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111«I»11«i >■ t • III • • 11111 ■ * 1111 PRINTED BOOK ^clause 128 of p.o. Guide, part-1) r a n r z c f t -J. Ti Q)r. <Demian M artins 3IWTH, C OTPf:, 3 *Tf: RrfV-T»RH, °C\. t ti (TUI i 4 H U £ 4 U i U l m wignm irc p g .InmiiinmriiiumiiiiuinnnrfminniHtuxrniimnnmnmHiimimm.YT.nn nimmmiinTnimimunnntminnyr CONVENER SAMSKRIT THROUGH CORRESPONDENCE “AKSHARAM”, 8TH CROSS, II PHASE p r j i v e s h j i - 1 GIRINAGARA, BANGALORE-560 085 PHONE: 6721052 jj& J-oo x * . >V| How to study a language ? & II *TKcft II How did we learn our mother tongue? By the simple method of listening and speaking while sitting on our Jayatu Bharatam - Jayatu Bharati parents’ laps. Infact this is the most natural way to .Victory of Bharata - Victory of Samskrita learn a language-listening, speaking, reading and writing. If a person happens to go to a new place SAMSKRITA BHARATI where an unknown language is spoken; he picks it up in course of time without much difficulty. Similarly, Samskrit can also be learnt. So try to use the words which you will learn in this course, in your daily conversation. Naturally a question crops up-with Samskrit Through Correspondence whom will I speak Samskrit? Don’t worry. At home, in office, amongst your friends, begin to speak in ‘Aksharam’ 8th cross, Girinagar II Phase Samskrit. The other people who will listen to you will Bangalore-560 085 also pick it up in course of time. ‘Where do I begin from?” - let this query not worry you. Begin with simple sentences. Mama nama - (My name is ...) Bhavatah nama kim? (What is your PRAVESA (First Session) (masc.) name?) Bhavatyah nama kim? (What is your TT3": - Prathamah Pathah (fem) name?) By this you’ll progress fast. The lessons you will Dear Participant, learn in this course must be used orally. It is a matter of great delight that you are taking part Don’t hesitate while conversing. Right or wrong - in this Samskrit Education Scheme through say it with confidence. In course of time, the correspondence. We need not again stress the errors committed will be minimal. importance of Samskrit. Please set aside at least 20 Well begun is half done. You have started a good minutes every day for the study of Samskrit. Study the venture - learning Samskrit. lessons well. If possible, contact some other person participating in the scheme and discuss with him. We sincerely welcome you to this scheme and hope you will Good Luck. distribute the sweetness of Samskrit to other friends. PIIA i I PRA-E1 2 3 || StTC^HT: ^ II *r 5T YA RA LA VA SA Arabdham uttamajanah na parityajanti. Good people do not give up what is started by them. V ¥ I > f ALPHABET SA SA HA KSA JNA The alphabet consists of 13 Vowels. Also there is a practice of teaching 2 more letters ST, f" along with the consonants. 3T 3TT \ f 3 3T A A I I U U R R TRANSLITERATION GUIDE W aft aft at ar: The classification of letters is very scientific and is LR E AI 0 AU AM AH based on the sound generated from different parts of the u u vocal system and the effort applied for pronuncing them. It ‘E’ and ‘O’ are not found in Samskrit. may be difficult to communicate the pronunciation in aft, aft are called Diphthongs. writing. Hence we are giving here a Transliteration Guide which gives English equivalent (or nearest) ^ - This alphabet is usually not used in other languages. pronunciation to the Samskrit letters. This Transliteration Consonants (33)- Guide is of International Standard and the same is given 3FT W here for the benefit of the participants. KA KHA GA GHA NA VOWELS ¥ f 3T 3T a as in up, rural. CA CHA JA JHA NA 3TT a as in father. Z Z ¥ Z or I i as in fill, lily. TA THA DA DHA NA i i as in feed, meet. *T z •T 'T u as in full, bush. TA THA DA DHA NA u as in fool, tool. r as in Chr(i)stmas, where the i is not T ? V IT pronounced. PA PHA BA BHA MA PRA-E1 PRA-E1 4 5 r is the prolongation of the r. 5 th as in putting (the word