0 - l - lNDIAH BOW AND ARROW. EFFECTIVENESS AS A WEAPON. INDIAN WEAPONS AND

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{NDIAN BON AND ARROW, EFFECTIVENEES AS A WEAPON, INDIAN WEAPONS AUD
a at EE ee ee
Av-Sa-Re-Ka, or Wyoning Opened, being the experience of an officer's
iife on the Plaing, wich an Outline of Indian Operations and Conference
Sr ot dioartae screen aber ree
Garrington's narretive). Philedelpnia, 1690.
ERI as fitig fasts "e VeVi tisek tian printed aston tewiengesone ou
very gure, A hendful drawn from the quiver and diacharged eucceacively
will make'a more rapid fire thea that of tue revolver, and at very short
Fangs will ferthor penetrate a piece of plank than the ball of an
ordinary Colt's navy pistol. the arzo® head varies in length and shape,
( ‘and the shaft itself slightiy changes, according to the tastes of
Gifforent basde or trides; and yet eo constantly are arrows exonanged
in gambling oF
(188) barter that the character of the arrow used does not invariably.
determine the tribe engaged, Such were many of the arrows taken from the
bodies of Captains Fevtormen, Brom, Licutenant Grummend, and others;
after the mascaore of Desember, 1866 (Fort Phil Kearny Maseaore). All the
Sesicislisantitceosfousd nave scan sek tates antTEs oi ihe ovine
Chonsea, Potropcwotana, and other Pawneos, all of whom are fziendly, and
sone of whos ave now, as in the winter of 1685-8, in tho employ of the
United stasea, The neod te often barbed, but not generally, end 4s from
gro to three and a-alf inches in length, made of iron, aid ground toe
double edge. The shaft, which ie about twenty-five inches in length, 1s
winged by three feathere of the eagle, sage-hen, or wild-gooss, and fron
Yhe sinew wrapping of tae head so that walch binds the feathere 18
deeply marked sy shree grooves oF blood-soams, o0 that when the flesh of
man oF beast cldsoa about the shaft, thove seine adt se conduits and
gradually bleed the viotim to death, These grooves aze ith gone Indians
Straight, ond with othere azo algaag-or winding from midway down to the
foatners: The bows of Ogilialia and Brule SiouE, Arrapehoss, Cheyennes,
and most of the Indians east of the Rocky Vourtaina, are fron thizsy~two
$o forty inohes long, of great elasticity and tenaion, so thet they
Gasily drive an arrow through
(iss)"a tro 1noh plank, and even through a nan oF buffalo,

Gontributions, to the Historical gociety of Montena, Voluse III, Helena,
Houtana, 1e00;—trading Expedition of Wilttan fe -laetTeon, Teepe
(Ga) eiz Nendvarere of Fistneat Fiver, Ootsbe® 28, 1838-Eatelo vetnoen
Kootenai and Blackfoot Indians. [ was very glad when I saw Wokay waking
Kickapoo fly around cur pack anicals, keeping them bunched and trying to
keep the Blackfeet from getting amay with any of them. I aaw one of our
pack horses fall and roll over down hill end enother one with a broken
log, It mas
(93) now T saw Moxay do an act which is seldom seen, visi drive an arrow
through-an Indian's body. I joined him at this sime saying, "Well done

(| Mo", but was saddened to seo that both he and Kickapoo were bleeding.

The Indian Sign Language, by WP, Clark, U,8, Army, Philadelphia, 1205,
‘(ray Bor, ==~" (Clase quotes Belden) "mus bow'~ she-weapon ao tong ta use
shong #9 differen? Tsien jrites of inie soatinenty eo typical of
Indian life, and the were mention of which sivaye associates our ideas
with the red men - ie made of various Kinds of wood, ané its manufastare
is a work of no little labor, Even at this day (1878-1884) the bow is
much used, and although an Indian may have @ gin, He is seldom esen
The armament of an Elizabethan ship, Priming ani firing.

