 108 6. Poster Child and Pariah 131 7. Power and Principle 155 8. The Chinese Puzzle 184 9. Escalation 205 10. Strange Victory 235 Epilogue: The Garden of Forking Paths 264 Notes 275 Bibliography 331 Ac know ledg ments 347 Index 351 1 9 7 1