used in golf)- 1 as in fl(i)p when the i is not pronounced. These ^ d as in double. three r, r and } are vowels, to be carefully 3" dh as in adhere when it is not pronounced as two distinguished from the consonants r(a) and 1(a) words but as one with a heavy dh. ^ e as in prey, they (always long). n as in hunting. ^ ai as in the word I. rT t as in path. aft o as in go, store. *T th as in third. — m as in glum. ^ d as in that. 5 h as in the exclamation ah where the h is heard. dh pronounced with a deep expiration! •T n as in in, nut. CONSONANTS T p as in punish. (The vowel a is added to the Samskrit letters.) ’JT ph as in impose where the p is harder. 37 k as in come, seek. 3" b as in but. ^ kh as in khaki. bh as in abhor. *T g as in girl. *T m as in mud. gh as in aghast. *T y as in loyal. W ri as in monkey, puncture. T r as in rub. ^ c as in chum. 6 1 as in luck, 6 ch as in Churchhill when it is not pronounced as v as in verb. two words but the second ch is sounded with a 3T s as in shirt. special stress. * s as in sharp. 'ST j as in jump. *T s as in servant, f jh pronounced jjjjjhah, with a forceful expiration f h as in her. with hah. When (^ ) sign is used below the consonant, it should 51 n as in sinje. be pronounced as half a syllable. t as in term. Ex. f = K PRA-E1 7 6 TO TO TO ** VOWEL SIGNS (GUNITA’S) kna ghna sna dva sva tva - T f t o C. e TO ¥ a a i I U u r r kma ghya cca dhya ska dda — ♦ > ♦ These conjuncts are given for practice. They will be lr e ai 0 OU m h firmly fixed in your mind through reading them again and again in the lessons. ^T fa ^r f * f f ka ka ki ki ku ku kr kr WORDS Words are formed by the combination of syllables. It % % Ex. klr ke kai ko kau kam kah devah atma balah pathati ^ - This is not wide in usage. Some words are monosyllabic, i.e., one syllable forms a CONJUNCT CONSONANTS word- Two or more consonants joined without the intervention Ex. W. ^ of vowels, make conjunct consonants. sah kah ca Ex:^+*T=rJT ^ ^ ^ SENTENCE t + ma = tma s + na = sna t + r + ya = trya A sentence is normaly formed by two or more words. Some more Conjunct consonants- Ex. ^ I #ETT I W FT sq- PT TO Balah pathati. Sita gayati. kka grya vya dga sya tsa 1. SENTENCES TO sT W Third Person kta gla vra dma sra tsna Present Tense (Prathama Purusa in Samskrit) 1. I Balah pathati = The boy reads. TO TO Wf ktva gva sea dya sla tsya 2. Rl^: I Sisyah namati = The pupil salutes. PRA-E1 PRA-E1 8 9 3. SHtl'-'l* I Agrajah vadati = The elder brother speaks. 28. f*r? i Mitraiii yacchati = The friend gives. 4. I Janakah pasyati = The father looks. 29. ^7 ^Rf^" I Jalam sravati = The water oozes. 5. I Pitrvyah prcchati = The paternal uncle asks. 30. ^ I Tat patati = It falls. 6. I Putrah gacchati = The son goes. EXERCISE 7. zm t vTRl% I Asvah dhavati = The horse runs. (A) Give suitable Verbs to the following words selecting 8. I Vrksah phalati = The tree bears fruits. them from the above sentences. 9. I Sevakah tisthati = The servant stands. Ex. Pautrah = Grandson; Pautrah prcchati. 10. I Bhiksukah atati = The beggar wanders. 1. H\m$l Matamahah = Mother’s father. 11. W. I Sah nindati = He censures. 2. Svasurah = Father-in-law. 12. 3PT I Ayam hasati = This person laughs. 3. Matulah = Maternal uncle. 13. 3TRT ! Amba pacati = The mother cooks. 14. 3TJ3TT sfkfri I Anuja krldati = The younger sister plays. 4. Pitamahah = Father’s father. 15. <3 Kiri I Agraja khadati = The elder sister eats. s . w Sutah = Son. 6. frf|5r: Dauhitrah = Daughter’s son. 16. ^Tf?t I Sutah hasati = The son laughs. 7. Syalah = Brother-in-law. 17. MNpi I Rama gayati = Rama sings. 18. f^’Wfrl | Bala likhati = The girl writes. 8. JPffa"? Prapautrah = Son of a grandson. 9. Devarah = Husband’s brother. 19. 41 Si I Ganga vahati = Ganges flows. 10. Anujah = Yonger brother. 20. ^ftrTT I Sita pibati = Sita drinks. 11. Prapitamahah = Great grand father. 21. 3F*TT I Aja carati = The she-goat grazes. 