1 Adjectives Adverbs Articles - EF

54 Pages·1999·0.71 MB·English

1
Adjectives
1.1 Kinds of adjectives
1.2 Position of adjectives
1.3 Order of adjectives
1.4 Comparison of adjectives
2
Adverbs
2.1 Kinds of adverbs
2.2 Formation of adverbs
2.3 Comparison of adverbs
2.4 Position of adverbs
2.5 Adverbs of degree
3
Articles
3.1 The indefinite articles
3.2 The definite article
4
Auxiliary verbs
4.1 The verb to be
4.2 The verb to have
4.3 The verb to do
4.4 Used to
5
Conjunctions
5.1 Common conjunctions
5.2 Soand neither
6
Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns
7
Determiners
7.1 Some
7.2 Any
7.3 Noand none
7.4 A few, a little,and a lot
7.5 Many, much, plenty of anda lot of
7.6 Eachand every
GRAMMAR
8
Direct and indirect speech
8.1 Statements in indirect speech
8.2 Questions in indirect speech
8.3 Commands, requests, and advice in indirect speech
A
8.4 Mixed types of indirect speech
9
p
Discourse markers
p
e
10 n
Gerunds
d
i
x
11
Imperatives
12
Infinitives
12.1 The infinitive withto
12.2 The infinitive without to
13
Modal verbs
4
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Uses
13.2.1 Can
13.2.2 Could
13.2.3 May
13.2.4 Might
13.2.5 Will
13.2.6 Would
13.2.7 Should andought to
13.2.8 Must
14
Nouns
14.1 Gender
14.2 Plurals
14.3 Non-count nouns
14.4 Possessive ’s
14.5 Nouns followed by an infinitive
15
Numerals
15.1 Cardinal numbers
15.2 Ordinal numbers
16
Passive voice
16.1 Form
16.2 Uses
17
Phrasal verbs
18
Possessive adjectives and pronouns
19
Prepositions
19.1 Prepositions of time and date
19.2 Prepositions of place
19.3 Prepositions after adjectives
19.4 Prepositions after verbs
19.5 Prepositions before gerunds
20
Questions
20.1 Question words
20.2 Question words as subject
20.3 Tag questions
21
Relative clauses
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Defining relative clauses about people
21.3 Defining relative clauses about things
21.4 Non-defining relative clauses about people
21.5 Non-defining relative clauses about things
21.6 Commas in relative clauses
22
Reflexive pronouns
GRAMMAR
23
Tenses
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Present tenses
A
23.2.1 Present continuous
Form and uses
p
23.2.2 Simple present
Form and uses p
e
23.3 Past and perfect tenses
23.3.1 Simple past tense n
Form and uses
d
23.3.2 Past continuous tense
Form and uses
i
23.3.3 Present perfect tense x
Form and uses
23.3.4 Present perfect continuous tense
Form and uses
23.3.5 Past perfect tense
Form and uses
23.4 Future forms
23.4.1 The simple present tense
23.4.2 Future with will
23.4.3 The present continuous tense
23.4.4 Future with going to
23.4.5 The future continuous tense
23.5 Conditional forms 4
23.5.1 First conditional
23.5.2 Second conditional
23.5.3 Third conditional
24
Verbs
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Verbs followed by an infinitive
24.3 Verbs followed by a gerund
24.4 Verbs followed by a gerund or an infinitive
1
Adjectives
1.1
Kinds of adjectives
There are many kinds of adjectives.
a. Demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these,and those
b. Quantitative adjectives: some, any, little, few, many, and much
c. Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our,and their
d. Descriptive adjectives: good, bad, happy, long, and expensive
1.2
Position of adjectives
Most adjectives come before the noun.
This is a good film. They’ve bought a new car.
Descriptive adjectives can also follow a verb.
The tickets were expensive. She looks happy.
1.3
Order of adjectives
In most cases, if more than one adjective is used to qualify a
noun, the adjectives are placed in the following order:
size:large, small
general description: expensive, happy
age: old, middle-aged
shape: round, flat
color: red, yellow, green
material: paper, leather, plastic
origin: Japanese, African
purpose: laptop, sports, toy
A large, happy, middle-aged, African elephant
A red, plastic, Japanese toy car
1.4
Comparison of adjectives
There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative,
and superlative.
The positive degree is the base form of the adjective: happy, sad,intelligent,
beautiful.
GRAMMAR
a. We form the comparative and superlative of one-syllable adjectives by
adding -eror -estto the positive form.
long longer longest rich richer richest
A
b. We form the comparative and superlative of adjectives with three or more
syllables by putting moreor mostbefore the adjective.
p
more beautiful most beautiful more intelligent most intelligent p
c. Adjectives of two syllables follow one of the above rules. e
n
Adjectives ending in -er, -le,and -owoften take-erand -est.
d
narrow narrower narrowest gentle gentler gentlest
i
x
With adjectives ending in -y, we change the -yto -iand add -eror -est.
happy happier happiest
Adjectives ending in -fulor -reusually take moreand most.
careful more careful most careful
d. Some adjectives have irregular forms.
bad worse worst good better best
little less least far farther farthest
e. We can use a lot, much, a little,and farto modify comparatives and 4
superlatives.
