1 1: J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jan 21; [Epub ahead of print]

154 Pages·2011·0.7 MB·English

1:J Ethnopharmacol.2007 Jan21;[Epubaheadofprint]
Antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity of Azadirachta indica
usedtotreatcholera anddiarrhea in India.
Thakurta P, Bhowmik P, Mukherjee S, Hajra TK, Patra A, Bag PK. Department of Biochemistry,
University ofCalcutta, 35BallygungeCircularRoad,Kolkata 700019, India.
Indigenous uses of Azadirachta indica A. juss (Maliaceae) (locally known as neem) leaves in different
parts of India for curing gastrointestinal disorder such as diarrhea and cholera is wide spread. The
objective ofthe presentstudy wastoevaluate the antibacterial andantisecretory activity ofneemextract
against Vibrio cholerae, a causative agent of watery diarrhea such as cholera.
The methanol extract of neem leaf was tested for its antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic
activity against Vibrio cholerae. Azadirachta indica extract had significant antibacterial activity against
the multi/drug/resistant Vibrio cholerae of serotypes O1, O139 and non/O1, non/O139.
The minimum inhibitory concentration reached by 50% (MIC(50)) and 90% (MIC(90)), and minimum
bactericidal concentration for the extract were 2.5, >5, and 10mg/ml, respectively. Neem extract
showed antisecretory activity on Vibrio cholerae induced fluid secretion in mouse intestine with
inhibition values of 27.7%, 41.1%, 43.3%, 57.0%, and 77.9% at doses of 100, 200, 300, 450 and
1800mg/kg, respectively. Oral administration of the extract inhibited hemorrhage induced by Vibrio
cholerae in mouse intestine at a dose >/=300mg/kg. The results obtained in this study give some
scientific support to the uses of neem employed by the indigenous people in India employed for the
treatment of diarrhea and dreadful disease cholera. PMID: 17314018 [PubMed / as supplied by
publisher]
2: J Agric FoodChem.2007 Feb21;55(4):1389/1393. Epub2007 Jan31.
Influence of Physicochemical Parameters of Neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss) Oils on Nitrification
Inhibition in Soil. Kumar R, Devakumar C, Sharma V, Kakkar G, Kumar D, Panneerselvam P.
Divisions of Agricultural Chemicals and Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
110 012, India.
The technology for the production of neem oil coated urea (NOCU) developed by the Indian
Agricultural Research Institute is in the pipeline for adaption by several Indian fertilizer industries. Use
of nitrification inhibitors is one of the methods of improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of
nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture. However, standard specifications for the neem oil as a raw
material of NOCU are desired. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken to evaluate 25 samples
of neem oils comprising 11 samples of expeller grade (EG) oils, 8 samples of cold/pressed (CP) oils, 3
samples of solvent/extracted oils, and 2 commercial formulations. NOCU was prepared using
these oils (5000 ppm of urea/N). The soils fertilized with NOCUs (200 ppm of urea/N) were
incubated at 27 degrees C and 50% water/holding capacity for a period of 15 days. Nitrapyrin (0.5% of
N) coated urea served as the reference and prilled urea as control. Samples were analyzed for NH4+/
N, NO2//N, and NO3//N using standard methods. The percent nitrification inhibition (NI) was
calculated, and the results revealed that all of the neem oils caused NI ranging from 4.0 to 30.9%. Two
samples of EG oils and two commercial formulations were found to be the best, causing 27.0/30.9%
NI. Iodine, acid, and saponification values and meliacin content of all of the oils were analyzed and
correlated with NI. The results revealed the direct influence of meliacin content of the neem
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oils on NI, which, however, was found to be negatively correlated wit saponification and iodine values.
There is, therefore, a need to introduce new Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications for neem
oils as raw materials of NOCU. Keywords: Neem (Azadirachta indica); neem oils; nitrification
inhibition; meliacins; NOCU; iodine value; saponification value; acid value. PMID: 17263551 [PubMed
/assuppliedby publisher]
3: J EgyptPublic HealthAssoc. 1998;73(5/6):649/65.
Response and effect of two plant crude extracts on mosquito larvae Culex pipiens. El/Ela NA, Talha
M, El/Aziz AA. TropicalHealthDept., HighInstitute ofPublic Health, Alexandria University.
