12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS PART H. Geopolymers and Geocements: Low Environmentally Impact Ceramic Materials

210 Pages·2011·21.472 MB·English

by  Pietro VINCENZINI and Cristina LEONELLI

12th INTERNATIONAL
CERAMICS CONGRESS
PART H
12th INTERNATIONAL
CERAMICS CONGRESS
Proceedings of the 12 th International Ceramics Congress, part of CIMTEC 2010-
12 th International Ceramics Congress and 5th Forum on New Materials
Montecatini Terme, Italy, June 6-11, 2010
PART H
including:
Symposium CK – Geopolymers and Geocements: Low Environmental Impact
Ceramic Materials
Edited by
Pietro VINCENZINI
World Academy of Ceramics and
National Research Council, Italy
Co-edited by
Cristina LEONELLI
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy

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PREFACE

CIMTEC 2010 was held in Montecatini Terme, Italy on June 6-18, 2010. This high qualitative and
comprehensive congressional event, similarly to the previous editions, has been designed to encompass and
derive synergism from a broad interdisciplinarity network capable of offering opportunities for identifying and
exploring new directions for research and production. The above based on the view that ongoing and future
innovations require at an ever increasing extent a complex array of interconnections among scientific research,
innovating technology and industrial infrastructure.

CIMTEC 2010 consisted of two major events: the 12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS (June 6-
11, 2010) and the 5th FORUM ON NEW MATERIALS (June 13-18, 2010). The World Academy of Ceramics
and the International Ceramic Federation (ICF) acted as principal endorsers for the first one, and the
International Union of Materials Research Societies (IUMRS) for the FORUM.

The 12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS included 12 International Symposia, two Focused
Sessions and two Serial International Conferences (“Disclosing Materials at Nanoscale” and “Advanced
Inorganic Fibre Composites for Structural and Thermal Management Applications”) which covered recent
progress in almost all relevant fields of ceramics science and technology. The 5th FORUM ON NEW
MATERIALS consisted of 11 International Symposia primarily concerned with energy technologies, one
Focused Session and two Serial International Conferences (“Science and Engineering of Novel
Superconductors” and “Medical Applications of Novel Biomaterials and Nano-biotechnology”).

A balanced, high quality programme of invited and contributed papers resulted from the over one thousand and
seven hundred scientific and technical contributions effectively presented during the working days to a large
international audience coming from fifty-seven countries throughout the world.

The 15 volumes which constitute the Official Proceedings of CIMTEC 2010 (10 for the Ceramics Congress, 5
for the Forum) include a selection of the papers presented. Having most of them been written by authors whose
mother tongue is not English, considerable revision of the original texts was often required. The partial
reworking of several papers and sometimes even complete rewriting was needed to make clear work valid as
regards the technical content but difficult to understand because of lack of proficiency in the English language.
Even so, in order to allow the scientific and technical community to have access to the proceedings volumes
within a reasonable length of time, compromise was necessary in regard to the quality of writing, and papers
containing language imperfections were considered acceptable provided that their technical content was
adequate and easily understandable.

The Editor, who also acted as the Chairman of CIMTEC 2010, would like to express his sincere appreciation to
all the Institutions and Professional Organizations involved in the congress, to the members of the International
Advisory Committees, the National Coordinating Committees, the Co-Chairs Prof. Akio Makishima (Japan) for
the INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS and Prof. Robert P.H. Chang (USA) for the FORUM ON
NEW MATERIALS, the Programme Chairs, the Lecturers, the technical staff of Techna Group, and to the many
others who directly or indirectly contributed to the organization. Indeed it was mainly through the involvement
of the above bodies and individuals, and the active participation of most internationally qualified experts from
major academic and government research institutes and industrial R&D centers that a very valuable scientific
programme could be arranged.

It is therefore expected for the Proceedings of CIMTEC 2010-12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS
CONGRESS & 5th FORUM ON NEW MATERIALS to constitute a further valuable contribution to the
literature in the field.

P. VINCENZINI
World Academy of Ceramics
Emeritus Research Manager
National Research Council of Italy
th
12 INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS

Chairman
Pietro VINCENZINI, Italy

Co-Chair
Akio MAKISHIMA, Japan

Symposium CK – Geopolymers and Geocements: Low Environmental Impact
Ceramic Materials

