1 Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Specific Antibodies in Veal Calves Supplemented with Cinnamaldehyde ...

65 Pages·2017·0.76 MB·English

Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Specific Antibodies in Veal Calves Supplemented with
Cinnamaldehyde or Lactoferrin

Thesis

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in
the Graduate School of The Ohio State University

By
Bradley Thomas Hogshead
Graduate Program in Comparative and Veterinary Medicine

The Ohio State University
2017

Thesis Committee
Dr. Renukaradhya Gourapura, Advisor
Dr. Kathryn Proudfoot
Dr. Gregory Habing

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Copyrighted by
Bradley Thomas Hogshead
2017

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Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes severe economic losses to the beef and dairy
cattle industries. It has multifactorial etiology that involves many host, pathogen, and
environmental interactions. Enzootic pneumonia is one clinical presentation of BRD that is
common in young calves; especially veal calves due to transport stress. Stress leaves calves
susceptible to viruses, the initial respiratory pathogens. Bovine Parainfluenza-3 virus is a
common virus that can initiate BRD. Adequate colostrum intake and vaccination help reduce
disease risk, but do not eliminate it entirely. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment is common practice
to prevent secondary bacterial infection; however, this can lead to antibiotic resistance. This
study investigated the effect of two compounds, cinnamaldehyde (an essential oil from
cinnamon) and lactoferrin (and iron-binding protein found in colostrum) on immune response to
one pathogen associated with BRD (bovine parainfluenza-3 virus) as alternatives to antibiotic
treatment. On arrival, calves (approximately 3 to 7 d of age) were randomized to one of three
treatments (n = 80 per treatment): control (no supplement; CON), lactoferrin (1 g/d in milk
replacer for 7 d; LAC), or cinnamaldehyde (1 g/d in milk replacer for 21 d; CIN) and divided
equally between two barns (n = 120 per barn). Plasma anti-bPI3 IgG was assayed before (d 0)
and 28 d after vaccination by indirect ELISA. Antibody titers were represented as
Sample/Positive (S/P) ratio. A One-Way ANOVA was used to compare titers between
treatments. A paired t-test was used to compare d 0 and d 28 antibody titers within treatments,
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and a Z-test was used to compare treatment groups between barns. Overall, antibody titers were
significantly greater at d 0 than d 28 (P < 0.05) and no significant difference between treatment
occurred at either time point. Similar results were observed in Barn 1 and Barn 2 compared to the
overall results. However, antibody titers at d 0 in Barn 1 LAC calves tended to be greater than
Barn 2 LAC calves (P = 0.08), and antibody titers in Barn 1 CON calves tended to greater than
Barn 2 CON calves (P = 0.08). Results indicate no observable effect of treatment on antibody
titers due to maternal interference of vaccine response. Further research is necessary to determine
an optimal vaccination schedule to overcome maternal immunity in veal calves, as well as
appropriate dose, duration, and route of administration of cinnamaldehyde and lactoferrin to
enhance immunity to Bovine Parainfluenza-3 virus.

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Dedication
I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents, David and Shermaine, for always
believing in my abilities and supporting my love of animals for as long as I can remember.
Without them, I would not be where I am today. Thank you, Mom and Dad.

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Acknowledgments
First, I would like to thank Dr. Gourapura for the opportunities he has provided by
allowing me to work in his lab. The work has been challenging, and an eye-opening experience
in the field of immunology.
Secondly, I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Proudfoot and Dr. Habing,
for both serving on my committee and for allowing me to collaborate in this research; without
which I would obviously not be able to complete this degree.
Thirdly, I would like to thank Jessica Pempek for her cooperation in answering all of my
questions to the best of her ability and bearing the weight of my frustrations occasionally.
Fourthly, I owe a tremendous thank you to Santosh and Shristi who have been my
mentors in the laboratory. I appreciate what they have taught me and for taking the time to do so.
Santosh, you are going to be an outstanding scientist wherever you go!
Lastly, a thank you to Mahesh Khatri for making idle chit-chat while I worked in the lab.
Having casual conversation provided a nice break from the mental pressures of research.

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Vita
2011, St. Marys Memorial High School

2015, B.S. Animal Sciences (Biosciences specialization, Equine Science minor, Research
Distinction), The Ohio State University

2016- Present, M.S. Comparative and Veterinary Medicine, Graduate Research Associate, The
Ohio State University

Fields of Study

Major Field: Comparative and Veterinary Medicine
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Table of Contents

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii
Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... v
Vita ................................................................................................................................................. vi
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... vii
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii
Chapter 1. Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 1
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex ........................................................................................ 2
Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Virus ..................................................................................................... 4
Neonatal Immune Development ................................................................................................. 5
Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves ................................................................................................... 7
Pneumonia in Veal Calves .......................................................................................................... 9
Antibiotic Resistance ................................................................................................................ 10
Cinnamaldehyde ....................................................................................................................... 11
Lactoferrin................................................................................................................................. 12
Thesis Objectives and Hypotheses ............................................................................................ 14
Chapter 2. Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Specific Antibodies in Veal Calves Supplemented with
Cinnamaldehyde or Lactoferrin .................................................................................................... 15
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 15
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 19
Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 20
Results ....................................................................................................................................... 26
Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 32
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 38
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 40
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Infected and non-infected Vero cell cultures at various time points ............................. 24
Figure 2. Anti-bPI3 antibody titers in veal calves. ....................................................................... 27
Figure 3. Anti-bPI3 antibody titers in veal calves. ....................................................................... 27
Figure 4. Anti-bPI3 antibody titers in veal calves. ....................................................................... 28
Figure 5. Anti-bPI3 antibody titers in veal calves. ....................................................................... 29
Figure 6. Anti-bPI3 antibody titers in veal calves. ....................................................................... 29
Figure 7. Anti-bPI3 antibody titers in veal calves. ....................................................................... 30
Figure 8. Anti-bPI3 antibody titers in veal calves. ....................................................................... 31
Figure 9. Anti-bPI3 antibody titers in veal calves. ....................................................................... 31

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Chapter 1.
Literature Review
1