1 PERFORMANCE OF A GFRP REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK by AMY KATHERINE ...

154 Pages·2011·15.29 MB·English

PERFORMANCE OF A GFRP
REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK

by
AMY KATHERINE EITEL

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Arthur Huckelbridge, Jr. D.Eng.,PE

Department of Civil Engineering
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY
January, 2005
1
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

We hereby approve the dissertation of

______________________________________________________

candidate for the Ph.D. degree *.

(signed)_______________________________________________
(chair of the committee) Arthur A. Huckelbridge

________________________________________________
Dario Gasparini
________________________________________________
Robert Mullen
________________________________________________
Joseph Payer
________________________________________________

________________________________________________

(date) _______________________

*We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material
contained therein.

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................6
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................12
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................13
Abstract.............................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................16
1.1 Motivation.........................................................................................................16
1.2 Organization of Thesis......................................................................................21
CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND..................................................................................22
2.1 Corrosion in concrete bridges...........................................................................22
2.2 GFRP Material Properties.................................................................................25
2.2.1 GFRP Components...................................................................................25
2.2.2 GFRP Mechanical Properties....................................................................26
2.3 Current State-of-the-Art....................................................................................32
2.3.1 FRP Reinforced Concrete Bridges............................................................32
2.3.2 GFRP Reinforced Concrete Bridge Performance Monitoring..................34
CHAPTER 3: Rehabilitation of Miles Road Bridge No. 178......................................40
3.1 Original Structure..............................................................................................40
3.2 Construction of the deck...................................................................................42
CHAPTER 4: Bridge Design Methodology.................................................................47
4.1 Introduction to FRP Reinforced Concrete Design............................................47
4.2 Transverse Slab Design Computations.............................................................52
3
4.2.1 Design Moments.......................................................................................52
4.2.2 Flexural Strength:......................................................................................53
4.2.3 Serviceability - Crack Width....................................................................56
4.2.4 Serviceability - Deflection........................................................................58
4.2.5 Serviceability - Creep Rupture..................................................................59
4.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement Slab Design Computations.................................59
4.3.1 Design for Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement...........................59
4.3.2 Design for Shear.......................................................................................60
4.4 Summary of Proposed and As-Built Deck Design...........................................60
CHAPTER 5: LOAD TESTING..................................................................................62
5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................62
5.2 Experimental Procedure....................................................................................62
5.2.1 Stress-strain behavior................................................................................66
5.3 Results and Discussion.....................................................................................67
5.3.1 Benchmark Test........................................................................................67
5.3.2 Preliminary Test of Replacement GFRP R/C deck...................................72
5.3.3 First Calibrated Live Load Test of GFRP Replacement Deck.................76
5.3.4 July 2003 Test...........................................................................................78
5.3.5 April 2004 Test.........................................................................................85
5.3.6 August 2004 Test......................................................................................95
5.4 Conclusions.....................................................................................................100
CHAPTER 6: THERMAL MONITORING..............................................................105
6.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................105
4
6.2 Experimental Procedure..................................................................................106
6.3 Results and Discussion.......................................................................................111
6.3.1 Summer Thermal Monitoring.................................................................112
6.3.2 Winter Thermal Monitoring....................................................................120
6.3.3 Annual Thermal Stresses........................................................................125
6.3.4 Finite element analyses...........................................................................130
6.4 Conclusions.....................................................................................................137
CHAPTER 7: Summary and Future Work.................................................................140
7.1 Summary.........................................................................................................140
7.1.1 Design Methodology...............................................................................140
7.1.2 Load Testing...........................................................................................142
7.1.3 Thermal Monitoring................................................................................144
7.1 Future Work....................................................................................................146
7.2 Conclusions.....................................................................................................148
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................150

5
LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Reinforcing bar material properties.................................................................28
Table 2.2. Material compatibility comparisons...............................................................29
Table 2.3. FRP grid/rebar utilization in the United States...............................................33
Table 4.1. Flexural design calculations............................................................................55
Table 4.2. Crack width calculations................................................................................57
Table 4.3. As-built and alternative design.......................................................................61
Table 5.1. Elastic modulus results for Aslan! bars.........................................................67
Table 6.1. Girder/slab composite properties.................................................................111