Programme Chair
Cristina LEONELLI, Italy

Members
Erez Allouche, USA Mirko Braga, Italy Christopher Cheeseman, UK Gui Demortier, Belgium Katja
Dombrowski, Germany Constantino Fernandez Pereira, Spain Dechang Jia, P.R. China Waltraud M.
Kriven, USA Zongjin Li, P.R. China Kenneth J.D. Mackenzie, New Zealand Alejandro Manzano
Ramirez, Mexico Henk Nugteren, Netherlands Hassane Oudadesse, France Christos G.
Papakonstantinou, USA Dan S. Perera, Australia Vijaya B. Rangan, Australia Kwesi Sagoe-Crentsil,
Australia Frantisek Skvara, Czekia Pavel Straka, Czekia Bob Talling, Finland Amandio Teixeira Pinto,
Portugal Benjamin Varela, USA Marcel Weil, Germany Frank Winnefeld, Switzerland Yunsheng
Zhang, P.R. China
Table of Contents
Preface
Committees
Keynote Lecture
Status and Prospects of Research and Application of Alkali-Activated Materials
P. Krivenko 1
SECTION I – PREPARATION
Preparation and Stability of Alkali Activated Materials from Slag and Fly Ashes
V. Bílek 11
Recent Development of Magnesium-Based Cements - Magnesium Phosphate Cement and
Magnesium Oxychloride Cement
Z.J. Li, F. Qiao and C.K. Chau 21
Geopolymer Binders in Composite Cements and Ceramic-Like Materials
C. Kaps and M. Hohmann 31
Dissolution-Reorientation-Polycondensation Process of Metakaolin in Alkaline Solutions
Related to Geopolymerization
Y.S. Zhang, W. Sun and Z.J. Li 41
Understanding Study of Silicate Based Gel Formed during the Setting Ceramic Materials
M.T. Tognonvi, S. Rossignol and J.P. Bonnet 51
Use of Sodium Silicate Gel as Precursor of Binder for Cold Consolidated Materials
M.T. Tognonvi, S.S. Kouassi, T. Maeda, J. Soro, S. Rossignol and J.P. Bonnet 57
Geopolymer Development by Powders of Metakaolin and Wastes in Thailand
C. Tippayasam, S. Boonsalee, S. Sajjavanich, C. Ponzoni, E. Kamseu and D. Chaysuwan 63
Physical, Mechanical and Micro-Structural Properties of F Type Fly-Ash Based
Geopolymeric Bricks Produced by Pressure Forming Process
Ö. Arıöz, K. Kilinc, M. Tuncan, A. Tuncan and T. Kavas 69
SECTION II – CHARACTERIZATION
Application of Micromechanics on Alkali-Activated Materials
V. Šmilauer, F. Škvára, J. Němeček, L. Kopecký and P. Hlaváček 75
Evaluation of the Stability of Waste-Based Geopolymeric Artificial Aggregates for
Wastewater Treatment Processes under Different Curing Conditions
I.C. Silva, J.P. Castro-Gomes and A. Albuquerque 86
Durability of Geopolymer Concretes upon Seawater Exposure
S. Astutiningsih, D.M. Nurjaya, H.W. Ashadi and N. Swastika 92
Role of Alkaline Cations on Geomaterial Foams
E. Prud'Homme, P. Michaud, E. Joussein, C. Peyratout, A. Smith and S. Rossignol 97
Comparative Study of the Consolidation Process and Properties of Clay Based
Geomaterials and “Geomimetic” Lateritic Clay Based Materials
G.L. Lecomte, A. Wattiaux and G. Lecomte 107
New Geopolymers Based on Electric Arc Furnace Slag
M.C. Bignozzi, L. Barbieri and I. Lancellotti 117
Characterization of Geopolymer Materials Containing MSWI Fly Ash and Coal Fly Ash
S. Andini, R. Cioffi, F. Colangelo, C. Ferone, F. Montagnaro and L. Santoro 123
Formation of Tetra-Coordinated Aluminum in the Low Temperature Ashes
P. Straka 129
SECTION III – INDUSTRIALIZATION & APPLICATION
Medium to Long Term Engineering Properties and Performance of High-Strength
Geopolymers for Structural Applications
K. Sagoe–Crentsil, T. Brown and S.Q. Yan 135
b 12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS PART H
Bond Strengths of Geopolymer and Cement Concretes
P. Sarker 143
Use of Local Raw Materials for Construction Purposes
H. Rahier, F. Slatyi, I. Aldabsheh, M. Alshaaer, H. Khoury, M. Esaifan and J. Wastiels 152
Development of Building Materials through Alkaline Activation of Construction and
Demolition Waste (CDW) - Resistance to Acid Attack
J. Gonçalves Rapazote, C. Laginhas and A. Teixeira-Pinto 156
Repairing of Damaged Stone in Monuments and Stone Buildings
A. Teixeira-Pinto 164
Geopolymers as Waste Encapsulation Materials: Impact of Anions on the Materials
Properties
F. Frizon and C. Desbats-le-Chequer 174
Recycling of Industrial Wastewater by its Immobilization in Geopolymer Cement
D. Tavor, T. Meyohas, S. Ronen and A. Wolfson 180
How to Assess the Environmental Sustainability of Geopolymers? A Live Cycle Perspective
M. Weil, A. Buchwald and K. Dombrowski-Daube 186
Chemical and Biological Characterization of Geopolymers for Potential Application as
Hard Tissue Prostheses
M. Catauro, F. Bollino, I. Lancellotti, E. Kamseu and C. Leonelli 192
© (2010) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.69.1
STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF

ALKALI-ACTIVATED MATERIALS
PAVEL KRIVENKO
V.D.Glukhovsky Scientific Research Institute for Binders and Materials,
Kiev National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
31 Vozdukhoflotsky prospect Kiev 03037 Ukraine
e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
Beginning from 1957, a scientific school in Kiev (USSR) headed by Victor Glukhovsky has been
developing a new direction in binding/cementitious/ materials. Taken as background was discovery
of binding properties of the alkali metal compounds when they act not only as activators of
hardening but are responsible for the formation of main structural elements of the alkali- activated
cements – zeolite-like compounds of different types.
Just these hydration products, analogues to natural zeolites of the Na О(K О)•Al О •(2-
2 2 2 3
4)SіО •2Н О type, were identified in the ancient concretes (Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Egypt,
2 2
Syria). Durability of the ancient concretes and similarity of their structure with that of the alkali-
activated cement concretes allowed to predict their high durability. High performance properties of
the alkali- activated cement concretes are supported by over 50-year experience of service of the
structures made from them.
Theoretical background
Less than a century ago just an idea of the presence of free alkali in a cement composition was
considered by cement people as absurd one and this was a basic postulate of fundamentals of
exhibiting hydraulic properties by mineral systems. The alkali metal compounds were excluded
from traditional hydraulic cements because of their high solubility.
At the same time, the studies held to reveal the reasons explaining excellent durability of the
ancient concretes in combination with the data collected on stability and composition of natural
mineral formations testified that this postulate was not correct.
In 1957 a scientist from Kiev (USSR) Victor Glukhovsky has discovered that compounds of
alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) - the elements of the first group of the Periodic Table, exhibit
hydraulic binding properties similar to compounds of alkali earth metals (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)- the
elements of the second group.
As a result, an idea of creation of cementitious materials was transformed as the following:
“OLD SCHEME” (ordinary Portland cement (OPC), high-alumina cement)

“NEW SCHEME” (alkali- activated cement)(AAC)

where R- Na, K, Li, Rb, Cs.

The idea itself of using these systems as cementitious ones was based, first of all, on geological
data that sodium- potassium- calcium aluminosilicate compounds, which are known to have the
higher stability and resistance to atmospheric reagents, are present in the Earth’s Crust. Secondly,
this idea was based on the results of experimental studies, which proved that alkali hydroxides and
2 12th INTERNATIONAL CERAMICS CONGRESS PART H
salts of alkali metals came into interaction with clay minerals, aluminosilicate glasses and
crystalline substances of natural and artificial origin with the formation of water resistant alkaline
and alkaline- alkali- earth aluminosilicate hydration products analogous to natural minerals of the
zeolite and mica types.
3 Terminology
The established possibility of modelling the processes taking place in the Earth’s crust based on
an interaction between decay products of rock-forming minerals: clays and alkalis, followed by
synthesis of these minerals, suggested using natural soils as starting materials for a binder. This
explains why the binders/cementitious materials/ developed as long ago as in 1957 have been called
“soil cements” and the concretes “soil silicates concretes” [1].
The alkaline and alkali-earth hydroaluminosilicates analogous to natural minerals
(hydronepheline, analcime, natrolite, thompsonite, hydrosodalite, etc.) are formed in the soil cement
stone during the process of hardening along with calcium hydrosilicates and carbonates.
The soil cements contain alkalis in large amounts (1-20 mass % calculated as R O). Just the
2
alkaline oxides are components determining their binding properties. The alkali earth oxides are
either absent in them (fly ashes, cakes, clays, field spar minerals) or may be introduced from the
outside as the components of the traditional binding materials (lime, Roman-, Portland-, slag
Portland or high alumina cements).
In 1973, Professor J. Davidovits was granted his first patents for geopolymers [2]. The
technology for manufacturing these cements included the following steps: mixing kaolinite, lime
stone, dolomite; burning of the mix and introduction of the alkaline compound solutions. During
these processes, the kaolinite transforms into metakaolinite (Al O .2SiO ), gaining pozzolanic
2 3 2
properties, while calcium and magnesium carbonates form calcium and magnesium oxides. Being
added to the cement mix, silica or soda or its mixture with potash incorporated with a mixing water
produce sodium and potassium hydroxides. The latter initiates a chemical reaction with polysilicate
and aluminosilicate oxides with the formation in a composition of the hydration products,
represented by analcime and hydrosodalite. Some of these products are known as commercial
products (trade names: Pyrament, Geopolycem, Geopolymite, etc.). The cements of this type are
known in the art under a general name “geopolymers”.
The alkali- activated cements are known among cement people also under other names: alkali-
activated cements [3] SKJ- binder [4], F- cement [5], gypsum- free Portland cement [6],
geocements [7].
4 Classification
Сlassification proposed in [8] is based on characteristic features of the products of hydration and
hardening of the alkali- activated cements, the “edge” variants of which may be represented by the
compounds of two types: alkaline hydrosluminosilicates of the system R O-Al O -SiO -H O and
2 2 3 2 2
earth hydrosilicates.
A variety of blended alkaline- alkali- earth hydroaluminosilicates may fall within these “edge”
variants. Phase composition of the hydration products of a cement stone is determined by a kind of
the initial raw material (Table 1).