The guna did not fire tery true; for the shct was always so much smaller
then the bere of che piece shat it wobbled about inside the gun, and made
it impossible to air exactly. scales were cut upon the quoins, and perhaps
upon the guns thenselves, to help the gunner so lay his piece with
acouraoy. Braeoh-loading guns, ete. Tae breech-lcading eune were mounted
jn the tops end cagenors "2of murdering near at hand,” They were not
nounted on whesled carriages, but on pivots, and strong wooden stanchions,
upon which they could be turaed, rained or depressed, by one or two hands,
Sona of tham had iror hancles by whica cheir gunners could turn then in any
Gizeotion. These brsech-losding guna aad open "beda," or "tails," in the
breach, 20 recsive the "ohazbare” qontaining she charge, The chambers meze
fixed into the beds or tatls by means of iron or wooden wedges. After
firing, the chanber was taken out, and another driven in, These
could be fired rapidly, sone thirty times and nour, or nearly as fast as
wan could fire and load; but perhaps they were never fired quite so
rapidly in action, as they would have becone aleost ved hot, and very
violent in sheiz kick. The big M,L. guna (muzzle loading) could be fired
about once in five or six minutea, If they became hot througn repeated
firing, they bad to be sponged within and without, and allowed to reat.
Large guns were generally painted about the touchholes with the Royal ame
and the asme of their snip. They were very little yorse then the guns ir ues
at the vine of the battle of Trafalgar. The larges: gun in general use in
cur navy in the reign of Elizabeta was the demi cannon, whion throw a

bell of about 30 lbs, and had a range of about a nile. Nelson's caief
wospon wae the 42 pr. (pounder) gun, which carried about a mile end a

Ralf, whon elevated 10 degrece, Tho ships were cenerelly mounted with more
gune than they needed, snd the exccssive strain of ao many guna must have
Shortened thelr tome of service. Even serchent shipe and she acaller

ehipe of Elizabeth's navy carried powerful ermascnta; and cur sea
Victories in thie reign wore directly due to tho conperative excellence

Of our soa artillery; and to our recognition of the fact that a war ship
Je a moveable bastery rather than a floating parade ground, or battering

‘The True History of the Conquest cf New Spain by Beraul Diag del Cassillo,

Chapter XXiI, How Cortes reviewed all his amy aud what elve happened to us.
When ve had eer tn Comumel vhree days cortes ordered a supter of his
forces 20 as to.see hon many of us there were, und he found that we
Burbered five bindred and elghs, not ocunjing’ Une shipmasters, pilova and
eailore, who numbered stout one hundred, There were sixteen horses and
mares ail f1% vo Dg used for sport or us chargers, There were eleven ships
bowh great and auail, und one a cert of launen which a cersain Gines
Hortes orougnt laden’ with supplies. There were thirty tnc cross bowsen and
ghirteen musketgere; - egcopeteros, as they ware then called and
(Blottea_out of the original Manuscript is the word "ten", = G.G.)
brags guas, and four feloonete, and much ponder and bell, About tie
Aunber of oross bowmen ry menO"y does not serve me very well, but it ia \
hoe material to my story. Afiez she Teview Cortes ordered Wess surnamed
"the guoner" ana Barsolome de Ueagre ard sbenge end a certain Catalan who
rere Gil artillerymen, to keep their guns clean ang in gcod order, and the
guuuaition ready for use. He appointed Francisco de Orozco, who had veen
& soldisr in Italy to ye oaptain of the Artillery, He likewise orgerea
two crossbowmen nazed Juan Benites and Pedro del Guzman the croseocwnan,
who Wera uastera of che ert of repairing crosskows, to see thet every
orossoom had two oz chrée (spare) nuts and corde and fore corda and to be
careful to keep then stored and to have smoothing tools end ineuijuele
and to s€@ THAT tae We GHOWId practice at a target. He also ordered

ali the horses to be kept ia good condition.
sy 169.
INDIAN SOM AND ARROW, EFPROPTVENESs AS A WEADON, INDIAN WEAPONS ABD
SET

