1948 Report of the United Provinces Zamindari Abolition Commiittee Volume I. LR

372 Pages·1610·44.2 MB·English

REPORT
OF THE
UNITED PROVINCES
ZAMINDARI ABOLITION
COMMITTEE
VOLUME I
'ALLAHABAD :
Printer at M. G. Shome. Sctbbintbkdbnt, Pbhtmno And Btatiootk, D. P., faoa
PART I
THE BACKGROUND
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I
THE BACKGROUND
•Chapter Page
INTRODUCTORY ... ... ... xi
I—OUR MAIN ECONOMIC PROBLEMS J
Growth of population ... ^ ... 2
Unbalanced occupational distribution ... ... 4
Uneconomic and fragmented holdings ... ... 1ft
What is an economic holding? ... — ... 19
Size of holdings in U. P. ... ... 24
Rural indebtedness ... ... ... ... 25
The cumulative effect on food production ... 30
Possibilities of increasing food production—
' Extension of cultivation ... ... 41
Intensive cultivation ... - ■ 45
Conclusions ... ... • •• Jt
II—THE LAND SYSTEM OF THE UNITED PROVIN­
CES—HINDU PERIOD ... ... ... 59
III—THE LAND SYSTEM OF THE UNITED PROVIN­
CES—MUSLIM PERIOD ... ... ... 70
Chapter
IV—THE LAND SYSTEM OF THE UNITED PROVIN­
CES—THE BEGINNING OF THE BRITISH
PERIOD ... ... - - 79
V—THE LAND SYSTEM OF THE UNITED PROVIN-
' CES—EARLY SETTLEMENTS ... ... 92
The Permanent Settlement of Banaras ... ...9%
u Ceded and Cm^acnd Districts ... ... ,.. 96
The Avadh Taluqdari system ... ... ... 104
VI—THE LAND SYSTEM OF THE UNITED PROVIN­
CES—PRINCIPLES OF SETTLEMENT ... 125
Regulation VII of 1882 ... ... 125
Regulation IX of iS33 ... ... ... 128
Directions for Settlement Officers, 1844 ... ... 129
N- W. P. Land Revenae Act, XIX of 1875 and Oudh Land
Revenue Act, XVIII of 1876 ... . ... 1356
Third regular settlement ... ... ... l$7
N. W. P. and Oudh Land Revenue Act, 1901 ... i:?F
- U. P. Land Revenue Amendment Act of 1929 ... 144
General observations ... ... I5|
VII—EXISTING RIGHTS IN LAND ...
Holders of proprietary rights ... ... .157
Inferior proprietary rights ... ... ■ |§*»
Chapter Page
Temporary rights of a proprietary nature ... ... 161
Proprietary cultivation, i.e., sir and khudkasht ... 162
Tenants ... ... ... 164
VIII—LAND RECORDS AND AGRICULTURAL STATIS­
TICS ... ... ... ... ... 175
Description of land records ... ... 178
Supervision over the land records ... 186
Agricultural statistics ... ... ... ... 188
Recommendations ... 195
IX—ASSESSMENT OF MARKET VALUE: PROVISIONS
OF THE LAND ACQUISITION AND ENCUM­
BERED ESTATES ACTS EXAMINED ... ... 196
Income assessed in Land Acquisition proceedings ... 202
Items of income in Encumbered Estates Act proceedings 205
Assessment of market value in Land Acquisition proceed­
ings ... ... ... ... ... 206
/Assessment of market value in Encumbered Estates Act
proceedings ... ... ... 209
Conclusions ... ... ... ... 211
X—LAND SYSTEM AND AGRARIAN REFORMS IN
SOME PROVINCES ...214
Central Provinces and Berar ... ... ... 214
Bombay ... ... ... ... ... 223
Bihar ... ... ... ... ... 231
Zamindari Abolition in Bengal ... ... 243.
Madras ... ... ... ... 253
viii
Chapter page
XI—AGRARIAN REFORMS IN SOME COUNTRIES OF
EUROPE ... ... . 262
General ... ... ... ...263
Eastern and South-Eastern Europe ... ... 268
Rumania ... ... ... ... ... 272
Poland ... ... ... ... 278
Hungary ... ... ... ... ... 236
Yugoslavia ... ... ... ... ... 293
Bulgaria ... ... ... ... 300
Czechoslovakia ... ... ... ... jog
XII—COLLECTIVE FARMS ... . 311
Agrarian reforms in the U. S. S. R. ... 311
Co-operation in Palestine ... 328
Collective Fanning in Mexico ... ... ... 332
XIII—CASE FOR ZAMINDARI ABOLITION ... 336
Part II
RECOMMENDATIONS
XIV—THE INTERMEDIARIES AND THEIR ELIMINA­
TION ... ... ... ... ... 361
Who are cultivators? ... ... ago
Who are intermediaries? ... ... ggg
Classes of land owned by zamindars ... ... 870
Inferior proprietors ... ... ... .. 376
Tenants with occupancy rights ... ... .., 878
Tenants with temporary rights ... ... 373
Redistribution of Land ... 385
IX
Chapter Pag£
XV—COMPENSATION ... ... ...392
General ... ... . ... 392
Calculation of gross and net income ... - ... 402
Graded Rates of Compensation ... ... ... 409
Joint Hindu families ... ... ... ... 412
Discrimination on the basis of origin ... ... 413
Banks ... . ... ... ... ...416
Waqfs and trusts ... 4jg
Certain special cases ... ... ... ... 418
XVI—METHOD OF PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION ... 422
XVII—INTERMEDIARIES’ DEBTS ... ... . 427
XVIII—ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY ...438
XIX—THE FUTURE PATTERN OF RURAL ECONOMY ... 448
Main defects of Indian agriculture ... ... 451
Different types-of agricultural organisation ...458
Agricultural Technique ... ... 461
Does mechanisation lead to increased production? ... 461
Large and Small Holdings ... ... ... 457
Conclusion ... ... ... . . 475
Agricultural Organisation ... ... . ... 477
Capitalist Farming ... ,, ... 4gg
State forming ... ... ... ,487
Collective farming, ... ... ... 4gg
Chapter Pags
... Peasant proprietorship . ... ... ... 49,>
Difficulties of peasant proprietorship ... ••• 501
Cooperative farming ... ... -•*
Difficulties of co-operative farming ... 514
New Scheme of land tenure — ... ... 515
Functions of the village community ... ••• 5£0
Rights of cultivators or panck hissadars ... ••• 521
Composition of the village community ... ... 525
Conclusion ^25
XX—REVISION OF LAND REVENUE ... ... 52»
XXI—COLLECTION OF REVENUE ... ... 541
XXII—SOME ALLIED PROBLEMS ... ... ... 550
Agricultural labour ... ... ... ... 550
Stabilisation of agricultural prices ... ... 554
MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 561
MINUTES OF DISSENT:
By Shri Z. H. Lari, hx.a. ... ... ... 555
By Begum Aim Rasul, »*.c.c.
Note by Shri Ajit Prasad Jain