22. I Sandhya bhavati = It is evening. Feminine words ending in a (3TT) 23. ^TT 1 Sa nayati = She leads. 1. ftrPTT Pitrvya = Paternal aunt. 24. I Iyam icchati = This lady wants. 2. Snusa = Daughter-in-law. 25. 5 ^ 1 Puspaiii vikasati = The flower blooms. 3. Bhratrjaya = Brother’s wife. (Sister-in-law) 26. Mdfrl I Phalam patati = The fruit falls. 4. Wrf Bharya = Wife. 27. I Nayanam sphurati = The eye throbs. PRA-E1 PRA-E1 10 11 (B) Answer the following questions - Uttama-purusa (I Person) and in three numbers- singular, dual and plural. (Ex. I) Gender does not often follow the meaning of the to qnft ? to ? TO arcft ? object as in some other languages. to srrafa ? to ? to m zft 1 Ex. Vrksah = a tree , this is in the masculine. to fo # ? to ? f% t e r i t ? tfrtl Lata = a creeper, this is in the feminine. f% ? Singular number (Ekavacana) is used to denote one object and plural (Bahuvacana) is used to denote (TO =» Who (masculine), TO = Who (feminine), f% = more than two objects. In Samskrit Dual number Which, what (neuter)] (Dvivacana) is used to denote two objects. NOTE Ex. «ii<!4* sfkR Balah krldati = A boy plays. Here the question is TO 1 As TO is in masculine <m<H s£W<l* Balau krldatah = Two boys play. gender the answer should also be in masculine gender. sflsPrl - Balah krldanti = Boys play. Ex. Sdlc), •llrt'h* 4<iR etc., SPECIAL POINTS. The same way, when TO 1 is used the answer should be The points noted here are of great significance and to be in feminine gender and neuter, gender when • is used. remembered. So spare five minutes more towards this lesson. Ex. to Tpagrf^ ? sr^prr i Note the declension of the following words. ^rlfri 1 ^ Mrlfrl I Singular Dual Plural NOTE «(l<^ 'Nlrfl* 1. The word that denotes the name of a person or thing (Masculine ending (A Boy) (Two Boys) (Boys) is called noun. Ex. MlcH*, tftaT, $F<!TO{, etc. in ‘a’ aTHRT^tW : ill^l WV JTT^T: 2. Nouns (pronouns also) are in three genders as masculine, feminine and neuter. (Feminine ending (A school) (Two Schools) (Schools) ‘a’ *ll<WK0 3. Nouns are in seven cases and three numbers singular, dual and plural. (Neuter ending (A fruit) (Two Fruits) (Fruits) 4. Verbs are in three persons namely Prathamapurusa ‘a’ (III Person). Madhyama-purusa (II-person) and PRA-E1 PRA-E1 13* 12 arftq- JTTfer ftnr 1 VERB •nfer ^ 3T^ 3TTf^# II Present tense (*fal«HI«4J) Asthi nasti siro nasti bahurasti nirangulih III Person (Reads) (Two read) (Read) Nasti padadvayam gadham angam alingati svayam (srw pr:) It has neither bone nor head, has arm but no fingers, 1. ^M2, ^T^", t - These are the derivations of the has no legs and it hugs you tight. What is it? Base In the same way 3IWI, 5TTWJ are (Answer - See the last page) derived from and from 3. COMPREHENSION Eventually a word must be understood to end in that letter which is the last letter of the Base. For e.g. The Base consists of letters «[> 3TT, ^ and (Under this serial some important points pertaining to ®T. The last letter of which is 3T. Indian culture and history are given in brief. Try to know Similary, the Base ^ll^l consists of ^ <7 and STT, more details about them.) the last letter is 3TT. So it follows that the former is Vedas are four - Rgveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and - ending, while the latter is 3il4>K ending. And ^ Atharvaveda is '3T^TIT ending. Each Veda has four parts- 1. 2. sTnsP7^ 3. 2. Like all the 3T^TT - ending masculine words, like 4. TUST all the STT^TIT - ending feminine words and like ^ all the 3T^R - ending Neuter words are declined. Further vedas are divided into and 3M'hlus. 3. Generally, verbs of the sentences given in these lessons 4. INTRODUCTION TO SAMSKRITA LITERATURE are to be conjugated like in Present Tense. 