i

The Indian Sign Language, by W.P. Clark, U.8, Arny, Philadelphia,’ 1565,
(7a) Twithout nis long-bor, and quiver well filied with arrows, Tie gun
ey get out of order, andhe cannot aend it; the armunition may becone
Not, and there is an end of bunting; bur the faithful bow ie a:ways in
order, and ite evift arrows ready 70 fly in wet aa well as dry weather.
‘Tous teasons the savage, and 30 keeps his bow to fall back upon in cass
of aocident. Unsil the invention of tne breesh-loader,” (1848-1650) "it is
‘8 fact well known to frontiersmen that the bow was a tar nore deadly
Weapon at close range than the bess rifie, A warrior could discharge his
errors with much greater rapidity end preatetén than the rost expert
woodsmen could charge and fire @ muzzie-loading rifle. The Indian boy's
first lesson in 1if9 1s to shoot with @ bow, ——- Ae he grows older ne
Teceives the long-bom, and at
(77) last the strong-bow. These strong-bows are ponertul wearons, and I
have: seen then 30 ssiff thet a whise man could not beni them searoe tour
inches, waile an Indian rould, with arparent ease, draw them to the
arror's head." (Rid, Hamilton, a Piezan, explained that both flexor and
‘tensor suscles, coordinaced, were used in draning the short strong-bow.
As the hand, four fingers on she asFing, was drewn back with @ misp,_the
hand nolaing the bow was pushed forward witha anep, According to DiGk
fanderville, 6 Piegen, they used a long-bow until they got the horse,
hick competed she Tadian to use a shorser bow for conveniencs, The long-
bow, Raving greater leverage, could be drawn without the formard push
the Fand holding the bow, Tmug the advent ofthe horse changed tie length
ofthe bow, and the techiique of dvaning the bow. JGC.) "A sheft fired
frou one of these bowa will go through she body of a Guffelo, ana arrow—
heade have been found co finely imbedded in the thigh-bones of man that
no force could extract then, --- All the bows differ in length and strength
being guaged for the arse of those who are to use them; but a white man.
Would, until he learned the sleight of it, find himself unable to bend.
even the weakest war-bow. This hee given tise to the impression that the
Indiens are stronger than whize men, which 1s an error; for, although
only a slight man myself, [ learned) efzer sone practice, t0 bend the
strongest bow, and could’send a shaft as far or as deep as ary savage.
On one occasion I shot an arrow, while running, into = buffalo s0 that
the point came out on the opposite side; another arrow disapreared in
the buffalo, not even the acten being visible. The power of the bow may
be better understood when I telt you that the moat powerful Colt's
revolver vill rot send a ball throngh a buffalo, I have seen a bow throw
an arrow five nuadred yarde, and have myself often discharged one envirely
Fixough # board one inch tnlek.t
(7g) Nonce I found a man's ekuil trenafixed to a tree by an arrow waich Ihad

gone completely through the bones, and imbedded izeelf 0 deep in the wood
Se to sustain the weight of the head. He Ned probably been tied to the
Sree and shot. --- z once saw an Indien ride alongside of a large buffalo
com going at sien speed that it required the best exertions of his very
fleet pony to overtake and keep up with her. leaning forward on his pony,
and draming an arrow to its head, he sent it entirely

(79) through the buffalo juas back of the foreshoylder, so thas it fell
on the ground on the oppoaite side."

Original Narratives of Karly smarioan History. Spanish Mxploretiona in the
Soushneot, 1642-1708. faited by Herbert Eugene Bolton, Kew York, 1916,
(250) New Nexico: Thy Onabe Expacition, 1686, Wendoos anong baffalo hunting
Hidiang, Their weabous ecneist of flint and very large bows, after the
Hemier of the Turke.
gone Perpetual Loose-Lesf Enoyolopeedia, Wem York, 1820, Volune X.
Rifle. sreeoh Loading. Paces 337 and 537 8.
‘The aext great ohange In wilitary rifles was che adoption of the
breech londes, While the, breech-loadine rifle had been used before
this tine - the Forguasn and Gall rifles being oxarplea — ita action
was not entizsly satisfactory until the invention of the metallle
Cartridge case, with ite devios to pravant she escape of powder gaa
Ghrough the breeea. In 1612 Panly, s Frenchman, evolved a braech=
losding rifle wita a swinging dock; ana Dryas, working under hin,
developed the fizat needle-sun bolt action. Dryee's bolt acsicn waa
kodified and adopted by the Prussians; and by 1648 Prussia nad
equipped all her troops with the readle gun, Tho cylindre-eonical — (
bullet was onolosed in a paper cartridge with the ponder;

detonator or osp wso placed incide the cartridge, between the powder
end bullet, A needle snolosed in the bolt, upon the releses of a
spring, was Zoread tarough the paper cartridge and struck the cap,
maloh ignited the powder. The succsse of the russians in che Danieh
fad Austrian ware used all naviona to adopt the Sraech loaders,

