Российские университеты и люди 1840 годов,

592 Pages·2003·110.262 MB·Russian

by  Федор Александрович Петров

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YI.e.
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BbIM. YIx aHTarOHHCTbl B lliapKHX cnopax - M.n. noroAHH, en. UJe
BblpeB H O.M. 50tf}lHCI<HH - 6blAH CBH3aHbl C ceMeHCTBOM AKcaKo ..
H.B.
BblX 11 forOAeM, 'IYTb n03AHee - C A.H. OCTPOBCi<HM. TOT me
nOrOAI1H, a TaKllie n .H. KYAPHB!.!,eB nHcaAH paccI<a3bl H nOBeCTH, We
BblpeB - CTHXH (OH 6blA 6A11301< C n03TOM H.M. 5hbll<OBbIM). npo
q>eccop H pewfop c.-neTep6yprcKoro YHHBepCl1TeTa n.A. nAeTHeB 6blA
ApYYt{el-I C A.C. nYWKHHbIM, B.A. {f\YI<OBCKHM H MHOrHMI1 APYfHMH
nHCaTe.AJ!MH Ii n03TaMH; ero I<OAAera no XapbKoBcKOMY YHHBepCl-lTery
n. n. fYAal< -ApTeMoBcKHH 6blA 1130eCTHbiM YI<paHHCKHM nHcaTeJ\eM Ii
ApaMaryproM; APyroH ypOllieHe!.!, YI<pam-lbl, M.A. lVIaKcHMoBWI (Cl-Ia
'laAa B MOCl<Be, a 3aTeM B KHeoe), C06l1paA naMHTHHI<H q>OJ\bH:Aopa L1
MaAOpOCCI1HCKOHCTapHHhl.
Mbl C'-II1TaeM CBOHM AOArOM OTAaTb AaHb naMHTH HeAaBHO CKOl-l'laB
r
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BepCHTeTbl Ha rpaHH AByX 3nox. OT POCCJ.-1H I<penOCTHoH K POCCHH I<a
OI-ITaAHCTH'-IeCI<OH» CnpaBetJ.A}IBO 3aMeTHAa, '-ITO HMeHHO B 1840-e rr. 6blAH
8
3aAomeHbl «npO"lHble ¢)'H,a,aMeHTbI HCTHHHO HaY'lHoro 3HaHHH: C aToro
BpeMeHH MomHO rOBopHTb 0 Ha"laAe caMOCTOfiTeAbHOH YHHBepCl-lTeTCKOH
B
HaYKH, 0 npaSHAbHOM xo,a,e 3aHHTHH ... anoxy, Kor,a,a KyAh1ypa HSNI"
AaCb ,a,OCTOHHHeM AHUJb Y3Koro Kpyra, )'HHBepCHTeTbI cAymHAH aamHbI"
MH pbI"IaraMH ee .ll:eMOKpaTH3aj!HH. rO.ll: 3a rO.ll:OM yaeAH"IHBaJll<pyr 06pa-
30saHHbIX AIO.ll:eH, OHH rOTOBHAH l<a)]'pbI, KOTOPbIM npe)l,CTOHAO pacnpo
CTpaHHTb KyAbT)'PY S er,ge 60Aee llJHpOKHe CAOH HaceAeHHH».