4. Except 3 ^ (rT, and (^6*1; 3TRTr (which will be dealt in the future lessons) all (Under this title, a brief account of the Samskrit other Samskrit words take III Personal endings. No literature from vedic to the present times will be given.) other persons employed. Vedas are four- Rgveda is most ancient literary treatise in 2. RIDDLE - y^RHl the world. It is divided into 8 Astakas (group of eight There are many enigmatic riddles in Samskrit which chapters) and 10 Mandalas. Rgveda is mainly the veda of provide food for one’s intelligence. They are called prayers, a#: ^ T l (Do not play dice) (Till ‘Prahelikas’ in Samskrit. In this serial, such riddles in verse the land). Such sayings of didactic nature are also found in it. form are given. PRA-E1 PRA-E1 14 15 Yajurveda has two branches as Sukla Yajurveda and Where is God?” The student says- “Teacher! Where does God not exist? Your kindself may please explain.” Being Krsna Yajurveda. Yajurveda contains mantras that are used pleased the teacher says- “God is all-pervasive. You are in the rites of sacrifices. Taittirlya Upanisad belonging to wise. Hence, you stay here for study.” Krsna Yajurveda, contains such well-known teachings as 'FTc*T I (Speak the truth; Perform the religious duty.) 6. SAMSKRIT SENTENCES OF DAILY USE Under this serial, Samskrit statements and idioms of 5. W daily use are given. Practice them in your house and use them with those who know samskrit. They become firmly rooted in your mind through daily use. 4>uflHrrt tjfrsw: sr# I ftiw: Try to use them daily. 3^ i< i(rj i Rm t m-ifri - “arrsrpf! Hello ! = {[fa I Good night = ^pHlR 2 I 3TPT?r: l” U^r%l 5^ Salutations = •TOR^' I Please = I f^ r: srcfa- “gfrl Vt: p r ^nfer’ Good morning = I Don’t worry = Rnii I W>TR ^5 l” ^5T jffer I See you again = 3S3TR: I Thanks = I i i 3Trr: f^TTw rn^ i” 7. SUBHASITAM - *FTTft?r^ (For Memorisation) BUDDfflMAN §ISYAH Kaslnagare ekah Panditah vasati. Panditasamlpam ekah 3FT f*)'*!* ^frl Mul*1l I sisyah agacchati. Sisyah vadati - “Acharya! Vidya- bhyasartham aham agatah.” Panditah sisyabuddhi- Ayam nijah paro veti ganana laghucetasam I pariksartham prcchati- “Vatsa! Devah kutra asti? . Sisyah Udaracaritanarh tu vasudhaiva kutumbakam II vadati- “Guro! devah kutra nasti? Krpaya bhavan eva Consideration like “he is mine or he is another’s” samadhanam vadatu” Santustah guruh vadati “Devah occur only to the narrow-minded persons. To the broad sarvatra asti. Devah sarvavyapl. Twam buddhiman. Atah minded persons the whole world is a family. vidyabhyasartham atraiva vasa.” A WISE STUDENT There is a scholar in Kasi. A student comes to him and - Answer = - Shirt) says- “Teacher! I have come for study.” In order to test the wisdom of the student, the scholar asks- Dear boy! PRA-E1 PRA-E 1 Ancient India’s contribution to the world of science Krfl T O W T It is usually felt that Ancient India had been only a land of sages, maharajas and philosophers. Besides spiritual philosophies which flowered and PRAVE£A (First Session) flourished; material science like physics, chemistry, JP-W - Prathamah Pathah mathematics, astronomy, botany etc. were well developed by the first and second centuries. QUESTIONS 1. Write the Vowel series (Kagunita) of *T and ^ (Ex. Mathematics - Mathematics was known even by the ^TT, frf, *ft etc.) Vedic seers. Arithmetic, algebra, geometry and trigonometry have their origin in India. 2. Write the following in the Devanagari Script Nayanam, Devalayah, Kamalarii At present decimal system in in practise. The value Venunadah, Yamuna, Vighnah of numerals vary according to their placement. 3. Translate the following into Samskrit- Ancient Indians knew this science two thousand a) A horse runs. (b) This man laughs, years ago itself. c) A flower blooms. (d) Friend gives, e) The younger sister plays. (--contd. in the next lesson) 4. Answer the following in Samskrit- 1. 37: ? 2. 3T£f?t ? 3. 3T: 1 4. ffaft ? 5. f% ? Note Please answer the above question paper and send it to the Convener’s address. Answers may be written on separate The material provided in the coverpages are not sheets of paper. for the examination. PRA-E1 PRA-E1