Tae English in 1888 converted tho enfield into che Snider brosch
loader, and in 1689 adopted the Wertini-Henry riflo, both having
tinged’ sreeon bloske, ho Franch in 1866 adopted tad Chassopot, an
improved nesdle gan. The otaer Euzopaane adopted brosch loaders in 1867
and 1668; and the United States, which during the Civil Tar bad weed
Sone Shatpe and Sdoncoz breceh loading riflos, in 1873 adopted the
fpringfiold. In 1371 Gozaany repleced tho needle gun by the Mauser
yiflo; Italy, which hai asxed hor infantry with the Carceno vifle 4n
1256, asandones is for the Veterli ia 1671; Austria, wnich had adopted
vhe fforad] Sn 1866, modified it in 1073; Franse euseticutod the Cae
Tifie Zor the Chaseepot in 1874; the Russian Sordan of 1871 mae
modified and improved in 1680, Excopt the Werad], the rifles had bolt
breech mochanien, Wazazin, The noxt great departure in tho military
rifle was the intreduction of the magazine, The repeating firearm
was broaght out in Anerica by Golt in 1640, followed in 1600 by the
Henry aad Speacer rifles. Ta 1687 the Heary was improved and re-nured
the Rinshester. The effec? produced by the Winchester in te hands of
the Turka in the dugsien-furkish Nar of 177-8, showed the advantage
of repeating firearms over single loaders. The repeating rifle early
booane popular as a fusting rifle, bus not until tie advent of
seokeloss ponder iid the cilitary ponsre sdopt 1
(Seeicuns of Glory pel_in nosket at bask of this took, from i
oudirg of General ¥.T. Sherwen, written by Wicuslf. len York, 1079.
Volase Il, 1831-1855, Wilivary tessons of the far.

SGa) Our'war was foughe with fhe nmusslesTcadiig Tifle. Toward the
ofose of it I had one brigade (alcute's) srced with breoch-losding
Nepencertat; the cavalry genezaliy had breceh—Lcading os
(588) biaee, "Spencer's" snd "Sharp's," both of wnich were good am
‘SThe only change which breech-loading arma will probably make in the
art nf practice of Wat Will be to indresse the snount of ansunition
{fo be expended, and necessariiy to be carried along; to still further

"Shin out" she line of attack, and to reduce battles to short, quidk,
aecieive conflicts,

horse but wer? harduonrtherride>;

nok as
@ avantually the Cont

ty well equipped with United Staces regulation saddles,
@ enemy. Firearms were a harder problem, Colz's rovely
g souros, Rifled muckete
ie Ss i170.
INDIAN BOW AVE ARROW, EFFECTIVENESS AS A WEAPON. INDIAN WEAPONS AND
SHIEID!

as Publications of tne Champlain Society, X11. David Monpson's

Werrative of his Explorations in Weatern Auerica, I7si-1612, Edited by
eerie Settee eels iate: eee ae Te

328) In Piegan camp on Bow river, winter of 1787-1768, The Peeagan
Elggaa) in shows tere T peases the winter whose tent I pagsed the winter was an old man of at least 75

10 €0 years of ago; his height about eix feet, two or three inches,
broad eheusdere, strong lirbed, his hair gray and plentiful, fozehad
high and nose prominent, his face slightly rarked with tke emall pox,
and altogesher his countenanoa mild, and even, sonetines playfu:
Altrongh nie step was fizn and he rode with ease, ne no longer hinted,
‘this he lefe to his sone; bia nse was saukenappee (Young Nan); hie
account of fomer tinea went dack to about 1780 and was ao follows,

The Peosgana were always the frontier tribe, and upon whom the snake
Indiana mada their attacks, these Jatver were very numerous, even without
their allies; and the Peeagans had £0 send neasengera hmong us 30
procure help: Tro of then cane to the canp of my father, and T was then
about hig age (pointing to a lad of about sixtean years) he pronised to
come and bring some of tis people, the Nahathaways (Crees) with him,
for I am myself of that peopie, ard not of chose with won T am. My
fethor brought sbout twenty warricra with him, There were a few guna
amongst us, but very litvis anmmition, and they wore left to hunt for
the familige; our weapons was a lanse, ‘mostly pointed with iron, sone
fon otore, a tow and a quiver of arrows; te bews mere of larch, the
Length cme to the chin the quiver had about fifty arzove, of which
tan had dron pot
(329) the otheracweze headed with stone. He carried hie knife on nie bre
and nis axe in ais belt. euch was ay fathers weapons, and those with him
Rad uch the cane weapons, I had a Gor and arrowe and a knife, of which I
was very proud, Wo cane to the Pesagens and their allies, They were
camped on the plains on the left bank of the river (the north side) and
were a great zany. Wo were feasted, and a great War Tont was rade, and @
fon days pagecd in speeches, feasting en dances. A war chief wae clooted
by tho chiefa, end wo got reedy to nerch, Ost spies had deen out and had
seen a lergo casp of emake Indians on who plaine of the Fegie Hil)
(Setween Battle Fiver end the scuth branch of the saskatchewan), and we
had to cfoss the river in canoes, and on rafts, Which wo carefully
secured fo: our retreat, When we had crossed ahd murbered oUF men, wo
were about 350 warriore (this he showed by counting every finger to be
Ten, and holding up soth hande three tines and then one hand) they hed
Their scouts out, and came to mest ae. Bot parties mado a ereat show of
Gheir nusbers, aod T thought that tiey weze sore huxerous than ourselved.
After sone signing and cancing, they oat down cn the ground, and p:eced
theiz large siields vefore thea, wich covered thea; we cid the sane, but
your shields were not so many, aid aque of our sliclds had to shelter’ two
nen, Theirs were 311 placed touching each other; their bows were not 90
Tong as curs, but of better rood, aid the beck covered with the sinews of
She bisons wiles made then very Glavtio, end their arrons went a long wey
oud whisaed about us ua bella do from gunse They wore all headed with @
shexp, atooth, dlack stone (flint) which broke when 1v struck anythiag,
Our iron headed arrowe did not go sisough thelr suielde, tut stuck in
then; on both sides several were wounded, but none lay on the ground; end
night put an end to the battle, without & scalp being taken on either
Side, and in those days auch was the Teault, unless one party was wore
Ausefous than tae otaer.
(381) at length the tall chief zetired anc sney formed their long usual
Vine by placing their ghields on the ground to touch each other, the
leat havin: ¢ hramiin of L011 theres fenauir nort
: (Continued from opposite page 170.)

note Lasudd tothe cavalry Fogirents as they bioate available, aad

very early Swart was nanaging fo atm at least one squadron in each

Feginent with wespons of precision, Carbinea ware always hard to

get, and by the tine that chay could be generally distributed, the

Fedézale nore weing breach-loading onrhines to creat advantage.

The indefetigadle Gorgas reconditioned, And evan manufactured, gone

supply of teese - and by that time the bine troopera were carrying

@ ropeetirg carbine - a tazribla gun, maid the grey people, mournfully,

which « Yank could loed on Wonday ent shoot all the rest of the week.

From tine £0 time large captures of Jedenal breech loaders were made

in Virginia, but the Confederates were nover able to manufacture {

andunition for ther, saving no braes for certridgead ---~ :

(86) (1881) There ware, in Bodesal arsenals and depots seized by. (

the several etaves on the act of cocaaaion, @ total of 190,000 prall. /

In sho state ersonais, under the control of the

360,000 stand of rifles and muskets, Theee pisces

ed fron flint took auskets, of Mexican Nar

jexisor Sepejo Eppedition, 1563, Ths Puel r
Visit arms coasiet of vows eni arvowa; waoaiae ani chinules; the arrons
have fize-hardened shafts, tho hoade being of poin 7 eign whieh
they easily pase through &

(293) coat of nail. ‘Tho chi

faze nade of cow bide, like leather
shiside; aad the mazenas consis: of rots half a vars long, with very
Ghick heads, Witt than thoy dofond thensolves within thelr houses,
Yarravives of Barky sa Testosy. sSpaciel faslorerions in she
is Tess-1545, dited by Proderick W. Hodge, New York
b Fapeittion sf Geronale by Podge de ceotoneae.
PS iguacy a Teye was sees so otdot ® bull
Hire witha: afrow, wot" woald be shot

3, Lindermsn, New_York,
a Gron Tudien, dictated

Ite Storylo? a-greas Indian! by Ps
Plenty coups, or 1 ae

Hy Ceugey 3 eeerte (inderrnpnasdenrer a
age Sesh divaiy with hie tofe bend, ho” Slenty Coupa)
y plecsithe stervisn bie sieht, i fieeers
Sealing she shart angy righ the tain ho bone eering.
Giustle end. was asniner tne szoow mote hinds

a béth arke must wore to-
(is) gether - at once," he seid. "The lett mus
pull G2 the sane time'(s0) ig an arrow
3d, gricping the box, met be in ite cent
sonard one (like this), ite fingers straddl:
Enon and keep the centér of the bow string
100k."
(18) "gpeed in shooting was-wery necessary, since oth, An. wa
ao muet bs quick to send n second arrow after hia Tiras. Ne
pee sore arrows in the left hand with the bom. Th
there up, 20 that Then igi.t hand. reached
tnd drew then, tie left would not be wounded by thaar sharp heads Soxe-
tines nen cart than
pulling shen
fn fighting, or ding

2 ue
-4- i7l.
INDIAN. HOM, EFFECTIVENESS Ww UDLAN WEAPONS AND
SETELDS.

The Publications of the Champlain Sootety, VI, A Joumey from Prirca of
Wales's Fort in Tudson's Bay to tha Worthesn Gcean in the years 1769,
T710, 1771, and-1778, by Samuel Hesmna, tatted by J,8, Tyrrell, Toronto,

Im,

[Ia8) Copper Indians prepare for war on Requinaux, Wey, 1771, near
Copperaine Fivee = dsoeed entye sunk velar taees ee weit lee thoes who ware
properly of uy party, prepazed a target, or ahield, before we left the
woods of Clowey, “hose targets were composed of thin boards, about three

(quarters of en inch thick, two feet broad, and three feet long; and |

Were intended +0 ward off tho arrone of the Requimaux.
(389) Eequimeux of Copper river, end around Bloody Faile, July 1771,
qheir arse and Tishing-teckle are bove ard arrows, spears, lences, darte,
49. whioh exectly reaeuble thoce made ucgo? by the Esquinaux in Hudson'e
gtzaite, and whion neve been well described by cranta; but, for want of
good edge-tocle, are far inferior to thou in workmanship. Their arrows
bre either abod wits a trianeular piece of black stone, like slate, or a
piece of copper; tut most commonly the former,

Works tasued by the Hakluyt Soctety, second series, Hoe XXIII, iscued
Tor 1908; Voluse 1, The Trud History of tno Conquest of en epain b
Esraal Dias del Castille, edited aad published dn Wevico oy Genare
Garcia; Trenelaved, with Introdussion aad Totes, by alfred Percival
Yaudslay, Leadon, Printed for the lakluyt society, UDOCCCVITI.
(Gis) Tiscescond great oatele with the Flarcslare: september 6, 1519.
Togo back fo ou battle: dow they beras to ohazae on wel What a hall of
stones oped from their elinge! ae fcr shes bomen, the Javelina lay ike
gor on she threshing floor; all of thon barbed ani fire=sardened, which
Would pieroe any armour and would reach the vitale where taore 1 n0
Protection; the men with gWords and ahields and other arms larger than
Swords, such as brosdaworda, amd lanosa, how they pressed'on ua ead/with
What valour and what migaty acute and yells they charges uvon ual
(25a) First batcle with the Mexoalans, september 2, 1519, (the mscana)
While we found curselves in this oonfliot among these great warviore and
their fearful vorademords, we noviced that many of the strongest among
‘hem oronded togesher to iay hands on a ores, They set to work with a
furious attack, laying hands on a good mare knom 20 te very handy sither
for aport or for ohazging. the rider, Pedro de Woron, was @ very good
horsemen, and ae he charged With three other norsenen into the ranks of
the onemy (they were odered thus 29 charge torether, eae to telp one
another) the Indiens seized hold of his lance and he was not abdle to drag
St aray, and othera gave hin outs with their broadswords and wounded him
bediy, ond then they s.ashed at the mare, and cut ner heat off at the
neck go tiat it hung by the akin, ana che fel) dead. If nie mounted
Companions Aad nov cone at once 40 His Teaowe they would alco Neve fintaned
Killing Peazo da soren.
(iden, Vol. II, 65) Wontesuma's armory, Mexico City, sovenber, 1519.
thers Were enields great and sudll, ands sort of ofosdswords, and others
like two-handed avorde 92t with stone knives which out muoh better than
our swords, and lances longer tnen our aze, with a fathon of blade mith
meny knives set in it, waioh even when they are driven into a buckler or
shield do not come out, in faot they cut like revore go. that they can
shave their heade with them,
Srevela and Works of Cepzsin John Smith, Arbor & Bradley, Edinburgh, 1910,
figvili) (Virginie, 1607) One of our gentlemen having @ target which he
Trusted In, Winking Tt would beer out @ slight shot, he vet 1% up ageinat
a tree, willing oe of she savages to shoot, who took from nis back an
(qoze to be placed facing Page 173, Subject: ANOUNT OF FOOD REQUIRED
TN POUNDS 70 CONSTITUTE g AATTON, WHITE AND INDIAN.

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affeivs, 1654, Revort of
jae Te Beevenes povesnar and SupeFiveanteat of IedTan Affaire to
The Gosiesioner of Indian Affairs, september 16, 1854,

(Hii) (lower Pend d'oreille Indians) In the summer the Indians live
prinoiphtiy on fish, which Taey catch not only by weire or Zish-trapa,
but by the hook aad line, and by spearing. They algo oollect camash
ard bitter rote, snd a terry called in some of the easter States the
Sugar berry, OF sugar pear. These they dry separately, and alec in
Gelso with goss, for winter use. Téis food affords nourishment nearly
Sufficient to sustain life, In he autumn, in addition to hunting
yenison and bear, they ary meet ané f#ek for winter uee. Nhen she
evers cold weather hue fairly sev in aie whole bend moves 50 cone
Hoved venioon munting-sround, where during the heavy snoms she deer
cennot escape, and ave readliy purouod and Eilled with clubs. ‘They
hunt over the whole section ao thoroushly aa to extominate these
animals in tas locality, leaving none to breed. in this way they heve
destroyed the deer enzirely in all but two or taree places, To each of
Ghose they Will proceed during the oomiag, and one or wo subsequent
Seasona; tho dée= mill thdn all be daetroyed, leaving che inhabitants
ho dependence unless by that time they shall have sufficient lend
Under Qultivation te support thes; otmerwisa thers will be a great
deal of suffering axong the people. Last wintor they killed eight
huidzed deer, These were bat just sufficient for choir want

(253) (Same report). Pend d'Oreilles of Lower Lake. 60 Lodges.