Pf
3HMOHTosa SBeM B HCTopHorpaqHlIO YliHsepCHTeTCKoro 06pa-
30saHHH TepMHH «npo¢eccopa-npOCSeTHTe.I\R» KaK oc06ylO KaTeropHIO
)'HHsepCHTeTCKHX npenO)l,aBaTeAeH, I<OTOpble CTpeMHAHCb «He TOAbKO CO-
06r,gHTb CT)'.ll:eHTaM KOHKpeTHble CBe,a,eHHH», HO H nOMO"lb HM «OCSOHTb
KpHTl1'leCKHH MeTO.ll: n03HaHHR oKpymalOr,gHX HSAe!-IHH». OHH «3HaKO
MHAI1 )"'Iar,gylOcH MOAO.ll:ell(b C HoseHWHMH Ha)"'lHbIMH ,ll,OCTHmeHHHMH, CO
,ll,eHCTSOsaAH ee ,a,YXOSHOMY H HpaSCTseHHOMY POCT)', np06ym,ll,aH S HeH
cTpeMAeHHe K SbICQI{HM 06r,gecTseHHbIM H aTH"IeCKHM H,ll,eaAaM, mam,ll,y
,ll,eHTeAbHOCTH ,ll,.I\R 06r,gero 6Aara. 3TO 6bIAH AIO,ll,H, S03SblwaSWHeCH Ha,ll,
u u
csoeH Cpe,ll,OH, )"'IeHble RpKoro TaAaHTa H WHpOKoro Kpyr030pa, He3aSH-
CHMOH MbICAH H 06r,geCTBeHHoro ,ll,OAra. npOcseTHTeAbCKoe SAHHHHe Ha
yKH OHH He OrpaHH"IHSaAH CTeHaMH )'l-IHsepCHTeTa, a CTpeMHAHCb pac
npOCTpaHHTb B03MomHO WHpe, BbICT)'nMI C ny6AH'iHbIMH AeKj!HHMH, CO
TpY,ll,HH'iaH B mypHaAHCTHI<e ... Csoe 06r,geHHe C MOAO,ll,emblO He
orpaHH'iHSaAH "ITeHHeM Ael{j!HH, OHH npHHHMaAH CT)',ll,eHTOS Y ce6H Ha
,ll,OMY, cHa6maAH AHTepaT)'pOH, SOSAeKaAH S 6eCe,ll,bl Ha Ha)"'lHble H CO
apeMeHHble TeMbl» H TeM caMblM «cblrpaAH cepbe3HYlO POAb S ¢OPMHpO
saHHH 06r,geCTsemIOro C03HaHHH MOAO,ll,bIX )'HHsepcHTeTCI<HX nOI(QAeHHH».
K
'-IHCAY <<Ilpo¢eccopos-npocaeTHTeAej;'!» 3HMOHTOBa OTHOCHAa OKOAO
nOAYTopa ,ll,eCHTKOs Sbl,ll,alor,gHxCH )"'IeHblx H ne,ll,arorOS, AeK!!HH, pe"lH H
CTaTbH KOTOPbIX, no ee MHeHHfO, «npoH3S0,ll,HAH SOe'IaTAel-lHe, HeCOH3-
MepHMoe no CHAe B03,ll,eHCTSHH C sbICTynAeI-lHHMH HX KOAAer. .. »3.
3TaAOHOM npo¢eccopa-npocseTHTeM 1840-x rr. cnpaSe,ll,AHSO C'II1-
TaeTCH TH. rpaHOBCI(HH . .l(eHcTsHTeAbHO, 3a SCfO I1CTOPl1fO POCCHHCI{I1X
YHHsepCHTeTOB He 6bIAO npo¢eccopa, I1MH KOToporo Tal( 6bI COOTseT
CTsosaAO anoxe. 1840-e rO,ll,bl Ha3bISaAI1 «BpeMeHeM rpaHOSCKOrO» HAI1
A.A.
,ll,ame «3nOXOH rpaHOBCKOrQ». HeAh3H He corAaCHTbCH C AesaH
,ll,OSCI(HM, 'ITO «nO,ll,06HOH nOI1CTHHe OWeAOM.l\RIDr,geH H K TOMY x<e YCTO;;"
'IHBOH nonYA5IpHOCTbfO HHKOr,ll,a He nOAb30SaACH HH O,ll,HH YHHBepCHTeT
0
CI\HH J\eKTOp - B PoccmI, SO SCHI<OM CAY4ae»4. ,ll,pymx 3aMe"laTeAb
HbIX MO,ll,HX S HCTOpHH MOCKOSCI<oro YHI1BepOlTeTa rOBopHT C
npH6aSAeHHeM OT,ll,eAbHbIX CAoa, HanpHMep, AOMOHOCOS 11 WysaAOB, KQK
OUIOBQmCJlU YHHBeponeTa, nonC4umC/lb MypaBbes, «30JlOmaR 3110-
xa» rpa¢a CTporaHosa, «,moxa PYAbe B ccmccmB03HaHUU», ucmopUK
0
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YHHsepCHTeTa M.M. AYHI1He, r0130pHAH «xapbl<OBC1<tAU [paHOB-
9
XIX
CKUIA», 0 npenO,lJ,aBaBWHX B cepe,lJ,lme B. npo<peccopax n.B. naB
E.<:P.