The response and effect of two plant crude extract from dry Damsissa (Ambrosia maritima) and Neem
seeds (Azadirachta indica) were tested against the first and third instar larvae of mosquito (Culex
pipiens). The results showed that both extracts had a larvicidal effect. Neem seed extract was more
toxic than Damsissa extract against both the first and third instar larvae. In addition, the young larvae
(first instar) were more susceptible to Neem seeds than the old ones (third instar) as revealed from the
LC50 values, while Damsissa showed nearly the same effect against both stages. Meanwhile, treatment
of Neem seed extracts resulted in prolongation of the larval period accompanied with a decrease in
larval activity. Moreover, the effect of the two extracts on larval total esterase isozymes was examined.
Neem extract showed an adverse effect on the third instar larvae, since only one band (E1) was
observed and the other 4 bands disappeared at all concentrations used, as compared with untreated
control larvae (El, E2, E3, E4, and E5). Meanwhile, Damsissa extract treatment of the third instar
larvae showed an additional band located between E3 and E4, and the absence of two bands (E2 and
E3) after treatment with 0.5x10(4), 1x10(4) and 1.5x10(4) ppm, while treatment with 0.25x10(4) ppm
did not result in any changes in larval total esterase. PMID: 17217029 [PubMed / indexed for
MEDLINE]
4: J EconEntomol.2006 Dec;99(6):2010/4.
Bioactivity of neem, Azadirachta indica, against spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera:
Cercopidae) on sugarcane. Garcia JF, Grisoto E, Vendramim JD, Botelho PS. Departamento de
Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agricola/ESALQ/USP/
The effect of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, on some biological parameters of Mahanarva
fimbriolata (Stil) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) was studied in the laboratory by using NeemAzal/T/S,
Nimkol/LS, and an aqueous neem seed extract. Initially, the LC,, was estimated for nymphs. Later,
nymphs fed on sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L., roots were sprayed with the respective LC,, for
each product. The adults were maintained in cages on sugarcane plants sprayed at the base with the
maximum rate recommended commercially for the crop (3 liter/ha). Moistened cotton discs
surrounding the base of the plant were used as oviposition substrates. The LCso values estimated for
NeemAzal, Nimkol, and aqueous extract were 0.014, 0.225, and 0.611%, respectively. There was a
reduction in spittlebug longevity, regardless of sex, in relation to the control. Males exposed to the
neem products, and aqueous extract showed longevity reductions of approximately 50%, whereas for
females the reductions were 55/60%. The neem products and extract reduced fecundity by 75/85%.
Morphological and physiological changes were observed in 9% of the eggs from
individuals submitted to NeemAzal. Neem/based products, especially NeemAzal,
have potential for the control of M. fimbriolata.Publication Types: Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 17195667 [PubMed/in process]
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5: IndianJ PhysiolPharmacol.2006 Jul/Sep;50(3):241/9.
Effect of aqueous extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves on offensive and diffensive gastric
mucosal factorsin rats. DorababuM, Joshi MC, Bhawani G, KumarMM, Chaturvedi A, GoelRK.
Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221
005.
Standardized aqueous extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves (AIE) has been reported to show
both ulcer protective and ulcer healing effects in normal as well as in diabetic rats. To study the
mechanism of its ulcer protective/healing actions, effects of AIE (500 mg/ kg) was studied on various
parameters of offensive acid/pepsin secretion in 4 hr pylorus ligation, pentagastrin (PENTA, 5
microg/kg/hr)/stimulated acid secretion and gastric mucosal proton pump activity and defensive
mucin secretion including life span of gastric mucosal cells in rats. AIE was found to inhibit acid/
pepsin secretion in 4 hr pylorus ligated rats. Continuous infusion of PENTA significantly increased the
acid secretion after 30 to 180 min or in the total 3 hr acid secretion in rat stomach perfusate while, AIE
pretreatment significantly decreased them. AIE inhibited the rat gastric mucosal proton pump activity
and the effect was comparable with that of omeprazole (OMZ). Further, AIE did not show any effect
on mucin secretion though it enhanced life span of mucosal cells as evidenced by a decrease in cell
shedding in the gastric juice. Thus, our present data suggest that the ulcer protective activity of AIE
may be due to its anti/secretary and proton pump inhibitory activity rather than on defensive mucin
secretion. Further, acute as well as sub acute toxicity studies have indicated no mortality with 2.5 g/kg
dose of AIE in mice and no significant alterations in body or tissues weight, food and water intake,
haematological profile and various liver and kidney function tests in rats when treated for 28 days with
1 g/kg dose of AIE. Publication Types: Comparative Study Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't PMID:
17193895 [PubMed/indexedforMEDLINE]
6: Tree Physiol.2006 Dec;26(12):1565/78.
Patchy stomatal behavior in broad/leaved trees grown in different habitats. Takanashi S, Kosugi Y,
Matsuo N, Tani M, Ohte N. Laboratory of Forest Hydrology, Division of Environmental Science and
Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606/8502, Japan.