103, Yo. 2. P1108, “Reply of Ban) W. Finn,
anping, to Hionard salberg, Hoskins, Oregon.
fora ten day biking trip T fould suggest
Bacon, 7 lbs, 4am, ¢ Iba, fried beef, 2 ba.
ibe. Powdered. soups, 1 1b, Shozt all baton fryings)
cuz, 10.1b9. com meal, 4 Ibe, 1 Ib, Povdered eggs,
; Ries; 2.1bs. Oatmeal, 2 lbs, coffee, cocoa, 1 1b. Tee, 4 ofa
€ iba, Baking powder, 8 ore, Prapcrat (ppies; apricots,
, prunes) 4 bo, Raising, 2 ibs. sweet @hocclete, % Ibs, Dehyarated
Yegerabies, 1 1b, Galt, pepper, etc, 1 1b, TOTAL: 55 Ibo. 4 on
Stand, you nead not follow abadlutely, bur is intend
“idanoe. ag $0 varieties and. quantities, D mubetitute to sit
{deas, As you will notice, th fed are all highly nataz
| when uoing cuch I have found that a wan can stend up to trail
‘on a daily Fevion of around 1g pounds. If one takes much canned
of the daily zation will have zo be increased. ~

i
ec dava Fationsfor ten per

Station WAL, Tasninevon, D.C., Sundey, October 20, 1940, 7:10 Pile,
Se ee eeecok Weriane wit Aijen afd Pearson, fajor fovers, U2. (
Says Tae toceater te orp, sibet spaaked, scated

Fee area eeinked he feerieat woldier. Each soldier in the
fnay gonvusss aaquanly 46 pounds of coffee. ae

scion Table for U.S, Avay in vue Phiilipine Lelenta, 2608:

Seo Raton Tipe Sera pitas 160 pounds of gro coffee to 1000 rations
Angle funds of roasted coffee te 1000 satione,
gut oC sounds Sidon abla. io pounds of green coffee oul give enc
oe ne note ations of ceftes per year, green, and sae sane of roasted.

ona equals thirty raticns,)
=~ 5- 178.
INDIAN BOW AND ARRON. EFFECTIVENESS AS _A WEAPON, INDIAN WEAPONS AND
‘SHLELD!

trae
The target a foot througn, or borter; wich wes stzange, besag th
Bieter scataraot piacaet The Zores of nis tor, efterwarda
Set tin up @ steel target; ne shot again, and burst nie arror all to
Pieces, ue presently selida ca e'easther asses, and bit it ia hie teeth,
Er avedeascissleasiare’gavastrage) woftecspasteven’n gieat anger // take
Bows SEBPSARADOL:Aough negelde(oaacl),sstakr-atringe efplenthers, thee
’rrons of cone or hase, headed with very sharp stones, and are’ mada
Sriificieliy lige a prota efron; ether seme of their arrors are headed
with she enke of deers noras, and are feathered very arvificially.
Bullovin 20, Seithoonien Institution, Buremo? merigan Einology,

Part 2, Taskingtone 1010, Paros Se6-307, Sticlis by Janse Mooney
(trad) The Guia of the qseteian taetir cr the plalas wee zound,
varying tron 19 to 20 in, in diameter, aoa averaging spout 17" in. The
cratecy materiel nes thick buffalo aide, nish cis er to covers of oft
Greased buffalo, olf or deer skin, gut a for inusences ure Keown of
puigade cf netisd rola covered ith gofi dsenusdeakin, tho wiprosal
protecting power 1p euch cngse"esiig Holly due to. ite "nedlaine.” The
Resign ungn ie gutsiae cover wae cifterestotroe liar you tie iavide
Covel, miich Tact Wee exposed Oly et the votient of solng invo the tient,
by edsoaing und sirorsay sack ane oiveide cover, me srcvecting
Mleaicins" tut the tead and bridle ponaany were euslly kept Setween the
tro covers, ‘ie snieia wes cartied Yoon the left arm by ceans of = belt
Puosing over the shoulder, in eich @ way as zo permit the 2rse tse of
The daft mara to gresp the bor, of could be slung around to she Sack tn
a setreats te wes acfricient 10 stop en etrow or sumr. the stroKe of @
Janos, biz Eeferded oy light provecvion against @ bullet.