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AH, '1TO OHH 6blAH TaM «TeM, '1eM fpaHOBCKHH 6blA ,lJ,NI MOCKBbl».
HaCTO~Il,JJeMY BpeMeHH Mf'IHOCTb rpaHOBCKOro, ero ryMaHHCTI1'leCKMe H,lJ,eH,
ero pOAb B 06I,JJeCTBeHHOM ,lJ,BHmeHI1H, ero ne,lJ,arOrH'1eCKOe MaCTepCI'BO
HCCAe,lJ,OBaHbl HC'IepnblBafOI,JJHM 06pa30M, H B ,nOH KHHre C006I,JJafOTCR
AHWb HeKOTopble ,lJ,OnOAHHTeAbHble CBe.ll.eHHH (06HapymeHHble B apXH
Bax) 0 ero .lI.e6fOTe B MOCKOBCKOM yHHBepCHTeTe.
Y1 Bce me He CAe.ll.yeT 3a6blBaTb 0 TOM, 'ITO PH.lI.OM C rpaHOBCKHM B
50
MOCKOBCKOM YHHBepCHTeTe npenO.ll.aBaAO CBblwe npoq'leccopOB H a.ll.'b
1840·-x
IOHKTOB, a Bcero B POCCHHCKHX YI-lHBepCHTeTaX rr. HaC'IHTbIBa
300
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HCKAIO'IHTeAbHaH POAb B pa3BHTHH YHHBepCHTeTCKoro 06pa30BaHHH He
.lI.OAmHbl 3aCAOHHTb 01' Hac ero KOAAer, KOTOPblX HeAb3H paCCMaTpHBaTb
TOAbKO I<al< «.lI.PY3eH rpaHOBCKOrO», «yqeHHKoB rpaHOBCKOrO» HAH «Bpa
rOB fpaHOBCI<orO».
Mem.ll.Y TeM, 3a'lacryfO I1MeHHO TaKHMH I<pHTepHHMH PYI<OBO.ll.CTBY
fOTCH HCCAe.ll.OBaTeAI1, OTHOCH I< 'IHCAY npocpeccopOB-npOCBeTHTeAeH B
MOCKOBCKOM YHHBepCHTeTe AHWb K.cP. PYAbe, 6AH3Koro no B3rAH
.lI.aM I< fpaHOBcI<OMY, a TaKme Hel<OTOpblX MOAO.ll.blX npocpeccopOB, npH
A. .. I\.
we.ll.WHX B YHHBepCHTeT I1AH HeCI<OAbI<O paHbwe - KpfOI<OBa,
H.Y1. KpblAOBa H n.r. Pe.ll.KHHa, HAH me HeCKOAbI<O n03me - TaI<HX,
HanpHMep, l<aI< K .A.. KaBeAHH H n .H. KY.lI.pHBgeB, KOTopble BOWAH B
KpymOl< 3ana.ll.HHI<OB, 06'be.ll.HHeHHbIX 06I,JJHM CTpeMAeHHeM I< BceCTopOH
HeH eBponeH3agHH POCCHH. BceM 3THM A10.ll.HM, .lI.eHCTBHTeAbHO CblrpaB
WHM 60AbWYfO POAb B pa3BHTHH HaYKH H I<YAbrypbI, npOTHBonOCTaBNI
AHCb npocpeccopa .lI.PyrHx B3rA5!.lI.OB - Ha30BeM HX YCAOBHO «Tpa.ll.HgHO
HaAHCTaMH» - M.n. nOrO.ll.l1H H c.n. WeBblpeB. K comaAeHHIO, HX
.lI.eHTeAbHOCTb ,lJ,aAeKO !-Ie BCer.ll.a nOAyqaAa 06'beKTHBHpo ogeHI<Y B HCTO
pl1'leCKOH AHTeparype: HX Ba3bIBaAH «a.ll.enTaMH HHI<OAaeBCI<OH peal<gI1H»,
«YBapOBCKHMH XOAOnaMH», a TO 11 npOCTO 06cKypal-lTaMI1. Mem..lI.Y TeM,
060l1X 8Tl1X yqeHblx 11 ne.ll.arOrOB C He Mel-lbWI1M OCHOBal-IHeM MomHO 01'
HeCTH 1< 'lI1CAY npOCBeTHTeAel1.
