World Civilizations: Volume II: Since 1500 PDF
Preview World Civilizations: Volume II: Since 1500
W fOifth editRion LD C IVILI ZATIONS Philip J. Adler East Carolina University Randall L. Pouwels University of Central Arkansas Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain United Kingdom • United States World Civilizations, Fifth Edition Philip J. Adler Randall L. 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Thomson Higher Education 20 Thomson Place Boston, MA 02210 USA Library of Congress Control Number: 2007927204 ISBN-13: 978-0-495-50262-3 ISBN-10: 0-495-50262-6 Brief Contents Maps xii 29 Th e Scientifi c Revolution and Its Enlightened Aftermath 389 Preface xiv About the Authors xix 30 Liberalism and the Challenge to Absolute Monarchy 403 Introduction to the Student xx 31 Th e French Revolution and the Empire of Napoleon 411 Part FOUR: Disequilibrium: The Western Encounter with the 32 Europe’s Industrialization and Its Social Non-Western World, – Consequences 424 CE 296 33 Europe in Ideological Confl ict 441 22 A Larger World Opens 298 34 Advanced Industrial Society 454 23 Th e Protestant Reformation 310 35 Consolidation of National States 466 24 Th e Rise and Fall of the Muslim 36 Th e Islamic World, 1600–1917 479 Empires 322 37 Africa in the Era of Informal Empire 492 25 Foundations of the European States 334 38 European Imperialism and Africa during 26 China from the Ming Th rough the Early the Age of Industry 505 Qing Dynasty 352 39 China and Southeast Asia in the Age of 27 Japan in the Era of European Imperialism 516 Expansion 363 40 Latin America from Independence to 28 From Conquest to Colonies in Hispanic Dependent States 526 America 374 41 Modern Science and its Implications 538 Worldview FOUR: Disequilibrium: The Western Encounter with the 42 World War I and Its Disputed Non-Western World, – Settlement 548 C.E. 384 Worldview FIVE: Revolutions, Ideology, and the New Part FIVE: Revolutions, Ideology, Imperialism, – 564 and the New Imperialism, – 386 iii Part SIX: Equilibrium Reestablished: 52 Africa’s Decolonization and Years of The Twentieth-Century World Independence 665 and Beyond, –Present 566 53 Latin America in the Twentieth Century 677 43 A Fragile Balance: Europe in the Twenties 569 54 Th e Reemergence of the Muslim World 690 44 Th e Soviet Experiment to World War II 581 55 Collapse and Reemergence in Communist Europe 704 45 Totalitarianism Refi ned: Th e Nazi State 593 56 A New Millennium 716 46 East Asia in a Century of Change 602 Worldview SIX: Equilibrium Reestablished: The Twentieth- 47 World War II 612 Century World and Beyond, –Present 726 48 High and Low Cultures in the West 625 Glossary G-1 49 Superpower Rivalry and the European Recovery 634 Answers to Test Your Knowledge A-1 Credits C-1 50 Decolonization and the Th ird World 644 Index I-1 51 Th e New Asiav 652 iv Contents Maps xii LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Elizabeth I of England Preface xiv (1533–1603) 316 About the Authors xix Religious Wars and Th eir Outcomes to 1600 317 Introduction to the Student xx France 317 Th e Spanish Netherlands 318 Th e Legacy of the Reformation 318 Part FOUR: Disequilibrium: The EVIDENCE OF THE PAST: The St. Bartholomew’s Day Western Encounter with Massacre 319 the Non-Western World, – ce 24 Th e Rise and Fall of the Muslim Empires 322 22 A Larger World Opens 298 Th e Ottoman Empire 322 Maritime Exploration in the 1400s 298 Ottoman Government 324 Overseas Empires and Th eir Eff ects 300 Non-Muslims under Ottoman Rule 325 Portuguese Pioneers 300 Th e Zenith of the Ottoman Empire: Suleiman SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: Vasco da Gama’s First and After 325 Contacts in East Africa 300 EVIDENCE OF THE PAST: Harem Intrigue in the Death of Suleiman’s Favorite Son 326 Th e Spanish Empire in the Americas 302 Th e African Slave Trade Opens 302 Th e Muslim Empires in Persia and India 327 Dutch and English Merchant-Adventurers 303 Th e Safavid Realm 327 Mercantilism 304 Th e Mughal Empire 328 Th e Columbian Exchange 304 PATTERNS OF BELIEF: The Rubaiyat of Omar European Impacts and Vice Versa 305 Khayyam 330 Th e Fate of the Amerindians 306 Racism’s Beginnings 306 25 Foundations of the European States 334 EVIDENCE OF THE PAST: Bartolomé de las Casas’s Report on the Indies 307 Th e Th irty Years’ War 335 Th eory and Practice of Royal Absolutism 337 French Government under Louis XIV 337 23 Th e Protestant