Xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride combinations for general anaesthesia in sheep

182 Pages·2016·4.98 MB·English

XYLAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL ANAESTHESIA IN SHEEP (j
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SAMUEL DENNIS BYAGAGAIRE
UNIVERSITY Of NAIROBI
LIBRARY
A THFSIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE
DEGREE OF MASiER OF SCIENCE IN VETERINARY SURGERY
IN THE /uNIVFRSITi OF NAIROBI^ ,
1982.
D E C L A R A T I O N
<
(a) This thesis is n?y orig’ -il work and has not been
presented for a degree in any other University
- f t .......................................
SAMUEL DENNIS BYAGAGAIRE
(b) This thesis has been submitted for examination with
our approval as University supervisors.
Dr. STANLEY M. MBIUKI, B.V.M., M.S.
DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL STUDIES.
Dr. VIJAY S. VARI1A, B.V.M.; M.S.; Ph.D.
DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL STUDIES.
(iii)
LIST OF CONTFNTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................... fX1)
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... (vii i)
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... (ix)
LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................ (x) *
DEDICAT ION ----------------------— —.—-— — — -—--------- (xi v)
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... (x ii)
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................—- 3
XYLAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE ................................................................................ 3
Sedation -------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Analgesia-------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Muscle relaxation -------------------------------- 7
Agonist and local anaesthetic properties ------------------- 7
Respiratory system------------ 8
Blood glucose--------------------------------------------------------- 9
Urcgeni tal system----------------------------------------------------- 10
Gastro-intestinal tract ------------------------------------------- 11
Cardiovascular effects ------- 12
Heart rate ---------------- 12
Blood gas values and pH----------------------------- 13
Effect on blood------------------------------------------------------ 14
Metabolism------------------------------------------------- 15
Deaths------------------------------------------------------------------ 16
KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ................................................................................... 17
Metabolism------------------------------------------ 18
Anaesthesia----------------------------------------------------------- 18
tiv)
Page
Onset and duration of anaesthesia-------------------------------- 19
Analgesia-------------------------------------------------- 20
Development of tolerance ------------------------------------------- 21
Reflexes---------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Salivation-------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Temperature------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Respiration------------------------------------------------------------- 23
Cardiovascular effects -------------------------------------------- 24
Heart ra te --------------------------------------------------------- 24
Blood Pressure---------------------------------------------------- 24
Blood gases ana pH ------------------------------------------- 24
Blood glucose ------------------------------------------------------ 25
Effects on blood------------------------------------------- 25
Blood clotting tim e--------------------------------------- 25
Deaths-------------------------------------------------------------- 25
XYLAZINC HYDROCHLORIDE AND KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
COMBINATIONS ...........-........................................................................................... 27
Anaesthesia------------------------------------------------------- 27
Onset and duration of anaesthesia -------------------------- 27
Analgesia--------------------------------------------------------- 29
Muscle relaxation ----------------------------------------------- 30
Reflexes----------------------------------------------------------- 30
Temperature------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Respiration------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Cardiovascular effects ----------------------------------------- 32
Heart rate and cardiac output--------------------------- 32
Blood gases and pH ---------------------------------------- 32
Effects on blood--------------------------------------------- 32
Blood pressure----------------------------------------------- 33
A BRIEF REVIEW ON SOME OF THE INJECTABLE GENERAL
ANAESTHETICS THAT HAVE BEEN TRIED IN SHEEP..................................... 34
THE BARBITURATES 34
I*)
Page
MCthoKcn tflt --------------------------------------—
Perttebt^ctor»e Soil—".-------------------------------------- 3b
"TK i<jp<ritone ^A <u* — —■ ---- -----------------— -------- 37
CHLORAL HYDRATE - 37
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE 39
MATERIALS AND METHODS.............................................................................. 41
Location ---------------------------------------------------------- 41
Experimental Animals------------------- ------r— .---------- _ 41
Housing, Feeding and Routine treatments----------------- 42
Experimental drugs ------------------------------------------- 43
Xylazine hydrochloride ---------------------------------- 43
Ketamine hydrochloride ---------------------------------- 43
Experimental parameters -------------------------------------- 44
Blood samples----------------------------------------------- 45
Natural parameters------------------------------------— 45
Temperature-----------------------------------•------ 45
Heart ra te ------------------------■------------------ 45
Respiratory rate ----------------------------------- 46
Tain sensation--------------------------------------------- 46
Muscle Relaxation-------- -------------------------------- 46
Nystagmus---------------------------------------------------- 46
Times recorded--------------------------------------------- 47
Weak tim e------------------------------------------- 47
Sternal time --------------------------------------- 47
Lateral tim e----------------------------------------- 47
Upto sternal tim e---------------------------------- 47
Attempt to rise (from injection) tim e--------- 47
Attempt to rise (from sternal) tim e------------ 47
Standing tim e---------------------------------------- 47
Down tim e--------------------------------------------- 48
Salivation tim e------------------------------------- 48
Experimental Procedure ------------------------------------- 48
General Procedure --------------------------------------------- 48
(vi)
Page
Experimental Groups and Treatments ---------------------------- * 49
Group A --------------------------------------------- 49
Group B --------------------------------------------- 49
Group C --------------------------------------------- 49
Group D ...........-..................................................................... 50
Group E .................................................................................... 50
Group F ................................................................................... ' 50
Blood Analysis ------------------------------------------------------- 50
Packed cell volume (PCV) -------------------------------------- 50
Total Protein (TP) — ---------- 50
Hemoglobin (Hb) - --------------------------------------------- 52
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) ------------------------------- 52
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) ---------------------------------- 52
White Blood Cell Count (WBC) ---------------------------------- 52
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) ------ 52
Differential Cell Count ---------------------------------------- 52
Fecal sample analysis ---------------------------------------------- 53
Tape worm segments ---------------------------------------------- 53
Roundworm eggs--------------------------------------------------- 53
Coccidi a ----------------------------------------------------------- 53
Postmortems ---------------------------------------------------------- 53
RESULTS............................................................................................................................. 55
General observations --------------------------------------------- 55
Anaesthetic times ------------------------------------------------- 56
Temperature variations ------------------------------------------ 66
Heart rate------------------------------------------------------;— 66
Respiratory ra te -------------------------------------------------- 71
Effects on blood-------------------------------------------------- 71
Intramuscular injections ---------------------------------- 76
Intravenous injections ------------------------------------- 77
(Vl1)
Pago
DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 79
Intramuscular route-------- ------------------------------- 79
Anaesthetic times --------------------------------------- 79
Group 1 79
Group 2 81
Group 3 83
Group 4 84
Intravenous route------------------------------------------ 86
Anaesthetic times -------------------------------------- 86
*. Group 5 •------------------------------------ ------ - 86
Group 6 -------------------------------------------- 88
Group 7 -------------------------------------------- 89
Group 8 ------------------------------------------- 91
Nystagmus ----------------------------------------------------- 92
Regurgitation ----------------------------------------------- 92
Temperature variations ----------------------------------- 93
Heart rate--------------------------------------------------- 94
Respiratory ra te ------------------------------------------- 95
Effects on blood------------------------------------------- 96
CONCLUSIONS......................................-................................-........................ 98
Anaesthesia and Analgesia -------------------------------- 98
Blood Picture----------------------------------------------- 99
Temperature, Heart rate and Respiratory rate ------ 99
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................-................ 101
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... 112
I
(viii)
LIST OF TABLES - .
Table No. Title Pane
1 Treatments ---------------------------------------------- 51
_ /
2 Table of group means + SO (minutes).
Composite table of all 8 groups ................................. 57
3 Comparisons carried out (t-tests) --------------- 59
4 Comparison of times + SD obtained via the
intramuscular royte “(Groups 1-4) -----------— 60
5 Comparison of times + SD obtained via the
intravenous route (Groups 5-8) -------------------- 6?
6
Comparison of times + SD obtained via the
intramuscular and intravenous routes ----------- 63
7 ANOVA for temperature variations---------------- 68
8 ANOVA for variations in heart rate-------------- 69
9 ANOVA for variations in respiratory rates ------- 70
10 Mean values + SD for blooJ constituents at the
various times (Groups 1 and 2) intramuscular
route------------------------------------------------------- 72
11 Mean values + SD for blood constituents at
the various times (Groups 3 and 4) intramuscular
route-------------------------------------------------------- 73
12 Mean values + SD for blood constituents at
the various times (Groups 5 and 6) intravenous
route------------------------------------------------------- 74
13 Mean values + SD for blood constituents at the
various times (Groups 7 and 8) intravenous route - 75
(ix)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No, Title
1
Mean temperature variations -
intramuscular injections (Groups 1-4) ---- 67
2 Mean temperature variations -
intravenous injections^(Groups 5-8) ------ 67
(x)
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Title Page
No.
A(l)-A(8): Individual results for the times obtained
via the intramuscular and intravenous routes - 113
A(9)-A(22): Individual results for blood constituents
via the intramuscular route-------------------------- 122
A(23)-A(35): Individual results for blood constituents
via the intravenous route------------------------ 137
A(3b)-A(37): Individual results for temperatures at 5
minute intervals for the Intramuscular
(A36) and Intravenous (A37) routes -------------- 151
A(3C)-A(41): Individual results for heart rate for the
intramuscular and intravenous routes ----------- 154
A(42)-A(45): Individual results for respiratory rate for the
intramuscular and intravenous routes -..................... 159