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Introduction to Sanskrit Tomas Ecrnrs: PART ONE MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED « DELHI Sino Raed Faso: Dal, 1995 "oR a 2093 Leese .AI. BANARSIDASS rai i a ee DER, get cia UE AN SULT Ast) SACEMAASY AMA SEY Fe pleas, NEAL EIN PRESS, CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION x LUSSON ONE 1 Alphabes ‘Tae vowels mn roman sotipt 2 Ue First six vowels in devaniigari 4 Grammar: How a vech is formed 5 ‘Tae singular ending for vexbs 5 Vocabulary: ‘Lae verbs 4gam and prach 6 “The word Loe aa” 6 Tow to rive shuple sont 6 LESSON TWO 8 Alphabet Mosc of she coussonants and how uiey. are organized 9 ‘The last seven vowels in devandyurl = 12 Grammar; Verbs in the dud 13 Vocabulary: Marz verbs u word for “where” 4 LUSSON THRE 1a Alphabe The remaining Ieters in vornan seript 19 ‘The first ten consonantsin devandgard 24 Grummac The phural ” ‘The gramncatieal tomato desetibe a verb 25 Ace n ‘Vocabulary: More verbs 28 CONTENTS LessonFouR Alphuhot Ten more coneonanisindevandgaeT 32 Grammar: The rominusive ease 8 ‘The sccunaivecase a Mocabulays Nouns thatend in short a as Abplubet: The of Ue uphubet i devanguel 42 Ganmar: The inscumens! and datveenss 5 YVocatulays More novnsthatend ia stort a a 1X a Alphutet: How vowels are formes when Wey (olowsomcmns ss (Geanmar: The slave an the genitive 58 The use ott 2 Vocals More nouns a 50 Alphabet!" Conjunctconsonssis i cat 2 ocabulay: More nouns i a 6 LESSON EIGHT 86 Alphsker: The sonarus for corbin als i Grammar: Never nouns in shor: a 2 Vocabulary: Newer nouns 3 contents ftv 1a ua ‘Vocabulary: Versin he middle voize ua LESSON TEN 12s Aiphabot! The remaining sand ve 176 Grima Pronouns and actives fey the verb Yas bo Vocabulary: Adjectives and paticles 1 LESSON ELEVEN uw Alphabot: atest sad ates ire 5 = i m7 Taina persor sonouns M6 Vocxbatary: feminine nouns 150 LESSON TWELVE 136 ‘Alphabet: Namerals: eli and erin rumbets ust Grammar: Nownsx Land the gerund 169 Veeshultaye Nouns int 1 LESSON THIRTEEN, 168 Aipheber: The samdhi russ for combining vowels 167 vconetative cls 1m Vocabulay: —Nowns:a7 18 [Relative and concative advesbs 8 LESSON FOURTEEN Alphabet: The sand rules tor final Grammars Verb prelixes and the impectect active ‘Vocabulary: More verbs Alplabe: The sandhi roles for final m Grammar: More verb prixes ‘Vhe inperfoct mide Vocxbulary: More verbs LESSON SIXTEEN Aliph — T Gimmes: Nouns in ant o sauntli rules Lor 5 Tucimpeniet fox tas ‘The dvandva compound 210 Vowabulary: Nouns in an, more adjodves LESSON SEVENTEEN Alphabet: The sundli ules for final Grammar; Nouns ending in p,uhe fics tense. ‘Vocabulary; Nouns in r ‘LESSON ELGHTEEN Alphabet Gramma Nouns in w A.|comaining sandhi rules ‘The karmadharaya and tatpuruga Suatenary of compounds Vocabutary: Noms in u, more adjectives contents ARSWERS TO EXERCISES TABLES — Masculine a Nectera Feminine Masculine an, Neuter an Maseuline 7, furnisine ¢ Masculine u, feminis @ Pronguins Verbs Prefixes Numerals sand VOCABULARY ENGLISH-SANSKKIT VOCABULARY, SANSKRIT QUOTATIONS READING FROM THE BITAGAVAD GITA, INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS GENERAL INDEX REASONS FOR STUDYING SANSKRIT VEDIC AND CLASSICAL SANSKRLT INTRODUCTION There ane $08 il eoasons 19 smdy the subtle and sefined language of Sanskrit, The soune, script, giammar, and systematic nature of the langeuge is chatening in itself, something af great heauty The study of Sieaskri er Sanskrit isa wes ondertiness within the mind because ly systomatic language, seflecting tae orderliness of natare its Most suuderts who smdy Sanskrit also have an inerest io the ‘convgot ofthe Sanskrit uerature, This large body of Tiveratare is nomausly diverse including such Fields as philosophy, seience, ani, music, phonolupy, yremmar, mathemasies, architecture, bistory, education, ard lagi (9 name jst a few). The literature can be mnersigod in greater depth when itis suuiad in its origieal Language, Even w Tite Sanskrit vil give you cuniol aver English tanslatiane of the Sansioit Literature, so yous will he able to decide ia crucial \woed has been miswans.ated. While you may noc beconte ant expest Inwistater ofthe Ssashritfiteratume, you'll find dhal an introducury knoveleege of Sanskrit has gueat worth, Even a sovall knowledge of SausMritis useful velwen reading Suneri wats in English, Aud who knows? ‘The sudy of Sunstri¢ courd lead to someting far beyond ‘hal you witicipated, Sanskrit (eupskela) means “perfected,” or Spur together” (pul, eta and S\ogether.” sag). Sanskeit is divided into evo principal ports: Vedi Sanstrit and Classical Sanskrit. The older faaguage is Vedic Sanskrit, or Veli, the larguage of the Sambita and TEXTS ON SANSKRIT EMATURES OF THIS TEXT INTRODUCTION Brahmans, Vedic Sanskcit heging with the Rk-Samhits (Classisal Sunskeit, whieh includes 9 the language of the Bhagavad-Gita, Ramayana. and che rest of the Sanskrit iterator "This tex¢ focuses on ve bexinning suudy of Clessieal Sanskrit, although several ef ic quotations arw in Vedic Sunskrit. Normally, Vodtic Sarskric is sued after Classice) Sanskrit learned, ‘Over the past severat hundred years, few Western schotars have Xeriden genmmars or introdvcwory uextbooks for Sanski, tn the 17thand 18th cxn.uries, a low iztroduclory materiuls lor Sanskoit ‘were writin by Iesuit missionaries liviag in India, Some {9th Bartholome (1801); Foster (1804), Colebrooke (1805), Carey (1806), Wilkens (1808), Hamilton (114), Yates (1820), Topp (1827), Wilson (1841), Monier-Williams (1846), Ballantyne (1862), Benlvy (1863). “Maller (1866), Kicthom (1870), Whimey (1879), and Perry (U886), Some 20th Cenuary works are by: MacVonstl (191), Renou (1942), Antiine (1954), Buurow (1955), Tyberg (1964), Gonita (16), Hart (1972), Coulson (1976), and Gatdman (1980). Century works ane by ‘This text $s written vo Cot a need shat still remains, which isto make the introductory sexy of Sanskrit simple, concise, ant systematic, ceeehy making iCimare accessible and enjoyable for a beginning stodont, The toxt is not a coraplets survey of Senskrit ghana, or even a primer. [eis meant tw be a pre-primer,” a step-by-step inuxsduetion to the famdaraentat aspects of the