12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine

313 Pages·32.723 MB·English

by  Gholamrezanezhad A. (Ed.)

12 CHAPTERS
ON NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Edited by
Ali Gholamrezanezhad
1122 CCHHAAPPTTEERRSS
OONN NNUUCCLLEEAARR MMEEDDIICCIINNEE

Edited by Ali Gholamrezanezhad
12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine
Edited by Ali Gholamrezanezhad
Copyright © 2015 Second Edition
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First published December, 2011 second - 2015
ISBN-10: 953-307-802-2
ISBN-13: 978-953-307-802-1

Contents

Preface IX
Chapter 1 Physiologic and False Positive Pathologic
Uptakes on Radioiodine Whole Body Scan 1
Byeong-Cheol Ahn
Chapter 2 Internal Radiation Dosimetry: Models and Applications 25
Ernesto Amato, Alfredo Campennì,
Astrid Herberg, Fabio Minutoli and Sergio Baldari
Chapter 3 Medical Cyclotron 47
Reina A. Jimenez V
Chapter 4 Radionuclide Infection Imaging: Conventional to Hybrid 73
Muhammad Umar Khan and Muhammad Sharjeel Usmani
Chapter 5 Nuclear Medicine in Musculoskeletal Disorders:
Clinical Approach 97
Noelia Medina-Gálvez and Teresa Pedraz
Chapter 6 Role of the Radionuclide
Metrology in Nuclear Medicine 137
Sahagia Maria
Chapter 7 Breast Cancer: Radioimmunoscintigraphy
and Radioimmunotherapy 165
Mojtaba Salouti and Zahra Heidari
Chapter 8 Diagnosis of Dementia Using
Nuclear Medicine Imaging Modalities 199
Merissa N. Zeman, Garrett M. Carpenter and Peter J. H. Scott
Chapter 9 Post-Therapeutic I-131 Whole Body Scan in
Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer 231
Ho-Chun Song and Ari Chong
VI Contents

Chapter 10 Apoptosis Imaging in Diseased Myocardium 251
Junichi Taki, Hiroshi Wakabayashi, Anri Inaki,
Ichiro Matsunari and Seigo Kinuya
Chapter 11 Dosimetry for Beta-Emitter Radionuclides
by Means of Monte Carlo Simulations 265
Pedro Pérez, Francesca Botta, Guido Pedroli and Mauro Valente
Chapter 12 Skeleton System 287
Rongfu Wang

Preface

Nuclear Medicine is a collection of 12 chapters providing a comprehesnive overview
of the nuclear medicine, with insights into both its historical and contemporary
practices. I hope that readers enjoy the chapters greatly and find it informative,
practical and educational in the presented discussions.
I would like to convey my respects and thanks to the authors for their efforts and
contribution. Collaboration has always been important in academic environment. I am
very happy to see that the publication and chapters are the result of fruitful
international collaboration involving more than 20 leading scientists and investigators
from all over the world. I hope the "12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine" encourage
continued close cooperation and collaboration among its authors.
Best regards,
Ali Gholamrezanezhad, MD, FEBNM

1
Physiologic and False Positive Pathologic
Uptakes on Radioiodine Whole Body Scan
Byeong-Cheol Ahn
Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital,
South Korea
1. Introduction
A radioiodine whole body scan relies on the fact that differentiated thyroid cancer is more
efficient at trapping circulating radioiodine than any other tissues.(Hyer, Newbold et al.
2010) Therefore, when I-131 is administered it accumulates in the thyroid cancer tissues and
a radioiodine whole body scan plays an important role in the management of patients with
differentiated thyroid cancer. Uptake of iodine by the cancer is related to the expression of
sodium iodide symporter (NIS), which actively transports iodide into the cancer cells.
Extrathyroidal tissues, such as stomach, salivary glands and breast, are known to have the
NIS expression and the organs can physiologically take up iodine.(Riesco-Eizaguirre and
Santisteban 2006)
On a whole body scan with diagnostic or therapeutic doses of I-131, except for the
physiological radioiodine uptake in the salivary glands, stomach, gastrointestinal and
urinary tracts, the lesions with radioiodine uptake can be considered as metastatic lesions in
thyroid cancer patients who previously underwent total thyroidectomy.
However, a variety of unusual lesions may cause a false positive result on the radioiodine
whole body scan and so careful evaluation of an abnormal scan is imperative to
appropriately manage patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.(Mitchell, Pratt et al. 2000;
Shapiro, Rufini et al. 2000; Carlisle, Lu et al. 2003; Ahn, Lee et al. 2011) The decision to
administer radioiodine treatment is mainly based on the diagnostic scan, and
misinterpretation of physiological or other causes of radioiodine uptake as metastatic
thyroid cancer could lead to the decision to perform unnecessary surgical removal or to
administer a high dose of I-131, which results in fruitless radiation exposure. Therefore,
correct interpretation of the diagnostic scan is critical for the proper management.
Physiologic iodine uptake, pathologic iodine uptakes that are not related to thyroid cancer
and contamination by physiologic excretion of tracer on the whole body scan are presented
and discussed in this chapter. The purpose of this chapter is to make readers consider the
possibility of physiologic or pathologic false positive uptake as a reason for the tracer
uptake seen on the radioiodine whole body scan.
2. Iodine and the thyroid gland
Iodine is an element with a high atomic number 53, it is purple in colour and it is
represented by the symbol I, and the iodine is an essential component of the hormones