11 September and Its Aftermath

285 Pages·2011·3.36 MB·English

11 September and Its Aftermath
Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
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Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
11 SEPTEMBER AND ITS
AFTERMATH
THE GEOPOLITICS OF TERROR
Editor
STANLEY D.BRUNN
FRANK CASS
LONDON (cid:127) PORTLAND, OR
Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
First Published in 2004 in Great Britain by
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Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
11 September and its aftermath: the geopolitics of terror.
—(Cass studies in geopolitics; no. 7)
1. World politics—21st century 2. September 11 Terrorist
Attacks, 2001 3. Terrorism 4. International relations
5. Geopolitics 6. United States—Foreign relations—21st
century
I. Brunn, Stanley D. II. Eleven September and its aftermath
909.8’3
ISBN 0-203-64660-6 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-67842-7 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0714655724 (Print Edition)
ISBN 0-7146-5572-4 (cloth)
ISBN 0-7146-8454-6 (paper)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
11 September and its aftermath: the geopolitics of terror/editor
Stanley D.Brunn.
p. cm.
“First appeared as a special issue of Geopolitics, ISSN 1465-0045, vol.
8, no. 3 (autumn 2003).”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7146-5572-4 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-7146-8454-6 (pbk.: alk.
paper)
1. September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001. 2. World politics—21st
century. 3. Geopolitics. I. Title: Eleventh September and its
Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
aftermath. II. Brunn, Stanley D. III. Geopolitics.
HV6432.7.A15 2003
973.931–dc22
2003015184
This group of studies first appeared as a special issue of Geopolitics, ISSN 1465-0045, Vol.8,
No.3 (Autumn 2003) published by Frank Cass and Co. Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or
introduced into a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form, or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
Contents
Foreword
David Newman
11 September and Its Aftermath: Introduction
Stanley D.Brunn
The Meaning of 11 September and the Emerging Postinternational
World
Richard W.Mansbach
American Hegemony after 11 September: Allies, Rivals and
Contradictions
James Anderson
Calling 911: Geopolitics, Security and America’s New War
Simon Dalby
The Naming of ‘Terrorism’ and Evil ‘Outlaws’: Geopolitical Place-
Making After 11 September
Mat Coleman
Strategic Troping in Sri Lanka: September Eleventh and the
Consolidation of Political Position
Margo Kleinfeld
Environmental Terrorism: A Critique
Shannon O’Lear
Tabloid Realism and the Revival of American Security Culture
François Debrix
11 September and Popular Geopolitics: A Study of Websites Run
for and by Dutch Moroccans
Virginie Mamadouh
Editorials and Geopolitical Explanations for 11 September
Jonathan Taylor and Chris Jasparo
Reading Geopolitics Beyond the State: Organisational Discourse in
Response to 11 September
Carl T.Dahlman and Stanley D.Brunn
Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
Abstracts
Notes on Contributors
Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
Foreword
11 September 2001 is a date which is engraved in the memories of anyone who
lived through that day and who watched the events unfolding in New York City
and Washington DC. 11 September is a date which changed the way in which
the international community goes about its business. Since 11 September, security
has become the foremost concern throughout the world, with the fear of terrorist
attacks uppermost in the minds of states, governments and their citizens.
The events of 11 Setember had a profound impact for the geopolitical
restructuring of the world. The United States asserted its hegemony, declared the
existence of an ‘axis of evil’ and set out to combat terror throughout the world. The
western world became convinced that a true clash of civilizations was taking place
between Christianity and Islam, and that the only solution was to fight
fundamentalism with the powerful military might at its disposal. For its part, the
Islamic world saw itself as being misunderstood, arguing, in turn, that it was time
for the West to wake up to the realities of those who shared different cultural
beliefs if it truly wanted to avoid further conflict in the future.
This book offers fresh insights into some of the geopolitical implications of 11
September. Political geographers from throughout the world add their voice to that
which has already been heard by political scientists and scholars on International
Relations. They examine the way in which the global map is undergoing a
process of change and restructuring, a process which has brought about an even
greater American hegemony than ever before in world affairs. Many of the
chapters deal with the way in which representations and images of geopolitical
change and stereotyping have been framed through the prism of 11 September,
especially through the pages of popular media and websites. The importance of
understanding place and space, both at the international but also at the local,
levels provides a major focus for the book. The events of 11 September are shown
to have had as profound an impact on ethnic groups living in urban
neighbourhoods as it has upon the wider global communities, with studies of
Holland and Sri Lanka showing the geographic diversity of this impact.
This collection of original essays complements the growing literature in the
renaissant study of Geopolitics. It also offers new insights into the events of 11
September, focusing on the impact of these events on the ways in which our global,
Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
national and even local spaces are experiencing contemporary processes of social
and cultural formation.
David Newman
June 2003
Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
Introduction
STANLEY D.BRUNN
11 September 2001 at 8:48 AM (Eastern Standard Time) will be a memorable
moment in the minds of many citizens of the planet, whether they lived in New
York City, suburban Europe, rural Central Asia or insular South Pacific. The
events of that day are forever imprinted on young and old, women and men, the
powerful and powerless, the able and disabled, the working and retired, those
who were at home or were in transit, America’s friends and foes, those who
govern and those governed. Those morning minutes in the eastern United States
occurred at different times of the day and night elsewhere in the world. While
some were awakening to the day, others were traveling to work or coming home
from work, while still others were in hospitals, visiting friends, shopping or
sleeping. There were residents of New York who witnessed these destructive
events firsthand. Hundreds of thousands of others saw the second attack on the
World Trade Center, and its collapse, on television, and millions of others heard
about these events immediately, soon thereafter, or throughout the day. The events
of that Tuesday, which were reported repeatedly on thousands of radio stations
and shown on national and international television networks, were relayed to
homes, farms, mines, industries, offices, airports, schools and government offices
many times that day and in the days following.
In short, 11 September has become part of ‘a global memory’, a date and time
when almost everyone precisely knew where she/he was and what she/he was
doing. Because of this event ‘we all became New Yorkers’, as more than one
commentator stated about the collective sympathy for those affected. Many
Americans had friends and relatives or friends of friends who knew someone who
was killed in the Trade Center Towers or the Pentagon or who lost their lives in
the crash in rural Southeast Pennsylvania or as a result of rescue efforts. That this
event contributed to a global memory and membership in a universal community
has also meant that in the days, weeks and months following the emotions
surrounding the tragedy attained global proportions as well.
The responses to the events of 11 September and the provision of meaning to
‘what happened and why’ remain of great concern to members of many scholarly
communities. Scholars by their very nature seek answers to questions, that is, they
seek to interpret and analyze ‘what happened and why’ through their own
disciplinary lenses, models, theories and paradigms, but also through some new
Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd