1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACTIVE LEISURE AND ACTIVE VACATIONS By SEOHEE CHANG A ...

254 Pages·2009·2.05 MB·English

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACTIVE LEISURE AND ACTIVE VACATIONS

By

SEOHEE CHANG

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

2009
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© 2009 Seohee Chang

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To my parents

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My long-time interest in the active leisure-active vacation/tourism connection pushed me
to attend the University of Florida to receive guidance from my chair, Dr. Gibson. Whenever I
expressed my ideas, she listened carefully and received my ideas with patience and
encouragement. While I found I had confined myself to focusing on details, Dr. Gibson helped
me to develop a bigger picture by contributing her incredible knowledge about sport tourism and
tremendously insightful comments. Without her, I might be aimless and lose my vision. In the
whole Ph.D. process, her carrot and stick encouraged me to keep developing my study. I am very
grateful to Dr. Gibson. I also benefited from helpful comments on sport and tourism from my
committee members, Dr. Pennington-Gray and Dr. Zhang and my research professor, Dr. Kiki.
Their diverse knowledge about sport and tourism gave me inspiration. I also received useful and
valuable comments and feedbacks from my current committee member, Dr. Chambers and my
former committee member, Dr. Albarracin when I was confused with psychological theories and
concepts. In addition, I would like to say “special thanks” to Drs. Mark Havitz, Laurence Chalip,
Douglas Kleiber, James Petrick, and Bas Verplanken who were my content validity expert
members as well as other panel members. Without their important feedback and advice, the data
collection itself would have been impossible. Dr. Algina helped me hugely with the structural
equation model analysis. All of my colleagues in my department also gave me helpful
suggestions throughout the whole process of my dissertation.
My family was always with me whenever I needed them regardless of physical distance. I
owe countless emotional and intellectual debt to my family. Particularly, I would like to thank
my parents who supported me without limits. My father always gave me confidence and my
mother has been interested in my research, adding value to my study all the time. I dedicate my
dissertation to my parents.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...............................................................................................................4
LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................8
LIST OF TERMS...........................................................................................................................10
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................13
Statement of the Problem........................................................................................................16
Theoretical Model...................................................................................................................20
Purpose of Study.....................................................................................................................23
Research Questions.................................................................................................................24
Hypotheses..............................................................................................................................25
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE.................................................................................................27
Leisure and Tourism...............................................................................................................27
What Is Leisure?..............................................................................................................27
What Is Tourism?............................................................................................................29
What Is the Relationship between Leisure and Tourism?...............................................32
Sport as Leisure and Tourism..........................................................................................38
Involvement............................................................................................................................48
Theoretical Foundation in Social Psychology.................................................................48
Consumer Involvement...................................................................................................51
Leisure Involvement........................................................................................................53
Habitual Behavior...................................................................................................................62
Motivation...............................................................................................................................69
Motivation Theories........................................................................................................69
Tourism Motivation.........................................................................................................74
Leisure and Sport Motivation..........................................................................................80
Summary.................................................................................................................................82
3 METHODS.............................................................................................................................84
Data Collection.......................................................................................................................84
Instrumentation.......................................................................................................................86
Face Validity and Pre-Test..............................................................................................86
Content Validity..............................................................................................................88
Content validity procedure.......................................................................................88
Content validity analysis..........................................................................................93
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Data Collection Procedures....................................................................................................97
Participants...........................................................................................................................100
Data Analysis........................................................................................................................102
4 RESULTS.............................................................................................................................121
Types of Leisure Activities...................................................................................................121
Leisure Participation Patterns...............................................................................................121
Types of Vacation Activities................................................................................................122
Vacation Participation Patterns.............................................................................................123
Similarity between Favorite Leisure and Favorite Vacation Activities................................124
Leisure Activity Participation Patterns During Vacation.....................................................127
Levels of Leisure Involvement.............................................................................................129
Levels of Leisure Habit........................................................................................................130
Levels of Vacation Motivation.............................................................................................130
Levels of Vacation Behavior................................................................................................131
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)...................................................................................131
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Leisure Involvement.....................................132
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Leisure Habit................................................134
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Vacation Motivation.....................................135
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of Vacation Behavior........................................136
Measurement Portion of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)...........................................138
Structural Portion of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).................................................140
Model A.........................................................................................................................140
Model B.........................................................................................................................141
Model C.........................................................................................................................142
Model Comparisons.......................................................................................................142
5 DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................................165
Leisure-Vacation Connection...............................................................................................165
Involvement, Habit, Motivation, and Behavior....................................................................169
Leisure Involvement......................................................................................................169
Leisure Habit.................................................................................................................172
Vacation Motivation......................................................................................................173
Vacation Behavior.........................................................................................................175
Leisure Involvement ↔ Leisure Habit..........................................................................176
Leisure Involvement ↔ Leisure Habit → Vacation Motivation..................................177
Vacation Motivation → Vacation Behavior.................................................................178
Implications of the Study......................................................................................................178
Implication for a New Theoretical Framework of Active Leisure and Vacations........178
Implication for Applied Settings...................................................................................181
Recommendation for Future Research.................................................................................195
Delimitations.........................................................................................................................199
Limitations............................................................................................................................199
Conclusion............................................................................................................................200
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APPENDIX
A DEFINITIONS OF INVOLVEMENT.................................................................................203
B INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL FOR CONTENT VALIDITY..........204
C SURVEY INSTRUMENT FOR CONTENT VALIDITY...................................................208
D INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL FOR THE STUDY SAMPLE..........216
E SURVEY INSTRUMENT FOR THE STUDY SAMPLE...................................................220
LIST OF REFERENCES.............................................................................................................226
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.......................................................................................................253

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LIST OF TABLES
Table page

3-1 Leisure involvement scale for content validity................................................................107
3-2 Leisure habit scale for content validity............................................................................108
3-3 Vacation motivation scale for content validity................................................................109
3-4 Vacation behavior scale for content validity...................................................................110
3-5 One sample t-test for content validity..............................................................................111
3-6 CVI agreement measures for content validity.................................................................113
3-7 Revised leisure involvement scale...................................................................................115
3-8 Revised leisure habit scale...............................................................................................116
3-9 Revised vacation motivation scale...................................................................................117
3-10 Revised vacation behavior scale......................................................................................118
3-11 Demographic characteristics of the respondents..............................................................119
4-1 Favorite leisure activities and favorite vacation activities...............................................144
4-2 Categories of the different types of favorite leisure and vacation activities....................145
4-3 Similarity between leisure categories and vacation categories........................................146
4-4 Goodness fit indices for each construct...........................................................................148
4-5 Reliability and validity of the leisure involvement CFA model......................................149
4-6 Reliability and validity of the leisure habit CFA model..................................................150
4-7 Reliability and validity of the vacation motivation CFA model......................................151
4-8 Reliability and validity of the vacation behavior CFA model.........................................152
4-9 Goodness fit indices for the measurement model and structural equation models..........153
4-10 Reliability and validity of the measurement model.........................................................154
4-11 Direct, indirect and total effects of the structural equation model...................................155

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure page

1-1 Full model of the relationship between active leisure and active vacations......................26
4-1 Similarity between favorite leisure and vacation activities.............................................156
4-2 First-order CFA model of leisure involvement................................................................157
4-3 First-order CFA model of leisure habit............................................................................158
4-4 First-order CFA model of vacation motivation...............................................................159
4-5 First-order CFA model of vacation behavior...................................................................160
4-6 Measurement model of active leisure and vacations.......................................................161
4-7 Model A: Measurement and structural model of active leisure and vacations................162
4-8 Model B: Competing model nested in model A..............................................................163
4-9 Model C: Competing model nested in model A and in model B.....................................164
5-1 Expanded framework of active leisure (EFAL)...............................................................202

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LIST OF TERMS
INVOLVEMENT Belief structure associated with ego-value that leads to extreme
attitudes
LEISURE INVOLVEMENT Belief structure that encourages extreme leisure attitudes
generated from identification between ego-value and leisure
activity
HABITUAL BEHAVIOR Behavior associated wholly or partially with unconscious
components resulting from repetitive behaviors and that
encourages consistency between past behavior, current
behavior, and future behavior
HABITUAL LEISURE BEHAVIOR Leisure behavior associated wholly or partially with
unconscious components resulting from repetitive leisure
behaviors and that encourages consistency between past leisure
behavior, current leisure behavior and future leisure behavior
NEEDS/MOTIVES General end state like self-regard gained from achievement of
specific goals (Eagly & Chaiken, 2005)
MOTIVATION Engine of motives to guide thoughts and behaviors (Eagly &
Chaiken, 2005)
VACATION MOTIVATION Engine of motives to guide thoughts and behaviors to travel
SPORT TOURISM Leisure-based travel that is temporarily away from home to
participate in physical activities, to observe physical activities
and to visit sport-related attractions (Gibson, 1998b, p.49)
ACTIVE SPORT TOURISTS People who travel to take part in sport and physical activities
(Gibson, 1998b)
LEISURE ACTIVITY Activity people take part in during their free time, usually close
to home
VACATION ACTIVITY Activity people take part in when they travel away from their
home for a vacation (i.e., for pleasure and stay for at least one
night)
ACTIVE LEISURE Leisure related to participation in sports, physical activities,
and active outdoor recreation
ACTIVE VACATIONS/TOURISM Vacations in which participation in sports, physical activities,
and active outdoor recreation is an important part of the
vacation experience, regardless of primary or secondary
motivation to travel
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