TaK, nOrO.ll.HHa COBpeMeHHHI<11 C<Il1TaAI1 «H3.l1.aHHeM HOBHKoBa B
XIX
BeKe»; OB, TaK )l{e Kal< 11 fpaHoBcKHH, npOBO.lJ.l1A co cry.ll.eHTaMH «BHe
AeKgl10HI-1)'10 pa6oTY», npHBAeKaJI HX K nepeBO.ll.aM 11 Hanl1CaHHfO HCTOPI1-
'IeCKHX CTaTeH H npOBO.ll.H 3aHflTHfl B CBoeM «A.peBAeXpaHI1AHl,JJe». MHoro
BHHMaHIDI Y.lI.eNlA I1H.lJ.l1BH.lI.yaAbHbIM 3aHHTIDIM H c.n. WeBblpeB - yql1-
TeAb cP.Y1. 6YCAaeBa H H.C. THxoHpaBoBa. He CAe.ll.yeT 3a6blBaTb, 'ITO C
I1MeHaMI1 nOrO.lJ.l1Ha H WeBblpeBa 6bIAO CBH3aHO CTaHOBAeHl1e Kacpe.ll.p poc
CHHCKOH I1CTOPI1H H POCCHHCI<OH CAOBeCHOCTH, npeBpaTHBWI1XCH BnOCAe.ll.
CTBHH B KpynHble CTPYKrypHbie nO.ll.pa3.l1.eAeHIDI I1CTOpl1'IeCKOrO H CPHAOAO
m'leCKOrO q'laKYAbTeTOB MOCKoBcKoro )'l-IHBepCHTeTa.
10 BBc.a.CHue
B
HCTOpHorpaqlHH YHHBepCHTeTClWrO 06pa30BaHHJI no.a,"Iac Ha6AIO
.a,aeTCJI CTpeMAeHHe npOTHBOnOCTaBI1Tb «CTapbIX» H «MOAOAbIX» npocpec
COpOB B MOCIWBCKOM YHHBepCHTeTe 1840-x rr. npH 9TOll1 3a6b1BaeTCJI,
"ITO TOT me Pe.a,I<HH, HanpHMep, 6blA Bcero AHll1b Ha ro,l( MOAOX(e IlIeJ3bl"
peBa, a «CTapHK nOrO,l(HH», 0 KOTOPOM nopoH npOCTO npC,l(B3J1TO rmcaAH
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44
OTCTaBKY AeT OT pO,l(y. TeM He MeHee, AeHCTBHTeJ\.bHO, caM norO/J.I1H,
BCnOMHHaR BnOCAeACTBHH 0 CBOCM ,l(pyre illeBblpeBC, npH:JHaBaA: «Mbl
COCTaBNlAH CTapll1HH npoCj:>eccopCKHH KpymOI<, aTe - MAaAll1HH, cry
AeH"IeCKHH; Mbl 06paIJJaAHCb K npOll1eAll1eMY, a npOTHBHHKH Hall1H - K
6Y,l(YIJJeMY»5. Ha nepBblH 831JV!A, 9TH CAOBa MomBO BOCnpHHJlTb KaK
npH3BaHHe CBoero nopamCHHJI, TCM 60Aee, "ITO CTY,l(eHLICCI(aJi MOAOAemb
6blAa OLlapOBaHa Cj:>HAOCOcpCKOH AHaAeKTHKOH npoCj:>eccopOB-rereAbJlHgcB
H HX rYMaHHCTH"IeCKHMH HAeflMH, 6e3YCAOBHOH BepOH B e,l(H1-lbIH 06IJJe'-le
AOBe'-leCKHH nporpecc. OAHalW nOATopa CTOAeTHfl cnYCTH, ,l(YMaeTCH, HeT
Hc06xOAHMOCTH npOTHBonOCTaBNlTb Apyr Apyry HenpHMHpHMbIX onno
HCHTOB 1840-x rr., TeM 60Aec LITO HX 06AaCTH npcnOAaBaHHH H Ha}"'lHblX
HCCAeAOBaHHH 6blAH pa3AH"Il-IbIMH.