[email protected]/u.ac.jp
Effects of heterogeneity in stomatal behavior on gas/exchange characteristics of leaves from four tree
species growing in different climates, including temperate, tropical monsoon and tropical rain forest,
were investigated by combining gas/exchange measurements and the pressure/infiltration method.
Field observations indicated linear relationships between whole/leaf conductance and the ratio of
infiltrated to non/infiltrated leaf area (open stomata area) in Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw. and
Neobalanocarpus heimii (King) Ashton in a tropical rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia, whereas the
ratio of infiltrated to non/infiltrated area rapidly increased up to the whole/leaf conductance at which
the entire leaf was infiltrated in Cinnamomum camphora Sieb. in a temperate evergreen forest in Japan
and in Azadirachta indica Juss. in a tropical monsoon area in Thailand. These results strongly suggest
small ranges in bell/shaped stomatal conductance distributions in C. camphora and A. indica and
bimodal stomatal conductance distributions in D. sublamellatus and N. heimii. The values of
normalized maximum carboxylation rate at 25 degrees C (V(cmax25)) derived from gas/exchange
measurements were not constant, but decreased with decreasing whole/leaf conductance in D.
sublamellatus and N. heimii. A gas/exchange model analysis revealed a linear relationship between
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whole/leaf conductance and the ratio of infiltrated to non/infiltrated leaf area for bimodal stomatal
conductance distributions, whereas for bell/shaped distributions, the relationships were nonlinear.
Midday depression of apparent V(cmax25) in these species was mainly caused by bimodal stomatal
closure. The bimodal stomatal distribution model could also explain diurnal changes in photosynthetic
assimilation and transpiration rates in these species. Publication Types: Research Support, Non/U.S.
Gov'tPMID: 17169896 [PubMed/in process]
7: Turkiye ParazitolDerg.2005;29(1):3/6.
In vitro assessment of anti / cutaneous leishmaniasis activity of some Sudanese
plants. Fatima F, KhalidA, NazarN, Abdalla M,MohomedH, ToumAM, MagzoubM, Ali MS.
Institute ofNuclearMedicine, MolecularBiology andOncology,University ofGezera, Sudan.
Examination of crude methanol extracts of four Sudanese plants (Azadirachta indica, Acacia nilotica,
Balanites aegyptiaca and Allium sativa) revealed that only three species had a considerable in/vitro
anti/leishmanial activity on Leishmania major promastigotes. The plants Azadrachta indica, Allium
sativa, and Acacia nilotica gave a LC50 of 10.2, 4.94, and 89.38 microg/ml, respectively. Extracts of
Balanites aegyptiaca had a moderate biological activity on L major promastigotes. PMID: 17167733
[PubMed/assuppliedby publisher]
8: PhytotherRes.2006Dec 13; [Epubaheadof print]
Antiproliferative effect on human cancer cell lines after treatment with nimbolide extracted from an
edible part of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica). Roy MK, Kobori M, Takenaka M, Nakahara K,
Shinmoto H, Isobe S, Tsushida T. National Food Research Institute, 2/1/12, Kannondai, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki 305/8642, Japan.
Nimbolide, a triterpenoid extracted from the flowers of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), was found
to have antiproliferative activity against some cancer cell lines. Treatment of cells with 0.5/5.0 mum
concentrations of nimbolide resulted in moderate to very strong growth inhibition in U937, HL/60,
THP1 and B16 cell lines. Flow cytometric analysis of U937 cells showed that nimbolide treatment (1/
2.5 mum) resulted in cell cycle disruption by decreasing the number of cells in G0/G1 phase, with
initial increases in S and G2/M phases. Cells exposed to a higher dose of nimbolide for a longer period
displayed a severely damaged DNA profile, resulting in a remarkable increase in the number of cells in
the sub/G1 fraction, with a reciprocal decrease of cells in all phases. Quantification of the expression
of phosphatidylserine in the outer cell membrane showed that doses of nimbolide higher than 0.4 mum
exerted remarkable lethality, with over 60% of cells exhibiting apoptotic features after exposure to 1.2
mum nimbolide. The antiproliferative effect of nimbolide and its apoptosis/inducing property raise
hope for its use in anticancer therapy by enhancing the effectiveness of cell cycle disruption. Copyright
(c)2006 JohnWiley& Sons, Ltd. PMID: 17163581 [PubMed/assuppliedby publisher]
9: VetParasitol.2007 Mar31;144(3/4):328/37.Epub2006 Dec 8.