Mt. Everest is much higher than Mt. Fuji.
Susanna is by far the most intelligent girl I know.
Power steering is only a little more expensive.
f. We can express equality with as+ adjective + as.
There are as many days in April as in June.
Siberia is as cold in winter as Alaska.
g. We can qualify adjectives with soand such.
We use sowith an adjective on its own.
The weather was so bad that they stayed at home all day.
We use suchwith an adjective and a noun.
It was such bad weather that they stayed at home all day.
2
Adverbs
2.1
Kinds of adverbs
There are many kinds of adverbs.
a. Adverbs of manner: well, quickly, easily
b. Adverbs of time: now, today, then
c. Adverbs of place: here, there, near
d. Adverbs of frequency: always, never, often
e. Adverbs of degree: too, very, enough, andquite
f. Interrogative adverbs: where, when, which
2.2
Formation of adverbs
Many adverbs of manner are formed by adding -lyto the adjective.
a. If the adjective ends in a consonant, we add -ly.
slow slowly quick quickly
b. If the adjective ends in -y, we drop the -yand add -ily.
happy happily greedy greedily
c. If the adjective ends in -e, we usually add -ly.
large largely strange strangely
d. Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form.
Adjective Adverb
hard hard
fast fast
early early
They are hard workers. They work hard.
2.3
Comparison of adverbs
a. Adverbs form their comparative and superlative with moreandmost.
more slowly most slowly more carefully most carefully
GRAMMAR
b. Some adverbs have irregular forms.
well better best badly worse worst
little less least much more most
2.4 A
Position of adverbs
p
a. Adverbs of manner usually come after the verb. p
e
She speaks very quickly. He flew slowly around the airport.
n
b. Adverbs of frequency usually come before main verbs.
d
We usually go to the coast in June.
i
They never answer the phone. x
c. Adverbs of frequency usually come after the verb be.
He is always late for lunch. She is never here on time.
2.5
Adverbs of degree
a. We use too, very,and enoughto modify adjectives.
She’s very poor. She can’t afford new clothes.
He’s too young. He can’t drive a car yet.
They aren’t rich enough to travel in business class.
3 4
Articles
3.1
The indefinite articles
The indefinite articles are a and an.
a. We use abefore words beginning with a consonant sound and anbefore
words beginning with a vowel sound.
a computer, a window, a tree, a man, a woman
an apple, an island, an hour
b. We use aor anbefore a count noun that we mention for the first time.
You need a visa to visit Russia. He rides to work on a bicycle.
c. We use aor anwith professions.
Ahmet was a dancer. Jen is an artist.
d. We use awith expressions of quantity.
a lot of people, a dozen eggs, a couple of years
e. We use awith some numbers.
a hundred, a thousand, a million
3.2
The definite article
The definite article is the. Theis used with both singular and plural nouns, and
with masculine and feminine nouns. It doesn’t change, but we don’t always use it.
a. We use thefor things that are unique.
the sun, the moon, the 21st century
b. We use thewhen we mention something a second time.
You need a visa to visit Moscow. The visa costs about $90.
c. We use thewith superlatives.
Mt. Erebus is the highest mountain in Europe.
d. We use thewith first, second, etc.
This is the second time I have met her.
e. We use thewith groups of people and families.
the old, the poor, the unhappy, the Smiths, the Fishers
f. We use thewith geographical names.
the Gobi Desert, the Himalayas, the China Sea
4
Auxiliary verbs
Be, have,and doare the principal auxiliary verbs.
GRAMMAR
4.1
The verb to be
The forms of the verb to beare the same, whether it is used as an
auxiliary or a main verb.
A
Present tense
p
Interrogative Affirmative Negative
p
Am I...? I am I’m I am not I’m not
e
Are you...? You are You’re You are not You aren’t
Is he...? He is He’s He is not He isn’t n
Is she...? She is She’s She is not She isn’t
d
Is it...? It is It’s It is not It isn’t
Are we...? We are We’re We are not We aren’t
i
Are they...? They are They’re They are not They aren’t x
Alternative negative contractions: I’m not, you’re not, he’s not,etc.
Past tense
Interrogative Affirmative Negative
Was I...? I was I was not I wasn’t
Were you...? You were You were not You weren’t
Was he...? He was He was not He wasn’t
Was she...? She was She was not She wasn’t
Was it...? It was It was not It wasn’t
Were we...? We were We were not We weren’t
Were they...? They were They were not They weren’t 4
Uses
As an auxiliary verb, we use be:
a. to form the continuous tenses
He is working in Nigeria at the moment.
They were eating at three o’clock.
b. in short answers
Are you visiting Java? Yes, I am.
Was she training to be a nurse? No, she wasn’t.
As a main verb, we use be:
a. to give information about a person or a thing
Lombok is an island. They are doctors.