6
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1. Original Structure in winter............................................................................40
Figure 3.2. Corrosion and deterioration of the original deck...........................................42
Figure 3.3. Removal of the deck......................................................................................43
Figure 3.4. Removal of the deck......................................................................................43
Figure 3.5. Bottom mat reinforcement............................................................................44
Figure 3.6. Placing top mat reinforcement.......................................................................44
Figure 3.7. Concrete pour on 30 August 2002..................................................................45
Figure 3.8. Concrete finishing.........................................................................................45
Figure 3.9. New FRP R/C deck......................................................................................46
Figure 4.1. Comparison of Flexural Behavior of Steel R/C to GFRP R/C......................51
Figure 5.1. Instrumentation layout...................................................................................63
Figure 5.2. Strain gage installation on upper and lower girder flanges...........................63
Figure 5.3. Typical strain gauge installation on FRP rebar.............................................64
Figure 5.4. Strain gages with protective coating system.................................................65
Figure 5.5. Typical DCDT installation for measurement of relative slab deflection....66
Figure 5.6. Test vehicle for live load test..........................................................................68
Figure 5.7. Typical bottom flange strains of original deck at 7/16 span and center pier.69
Figure 5.8. Predicted deflected shape of the original deck slab under wheel loads........69
Figure 5.9. Original deck slab deflections measured relative to the girders.....................70
Figure 5.11. Location of pier composite neutral axis of original deck............................71
Figure 5.12. Rehabilitated deck slab deflections measured relative to the girders..........73
7
Figure 5.13. Predicted vs. observed deflected shape under wheel loads.........................73
Figure 5.14. Longitudinal Bar Strain Time Histories at 7/16 Span w/64 kip test vehicle.
...................................................................................................................................74
Figure 5.15. Transverse bar strain time histories at center pier w/64 kip test vehicle.....75
Figure 5.16. Transverse bar strain time history at 7/16 Span w/64 kip test vehicle........75
Figure 5.17. Comparative Girder Strains – rehabilitated vs. original bridge...................77
Figure 5.18. Concrete mixer locations at various data sampling points..........................78
Figure 5.19. 7/16-span girder strain time history; 90 kip concrete mixer passage..........79
Figure 5.20. Deck slab deflections at interior pier location.............................................80
Figure 5.21. Transverse GFRP rebar strains at 7/16 span between C and NC girders....81
Figure 5.22. Top layer transverse rebar strains over NC girder at interior pier...............82
Figure 5.23. Longitudinal GFRP rebar strains at positive moment section.....................83
Figure 5.24. Longitudinal GFRP rebar strains at negative moment section....................83
Figure 5.25. 7/16 span top and bottom flange strains of rehabilitated bridge.................84
Figure 5.26. Interior pier top and bottom flange strains of rehabilitated bridge..............85
Figure 5.27. Vehicle positions for live load test of 5 April 2004....................................86
Figure 5.28. Girder strains at 7/16 span for differing vehicle positions..........................87
Figure 5.29. Girder strains interior pier for differing vehicle positions...........................88
Figure 5.30. Girder strains at differing test vehicle travel speeds...................................89
Figure 5.31. Relative slab deflections at differing test vehicle travel speeds..................89
Figure 5.32. GFRP transverse rebar strains at 7/16 span.................................................90
Figure 5.33. GFRP transverse rebar strains at pier..........................................................91
Figure 5.34. GFRP longitudinal rebar strains at 7/16 span..............................................91
8
Figure 5.35. Model results for eastbound wheel on centerline, unrestrained end
abutments..................................................................................................................93
Figure 5.36. Model results for eastbound wheel on centerline, restrained end abutments.
...................................................................................................................................93
Figure 5.37. Model results for westbound lane centered, unrestrained end abutments...94
Figure 5.38. Model results for westbound lane centered, restrained end abutments.......94
Figure 5.39. Bottom flange girder strains for differing vehicle positions.......................95
Figure 5.40. Relative slab deflections at 5 months and 23 months of service.................96
Figure 5.41. GFRP transverse rebar strains for differing test vehicle travel speeds........97
Figure 5.42. Girder strains at differing test vehicle travel speeds..……..........................97

Figure 5.43. GFRP transverse rebar strains for differing vehicle positions.....................98
Figure 5.44. Top and bottom flange girder strains at 7/16 span......................................99
Figure 5.45. Top and bottom flange girder strains at pier...............................................99
Figure 5.46. Finite element analysis of service load......................................................101
Figure 6.1. GFRP bar thermal calibration......................................................................107
Figure 6.2. Typical thermistor (temperature probe) installation....................................108
Figure 6.3. Typical sliding expansion bearing...............................................................109
Figure 6.4. Simplified thermal model of the bridge.......................................................109
Figure 6.5. Summer slab and ambient temperatures....................................................112
Figure 6.6. Slab temperatures during period of 23ºF ambient variation........................113
Figure 6.7. Girder strains at 7/16 span corresponding to 23ºF ambient variation.........114
Figure 6.8. Slab temperatures during 24-hour period beginning 14 August 2003........115
Figure 6.9. Girder strains at 7/16 span during 24-hr period beginning 14 August 2003.116
9
Figure 6.10. Girder strains at pier during 24-hr period beginning 14 August 2003.......116
Figure 6.11. Top layer rebar strains during 9-12 August 2003.......................................117
Figure 6.12. Bottom layer rebar strains during 9-15 August 2003.................................117
Figure 6.13. Top layer rebar strains during increases in temperature.............................119
Figure 6.14. Bottom layer rebar strains during increases in temperature.......................119
Figure 6.15. Winter slab and ambient temperatures......................................................120
Figure 6.16. Slab temperatures during period of maximum diurnal variation...............121
Figure 6.17. Bottom flange strains between 18 January 2004 and 22 January 2004......122
Figure 6.18. Slab temperatures during 48-hr period beginning 15 February 2004........123
Figure 6.19. Upper Flange Girder strains during 48-hr period beginning 15 Feb 2004. 124
Figure 6.20. Bottom Flange strains at pier during 48-hr period beginning 15 Feb 2004.
.................................................................................................................................124
Figure 6.21. Winter Season thermally induced upper flange strains..............................125
Figure 6.22. Winter Season thermally induced lower flange strains..............................126
Figure 6.23. Summer Season thermally induced lower flange strains............................126
Figure 6.24. Observed summer season horizontal thrust as a function of temperature..128
Figure 6.25. Observed winter season horizontal thrust as a function of temperature.....128
Figure 6.26. Observed summer season vertical thrust as a function of temperature......129
Figure 6.27. Observed winter season vertical thrust as a function of temperature.........129
Figure 6.28. Longitudinally free model stresses due to 48oF temperature increase.......132
Figure 6.29. Longitudinally fixed model stresses due to 48oF temperature increase.....133
Figure 6.30. Longitudinally free model stresses due to positive temperature gradient..134
10