Impact of the botanical insecticide Neem Azal((R)) on survival and reproduction of the biting louse
Damalinia limbata on angora goats. Habluetzel A, Carnevali F, Lucantoni L, Grana L, Attili AR,
Archilei F, Antonini M, Valbonesi A, Abbadessa V, Esposito F, van der Esch SA. Department of
Experimental Medicine and Public Health, Via M. Scalzino 3, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino
(MC), Italy.
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Secondary metabolites present in the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss,Meliaceae), exhibit a wide
range of biological activities in insects. However,few studies have been undertaken to assess the
potential of neem products asinsecticides for the control of ectoparasites of domestic animals. This
studywas undertaken to estimate the efficacy of Neem Azal((R)), an azadirachtin/richextract of neem
seeds, in controlling Damalinia limbata (Phthiraptera) louseinfestation of angora goats. The study was
conducted on a fibre animal farmsituated in Central Italy. Groups of 11/12 goats were treated with
NeemAzal((R)) at an azadirachtin concentration of 650ppm or 125ppm, withNeguvon((R)) or were left
untreated. Their louse burden was assessed fortnightly to monthly for 22 weeks. A reduction in louse
densities of 76/96% was observedfrom week 2 to week 18 after treatment with the neem solution
containingaz adirachtin at a concentration of 650ppm. At the lower test concentration(125ppm) a
reduction of 60/92% could be recorded from week 2 to week 14. Neem Azal((R)) was found to reduce
the survival of both adult and nymph stages of D. limbata and to interfere with oviposition and
oogenesis of female lice. A decrease in oviposition was observed in neem exposed female lice and the
examination of their ovaries revealed morphological alterations in both vitellogenic and previtellogenic
ovarioles at the follicular and germinal level. Since neem compounds target different life stages and
physiological processes of D. limbata, the development of insecticide resistance by biting lice exposed
to neem/based insecticides appears unlikely. For this reason and for its prolonged activity, which in
principle allows angora goats to be protected for a large part of the mohair production cycle, neem/
based insecticides may have a potential interest for mohair producing breeders. PMID: 17161539
[PubMed/in process]
10: NatProdRes. 2006 Oct;20(12):1036/40.
A new tetracyclic triterpenoid from the leaves of Azadirachta indica.Siddiqui BS, Afshan F, Sham/Sul/
Arfeen, Gulzar T.H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemica lSciences,
University of Karachi, Karachi/75270, [email protected] new tetracyclic triterpenoid
zeeshanol[25,26,27/trinor/apotirucalla/(apoeupha)/6alpha/, 21/dihydroxy, 7alpha/acetoxy,1,14,22/
tri/en/3, 16/dione] (1) along with a known constituent desfurano/6alpha/hydroxyazadiradione (2)
have been isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Azadirachta indica. The structure and
the relative configurations of 1 were determined by the spectroscopic method (1H/ and 13C/NMR,
IR, andMS)and2D/NMR experiments. PMID: 17127654 [PubMed/in process]
11: Chemosphere. 2007 Feb;67(1):80/8. Epub2006Nov 17.
The toxic effects of neem extract and azadirachtin on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)
(BPH)(Homoptera: Delphacidae). Senthil NathanS, Choi MY, PaikCH, SeoHY, KimJD, Kang SM.
Plant Environment Division, Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), National Institute of
Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), #381 Songhak/dong, Iksan,
Chonbuk, 570/080, Republic of Korea. [email protected] Extracts of neem (Azadirachta
indica A. Juss) are used in the developing world for many purposes including management of
agricultural insect pests. The effects of different neem extracts (aqueous (NSKEaq), ethanol
(NSKEeth) and hexane (NSKEhex)) on mortality, survival and weight of the brown planthopper,
Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) third and fourth nymphal instars were
investigated. When fed rice plants treated with neem derivatives in bioassays, the survival of BPH
nymphs is affected. Comparisons were made with the pure neem limonoid, azadirachtin (AZA) to
ascertain its role as a compound responsible for these effects. AZA was most potent in all
experiments and produced almost 100% nymphal mortality at 0.5 ppm and higher concentrations.
When higher concentrations were applied, the effects appeared shortly after treatment and mortality
was higher. Many insects died after remaining inactive for several days or during prolonged moulting.
5
At lower concentrations, if moulting was achieved, disturbed growth and abnormalities were then likely
to occur in the moulting process. Nymphs that were chronically exposed to neem extract showed a
reduction in weight (45/60%). The results clearly indicate the simple NSKE (aqueous, ethanolic or
both), containing low concentrations of AZA, can be used effectively to inhibit the growth and survival
of BPH. Publication Types: Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't PMID: 17113126 [PubMed / in
process]
12: JBiotechnol. 2007 Feb1;128(2):281/9. Epub2006 Oct21.