(3QTE: tn 1755 tne Stosnont ahiela nas three fect or nore in breadth
Thompson, SGI, ofted p. 170, supra). in 177 Indiana on the Copperaine
river Wad Wooden sillelas three quertsre Of en-inoh thick, two fest broad,
and thres eet lose, (Hearne, 149, cited p.i71, supra), shields 0}
Sige rere t90 Curbefaore tots oafvied on forss“back, 30 when the Horse
wes Soquired by the IndiGna a qualler shield oss into use, The larger
SHisid- was employed “co hide behind, while the smaller smield, adopted
Wheo the hores Was acquired, wae used to deflect or ward off blows and
Hiesles, Thus, the aoquiettion of the horee noaified the sise of the
shield, aid the aettod of using 18, just aa the acguisision cf the horee
led tothe shortening of the bow, and a chenge in the manner of drawing
Tt, "Thompson ices uot reGord that "medicine" ontlome, oF cevices to give
a shield susameturel porer 30 protest the omer were enployed on these
early enlelds, Hearie records taat his Indians made their shields just
before going into battle, and fails to mention that any "aedicine™ was
aitached to then t0 wake then wore potent in protecting their weare:
Tt is believed thet this protwotive aevios of putting "aecicine™ ine
shield wae not eepléyed unsil tae smaller gniela oane into use, There-

fore the acquisition of the horse wey heve also led 10 the enplorment

or teeatpinet ote the -cnteldc k eealice cnield save’ Tess actual srotectiony

Sug_soce supernatural power would then become yecsceery, attached 40 the
fei bee ener eae ts

snisid, to wake up for that deficiensy. J
a thas one 1800 daloried a day
Campaigning in the Philippines by Karl Givibg Favst, fail Fr: rag
Hicks-Judd Conpeny Publichere, 1889, Page 303, The Staff Deparment
the Atmy. The Subsistence Neparteent.

RATIONS OW THE TRANSPORTS.
Tae following teble ehows she quantity and description of food isaued to
{he troops on beard the transports en route from the United States to, the

Philippine Islande; the computations are for 1000 men:
MEATS.

Pork sessscsreeese 75 pound, 4

Bacon 2)tij,).is+ TO-pound

Freeh 835i O48" poamda, ox

Fresh. Boot 750 pounde

and aaned dalzon 125

Pounde vsees+++-+ 975 pounde,
FLOUR.

‘ABLES,

Flour «+++.4+++++-1185 pounds.
Dry Beate or Pease 75 pounde,
Rige or Eoniay ... SO pounds.

Freen Potavoes, 000
pounde, oF Polacoes:
++ 500 pounds.

700 pounds ..

acon... +++ 750 pounds.
Hard sréad...++,, 1000 pounds.
Beans tee EsO pounds,

Potatoes, onions
and Canned Tonat—

++ 382

Onions, 20¢ pounds
Canned Tomatoes, 300 pounde
Goffee, green «+
Sugar ceeeserscersore
Yineger

conde gns-saecigieaa

Weep a0: Ih asaya

lalg: 7- tancostaeaerad

Topper vege Rome
5 _poanda.

3,88 pounds,

3 IN THE FIELD,

Vinegar sesers+ 90 pounds,
Candles TINT Ibcpounda
Soap ssecess 20-peunds.

Msbeestecereeee
Repper, black

) 0-peunda

ose, when possibie1000 pound:

Gorree, roasted .. S0upound: For 1000 men .. 8807.5 pounde,
Sugar issese++2+s+ 150 pounds ‘Que zation 1 "5.37 pounds.

THE TRAVEL RATION.
The travel ration when en route, computed at the rate of 1000 ment
FOR FIRST FouR DAYS.

Hard Bread . + 1000 pounds. Coffee, roasted . 20 pounds.
Canned Beet 1 7eOrpounds. Sugars... ‘i50-pounde.
Baked Beans,

+ 450 pounds. One thousand rations .. 8490 pounid |
One ration . I) TBis5 pounds
appen FoURTR pay, ADDLTIOUAL

Towatoes, (gallon cans)

Orie Faby as1sfereesaaen oe

Col. Davia £, prainara has si

the Philippines.

‘pound cans

SA °As Ghiet Commissary with the Aroy tm

(See also notefacing Page 173)