KCTaTH, HMeHHO 8 cnopax pOAHAaCb HOBafl HCTOpl1"1eCI(MI KOHgen
Q,Hfl - «roCY,l(apCTBeHHaJ'l ll1KOAa B PYCClWH HCTopHorpaCj:>HH», KOHry
pbl KOTOPOH HaMeTHA K.,Lt. KaBeAHH H KOTOPYlO pa3BHA BnOCAC,l(CTBHH
C.M. COAoBbeB B 3HaMCHHTOH «ViCTOPHl1 POCCHl1 C ,l(peBl-leHll1HX Bpe
MeH». O!!el-IHBafl pa3AH'-IHbIX npoCj:>eccopOB He C TO"lKI1 3peHHH nonYNlp
HOCTH y COBpeMeHHOH 11M MOAOAemH, a no HX BI<AaAY B pa3BHTHe HayKH H
CTaHOBAeHHe YHHBepCHTeTCKHX KaCj:>e,l(p, Mbl HanHcaAH cnegHaAbHble pa-
lVl.n.
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cn.
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ViTaK, HaM npeACTa8NleTCH, '-ITO nOHHTHC «AIOAH COPOl,OBbIX rOA08»
AOAroe BpeMJ'I HCKYCCTBeHHO cyml-lBaAOCb, a B pe3YAbTaTe TpaAHQ,HOHHO
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Hble <mapTHHHble» pa3HorAaCHH, 6blAH HHTcrpaAbHblM Q,eAbIM, OIJJYIJJafl
ce6H, C OAHOH CTOPOl-II)I, HaCAeAHHI(aMH flpOC8eTHTeAbCT8a, a C APY
rOH - OCH080H HHTeAAHreHlJ,HH KaK oc060ro «8HeCOCA08Horo COCAO
BHJI» pYCCI<oro 06Il\eCTBa, rel-lepHpYlOxgero 8 ce6e KaI< Tpa,l(HgHoHHble,
TaK H 06IQe"leA08e"lCCKHe KYAbrypl-lble lJ,CHHOCTH H cnoc06CT8YlOr.gero paJ
8HTHIO HalJ,HOHaJ\.bHorO caMOC03HaHHfl PYCCKOH MbICAH. GOAee TOro, B ,l(aH
HylO 9noxy ymlBepcHTCTbl 8 POCCHH CTaAH npH06peTaTb 60Aee l-iaYLJHblH
11 MeHee nOAHTH3HpOBaHHblH xapaKTCp, LJTO 6blAO CBJl3aHO He TOAblCO C
YCHJ\eHHeM BMIHHHfl Ha CT'j,l(eHLJeCKYID MOAOACX(b eCTeCT8eHH,)1X HayK,
1-10 H C HaYKaMH ryMaHHTapHbIMH. Eho OAHlJ,eT80pJlCTCH HMCHai,iY! ,l(BYX
}"'IeHblX, TOAbKO I-Ia"lHl-la8WHX B 1840-e rr. CBOIO ,l(CHTCAbHOCTb 13 ]\/Ioc