Enhanced production of azadirachtin by hairy root cultures of Azadirachta indica A. Juss by elicitation
and media optimization. Satdive RK, Fulzele DP, Eapen S. Plant Biotechnology and Secondary
Products Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India. Azadirachtin is one of the most potent biopesticides so far
developed from a plant sources. Influence of different culture media and elicitation on growth and
production of azadirachtin by hairy root cultures of Azadirachta indica was mstudied. Out of the three
media tested, namely Ohyama and Nitsch, Gamborg's and Murashige and Skoog's basal media, hairy
roots cultured on Ohyama and Nitsch's basal medium produced maximum yield of azadirachtin
(0.0166% dry weight, DW). Addition of biotic elicitor enhanced the production of azadirachtin by
mapproximately 5/fold (0.074% DW), while signal compounds such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid
showed a approximately 6 (0.095% DW) and approximately 9/fold (0.14% DW) enhancement,
respectively, in the production of azadirachtin as compared to control cultures on Ohyama and Nitsch
medium. Extracts from hairy roots were found to be superior to those from the leaves for antifeedant
mactivity againstthe larvae ofSpodoptera litura. mPMID: 17109981 [PubMed/in process]
13: Pak J Pharm Sci. 2006 Oct;19(4):322/5. Clinical investigation of hypoglycemic effect of seeds of
Azadirachta/inidca in type/2 (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus. Waheed A, Miana GA, Ahmad SI.
DepartmentofPharmacology & Therapeutics, Army Medical College,Rawalpindi. The presentstudy m
m was designed to investigate clinically the hypoglycemic effect of seeds of Azadirachta indica in Type/
2 diabetes mellitus. After assaying fasting plasma and urinary glucose, 10 patients of type/2 diabetes
mellitus with mno previous medication, 10 patients of type/2 diabetes mellitus taking oral
mhypoglycemic agents with history of inadequate control and six control subjects were given low (0.5 g
tid) and high (2 g tid) doses of powdered part, aqueous extract and alcoholic extract of Azadirachta
indica for 14 days. On 15th day blood and urine samples for glucose were taken. Based on results
obtaineditwasfoundthat Azadirachta indica hassignificanthypoglycemic activity in highdose andcan
be successfully combined with oral hypoglycemic agents in type/2 diabetic patients whose diabetes is
notcontrolledby these agents. PMID: 17105712 [PubMed/indexedforMEDLINE]
14: Tissue Cell. 2006 Dec;38(6):361/71. Epub 2006 Nov 13. Effects of a neem extract on blood
feeding, oviposition andoocytultrastructure in Anophelesstephensi Liston(Diptera: Culicidae).
Lucantoni L, Giusti F, CristofaroM, Pasqualini L, EspositoF, Lupetti P, Habluetzel A.
DepartmentofExperimental MedicineandPublicHealth, University ofCamerino, Camerino, Italy.
Secondary metabolites of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae) exhibit a wide range of
biological activities in insects. However, few studies have addressed the effects of neem extracts or
compounds in arthropods of medical importance. In this study, a laboratory strain of Anopheles
stephensi was used to assess the effects of a commercial formulation (Neem Azal) (NA)),
containing azadirachtin A at 34%, on blood feeding, oviposition and oocyte multrastructure. Oral
administration of Neem Azal) to A. stephensi females mthrough artificial blood meals did impair blood
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intake and oviposition in a mconcentration dependent manner. Similar results were obtained on
females, which had consumed Neem Azal) in sucrose solution before taking a blood meal of plain
blood. Neem treated females displayed a delay in oocyte development in both the phase of
vitellogenesis and the phase of choriogenesis. The ultrastructural studies on ovaries from Neem Azal)
treated females revealed distinct structural mmodifications indicative of: (i) a complete block of
oogenesis, (ii) impairment mof vitellogenesis and vitelline envelope formation, (iii) a severe
degeneration mof follicle cells. In agreement with results obtained in other insects, this
study indicates that Neem Azal) impairs hormone control of oogenesis and exerts ma cytotoxic effect
on both follicular cells and oocytes of the Asian malaria mvector A. stephensi. mPublication Types:
ResearchSupport, Non/U.S. Gov'tmPMID: 17097701 [PubMed/indexedforMEDLINE]
15: NeotropEntomol. 2006 Jul/Aug;35(4):500/5.
[Toxicity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) formulations for twospotted
spider mite and Euseius alatus de leon and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)]
[Article in Portuguese]BritoHM, GondimMGJr, de Oliveira JV, daCamaraCA.
Depto. Agronomia, Univ. Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Recife,
PE. The toxicity of selected commercial formulations of neem on Tetranychus urticae
Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and two predatory mites Euseius alatus De Leon and Phytoseiulus
macropilis (Banks) was studied. Topical toxicity was tested with the commercial formulations
(Natuneem, Neemseto and Callneem) and extract of neem's seeds at concentration 1%, compared to
the standard acaricide abamectin at concentration of 0.3 ml/L and the control treatment (distilled
water). Based on the best performance against T. urticae through topical contact, the
formulation Neemseto was selected to be evaluated using different concentrations against eggs, and
residual and repellent effects on adults of the mites. Egg treatment consisted of dipping eggs into
Neemseto dilutions andcontrol treatment for five seconds. In addition, residual andrepellent effects of
Neemseto for adult mites consisted of using leaf discs dipped into the dilutions for five seconds. The
toxicity of Neemseto on eggs and adults was greater for T. urticae compared to the toxicity observed
for the predatory mites. Neemseto was repellent for T. urticae and E. alatus when tested at the
concentrations of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0%, and did not affect P. macropilis. Neemseto using all
concentrations, while for the predatory mites significant reduction of mite fecundity was only observed
at the largest concentrations reduced the fecundity of T. urticae significantly. So Neemseto, among
tested neem formulations, performed better against the twospotted spider mite and exhibited relatively
low impact against the predatory mites studied. Publication Types: ,English Abstract
ResearchSupport, Non/U.S. Gov't,PMID: 17061799 [PubMed/indexedforMEDLINE]
16: AsianPac JCancerPrev. 2006 Jul/Sep;7(3):467/71.
Antioxidative and modifying effects of a tropical plant Azadirachta indica
(Neem)onazoxymethane/inducedpreneoplastic lesionsin the ratcolon.
Arakaki J, Suzui M, Morioka T, Kinjo T, Kaneshiro T, Inamine M, Sunagawa N, Nishimaki T, Yoshimi
N. Tumor Pathology, University of the Ryukyus Faculty of Medicine, Okinawa 903/0215, Japan.
junya/arakaki@ryukyu/surg1.org The purpose of the present study was to examine whether Neem leaf
(Azadirachta indica) has short/term chemopreventive effects on endpoint preneoplastic lesions
involved in rat colon carcinogenesis and might also exert antioxidative activity. Forty/two male F344
rats were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups. Groups 1 to 4 were given a subcutaneous
injection of azoxymethane (AOM, 20 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 2 weeks. Starting one week
before the first injection of AOM, rats in groups 2 to 4 received an aqueous extract of Neem leaf (20,
100, and 250 mg/kg, respectively) by gavage 3 times per week, for 5 weeks. Rats in group 5 also were
given the Neem extract by gavage feeding 3 times per week for 5 weeks, while group 6 served as
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untreatedcontrols. The experimentwasterminated5 weeksafterthe start. Dietary feeding ofthe Neem
extract at all dose levels significantly inhibited the induction of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (P<0.0002),
when compared to the AOM/treated group (group 1). In groups 2 to 4, treatment of rats with the
Neem extract also significantly decreased the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling indices
(P<0.0006) of colon epithelium and ACF. Moreover, the Neem extract also showed ,antioxidative
activity. The finding that dietary Neem has possible chemopreventive effects in the present short/term
colon carcinogenesis bioassay suggests that longer/term exposure may cause suppression of tumor
development. Publication Types: Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't PMID: 17059347 [PubMed /
indexedforMEDLINE]
17: TropBiomed. 2006 Jun;23(1):23/30.
Daily feeding offreshNeemleaves(Azadirachtaindica)forwormcontrol in sheep.
Chandrawathani P, Chang KW, Nurulaini R, Waller PJ, Adnan M, Zaini CM, Jamnah O, Khadijah S,
Vincent N. Veterinary Research Institute, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400, Ipoh, Perak. This study
was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) on nematode parasites
of sheep. Twelve Santa Ines cross bred sheep from a government farm were randomly selected and
equally divided into control (n = 6) and treated groups (n =6). Faecal egg counts (FEC) using the
modifiedMcMastertechnique andthe FAMACHAscore forassessing clinical anaemia were carriedout
daily and recorded for 6 weeks. At the end of the study all the animals were slaughtered and the total
worm count (TWC) was done. The results of FEC showed that there was no significant difference
between the control and treated group (p = 0.081). However, worm burden estimations showed
that the number of parasites was significantly higher in the control group compared to the treated
group (p < 0.05). This result indicated that feeding Neem had an effect on worm numbers in sheep,
but was not reflected in their faecal egg counts. Further work is needed to reconfirm the effect of
Neemonhelminthinfectionsofsheep. PMID: 17041548 [PubMed/in process]
18: IntJOncol. 2006 Nov;29(5):1269/78.
Chemopreventative strategies targeting the MGMT repair protein: augmented expression in human
lymphocytesandtumorcellsby ethanolicandaqueousextractsofseveral Indianmedicinal plants.
Niture SK, Rao US, Srivenugopal KS. Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA. O6/alkylguanines
are potent mutagenic, pro/carcinogenic and cytotoxic lesions induced by exogenous and endogenous
alkylating agents. A facilitated elimination of these lesions by increasing the activity of O6/
methylguanine/DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is likely to be a beneficial chemoprevention strategy,
which, however, has not been examined. Because, a marginal enhancement of this protein may be
adequate for genomic protection, we studied alterations in MGMT activity and expression in human
peripheral blood lymphocytes and cancer cell lines induced by water/soluble and alcohol/soluble
constituents of several plants with established antioxidant and medicinal properties. Both the ethanolic
and aqueous extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica), holy basil (Ocimum sanctum), winter cherry
(Withania somnifera), andoregano (Origanum majorana) increased the levels of MGMT protein and its
demethylation activity in a time/dependent manner with a maximum of 3/fold increase after 72/h
treatment. The extracts from gooseberry (Emblica officinalis), common basil (Ocimum
basilicum), and spearmint (Mentha viridis) were relatively less efficient in raising MGMT levels.
Increased levels of MGMT mRNA accounted at least, in part, for the increased activity of the DNA
repair protein. The herbal treatments also increased glutathione S/transferase/pi (GSTP1) expression,
albeit to a lesser extent than MGMT. These data provide the first evidence for the upregulation of
human MGMT by plant constituents and raise the possibility of rational dietary
approaches for attenuating alkylation/induced carcinogenesis. Further, they mreveal the putative
8
antioxidant responsiveness of the MGMT gene in human cells. Publication Types:
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't PMID: 17016661 [PubMed
/indexedforMEDLINE]
19: Immunobiology. 2006;211(9):721/31. Epub2006 Jun8.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf preparation induces prophylactic growth
inhibition of murine Ehrlich carcinoma in Swiss and C57BL/6 mice by activation of NK cells and
NK/T cells. Haque E, Baral R. Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics,
Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 S P Mookherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India.
We have reported earlier that pretreatment of mice with neem leaf preparation (NLP) causes
prophylactic growth inhibition of murine Ehrlich's carcinoma (EC) and B16 melanoma. Using adoptive
cell transfer technology, here we have established that NLP/mediated activation of immune cells may
be involved in tumor growth restriction. Mononuclear cells from blood and spleen of NLP/activated
Swiss and C57BL/6 mice causes enhanced cytotoxicity to murine EC cells in vitro. Fractionation of
spleencellsexhibitedgreaterpercentage oftumorcell lysisin macrophage andB/cell/depletedNKand
T/cell/rich fractions. Flow cytometric analysis revealed in both blood and spleen, NK cells (DX5+ or
NK1.1+) and NK/T cells (CD3+/DX5+ or CD3+/NK1.1+) were increased in number in
Swiss, C57BL/6 and athymic nude mice after pretreatment with NLP. NLP/stimulated
spleen cells showed greater secretion of TNFalpha and IFNgamma. Thus,
NLP/activated NK and NK/T cells in mice may regulate tumor cell cytotoxicity by enhancing the
secretion ofdifferentcytotoxic cytokines.
PMID: 17015147 [PubMed/indexedforMEDLINE]
20: ClinBiochem. 2006 Nov;39(11):1080/7. Epub2006 Aug 5.
Expression of PCNA, cytokeratin, Bcl/2 and p53 during chemoprevention of hamster
buccal pouchcarcinogenesisby ethanolic neem(Azadirachta indica)leafextract.
Subapriya R, KumaraguruparanR, Nagini S.
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar/608 002, Tamil Nadu, India. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of
ethanolic neem leaf extract (ENLE) on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis associated
proteins during 7,12/dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP)
carcinogenesis. DESIGN AND METHODS: Hamsters were divided into four groups. The right
buccal pouches of animals in group 1 were painted with 0.5% DMBA three times a week. Animals in
group 2 painted with DMBA as in group 1, received in addition, intragastric administration of ENLE
(200 mg/kg bw) on days alternate to DMBA application. Group 3 animals were given ENLE (200
mg/kg bw) alone. Animals in group 4 served as control. All the animals were sacrificed after an
experimental period of 14 weeks. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA),
cytokeratin, Bcl/2 and p53 in the buccal pouch tissues were investigated using immunohistochemical
staining. In addition, the expression of p53 was confirmed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS:
Topical application of DMBA for 14 weeks induced buccal pouch carcinomas associated with
increasedexpression of PCNA, mutant p53 and Bcl/2 and decreased expression ofcytokeratin.
Administration of ENLE significantly inhibited the development ofHBP carcinomas as revealed by
decreased expression of PCNA, mutant p53 and Bcl/2 and overexpression of cytokeratin.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that ENLE exerts its anticancer properties by inhibiting cell
proliferation andinducingdifferentiation andapoptosis.
9
Publication Types: Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't PMID: 16989797 [PubMed / indexed for
MEDLINE]
21: Int J Biol Macromol. 2007 Feb 28;40(3):232/6. Epub 2006 Aug 1. Identification and partial
characterization of a highly active and stable phospholipase D from Brassica juncea seeds. mKhatoon
H, Talat S, Younus H. mInterdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
202002, mIndia. mPhospholipase D (PLD) activity has been identified in some new plant sources i.e.
Brassica juncea (mustard) seeds, Zingibar officinale (ginger) rhizomes and Azadirachta indica (neem)
leaves with the aim of identifying PLDs that possess high catalytic activity and stability. PLD from
mustard seeds (PLD(ms)) exhibited the highest PLD specific activity, which was highly pH and
temperature tolerant. PLD(ms) unlike many plant PLDs exhibited high thermal stability. The activity of
PLD(ms) is optimum in the millimolar concentration of calcium ions and is independent of
phosphatidylinositol/4,5/bisphosphate (PIP(2)). An active and stable enzyme like PLD(ms) may be
utilizedin the lipid industry. PMID: 16949665 [PubMed/in process]
22: Phytomedicine. 2006 Sep;13(8):576/83. Epub 2005 Jun 24. Native Kenyan plants as possible
alternativestomethyl bromide in soil mfumigation. RuguttJK, Ngigi AN,RuguttKJ, NdalutPK.
Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, 375 Church Street, North Adams,
MA 0147, USA. [email protected] Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a biocidal fumigant used widely in
crop production and commodity preservation worldwide. CH3Br escapes to the stratosphere and
releases bromine atom (Br), which contributes to significant destruction of the ozone
(O3). It is therefore necessary to explore alternatives to CH3Br that are environmentally safe and
suitable for resource/poor African farmers. We present mhere the results of a study on the inhibitory
activity of crude extracts from Kenyan medicinal plants against three soil pathogens, Fusarium
oxysporum, Alternaria passiflorae, and Aspergillus niger. Crude organic extracts of Warburgia
ugandensis Sprague, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Tagetes minuta and Urtica massaica were active against
all soil pathogens, while those from U. massaica were not. Chromatographic purification of the crude
extract of W. ugandensis provided two pure compounds, muzigadial (1) and muzigadiolide (5). The
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC value) for muzigadial (1) ranged from 5 to 100mug/ml.
Muzigadiolide (5) was not active. Greenhouse tests of W. ugandensis extracts against F. oxysporium
pathogen showed the most effective inhibitory concentration to be at least 5 mg/ml. Quantitative
structure/activity relationship (QSAR) models were used to rationalize the variation in biological
activities of muzigadial (1), warburganal (2), polygodial (3), ugandensidial (4), muzigadiolide (5),
azadirachtin (6), and CH3Br. The models were based on several molecular descriptors including LogP,
van der Waals surface area (VDW(A)), van der Waals volume (VDW(v)), dipole moment, total energy,
polarizability, and differences between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest
unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO/LUMO gap). Publication Types:
ResearchSupport, Non/U.S. Gov't PMID: 16920513 [PubMed/indexedforMEDLINE]
23: PhytotherRes. 2006Oct;20(10):889/95.
Preventive effects of Azadirachta indica on benzo(a)pyrene/DNA adduct formation
in murine forestomachandhepatic tissues. GangarSC, SandhirR,Rai DV, Koul A.
DepartmentofBiophysics, Basic Medical SciencesBlock, PanjabUniversity, Chandigarh160014, India.
In the present investigation, the effects of aqueous Azadirachta indica leaf
extract (AAILE) on (3)H/benzo(a)pyrene/DNA [(3)H/B(a)P/DNA] adduct formation,
the status of biotransformation enzymes and reduced glutathione (GSH) content
were evaluated in the forestomach and liver of Balb/c mice. Two weeks of AAILE
10