Reformation 310 Strengths and Weaknesses of French Luther and the German National Church 310 Absolutism 338 Luther’s Beliefs 311 Revolt Against Royal Absolutism: Calvin and International Protestantism 312 Seventeenth-century England 339 Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared 313 Civil War: Cromwell’s Commonwealth 339 Other Early Protestant Faiths 314 Restoration and Glorious Revolution Th e Church of England 314 Th e Counter-Reformation 315 v of 1688 340 America 374 Political Th eory: Hobbes And Locke 341 Th e Fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires 374 Th e Colonial Experience 376 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: Women and the Colonial Administration 376 Guilds 341 Th e Church in the Colonies 376 Absolutism East of the Elbe 342 EVIDENCE OF THE PAST: Recovering Life Stories of the Prussia’s Rise 342 Voiceless: Testimonial Narratives by African Slaves 377 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Hobbes’s Leviathan 343 Th e Early Economic Structure 378 Th e Habsburg Domains 344 Stagnation and Revival in the Eighteenth Th e Struggle against the Ottomans 344 Century 378 Russia Under the Tsars 346 Colonial Society and Culture 379 Russia’s Antipathies to the West 346 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: Forced Labor and Debt Absolutism in Russia: Peter I 347 Peonage in the Spanish Colonies 381 26 China from the Ming Th rough the Early Worldview FOUR: Disequilibrium: The Qing Dynasty 352 Western Encounter with the Ming China, 1368–1644 352 Non-Western World, – Economic Progress 354 C.E Urbanization and Technology 354 Th e Ming Political System 355 Part FIVE: Revolutions, Ideology, Th e Bureaucracy 355 and the New Imperialism, Dealing with Foreigners 356 – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: Chinese Inventions 357 29 Th e Scientifi c Revolution and Its Th e Manzhou Invaders: Th e Qing Dynasty 358 Enlightened Aftermath 389 Qing Government 358 Th e Scientifi c Revolution of the Seventeenth LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Kangxi’s Sacred Edict 359 Century 389 Background of the Scientifi c Revolution 390 Qing Culture and Economy 359 Th e Progress of Scientifi c Knowledge: Progress and Problems 360 Copernicus to Newton 391 Religion And Science in the Seventeenth 27 Japan in the Era of European Century 391 Expansion 363 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: Isaac Newton Japan 363 (1642–1727) 392 First European Contacts: Christianity 364 Th e Tokugawa Shogunate 364 Th e Science Of Man 393 Th e Enlightenment 393 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Tokugawa Ieyasu Formative Figures and Basic Ideas 394 (1542–1616) 365 Th e Philosophes and Th eir Ideals 394 Shogun, Emperor, and Daimyo 366 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: Franklin as Economic Advances 366 Scientist 396 Peasants and Urbanites 368 Taming the Samurai 368 Economic Th ought: Adam Smith 397 Tokugawa Arts and Learning 368 Educational Th eory and the Popularization of Literature and Its Audiences 369 Knowledge 398 Adaptation and Originality 369 Ideals of the Enlightenment: Reason, Liberty, Response to Th e Western Challenge 369 Happiness 398 Th e Audience of the Philosophes 398 ARTS AND CULTURE: The Origins and Evolution of Haiku 370 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: The Enlightened Woman: Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) 400 Southeast Asia 371 28 From Conquest to Colonies in Hispanic vi 30 Liberalism and the Challenge to Absolute Occupations and Mobility 433 Monarchy 403 Female Occupations 433 Th e Liberal Creed 403 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: A Navvy’s Life on the Th e American Revolutionary War 404 Tramp 434 Results of the American Revolution in European Opinion 405 Th e Migration to the Cities: Urbanized Society 435 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: The Declaration of Urban Growth 435 Independence of 1776 and the Declaration of the Urban Classes and Lifestyles 435 Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 406 Diet And Nutrition 436 Public Health 436 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Thomas Paine Housing and Sanitation 436 (1737–1809) 407 Living Standards 437 Reforms and Improvements 437 31 Th e French Revolution and the Empire of SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: Cholera Arrives in Napoleon 411 Manchester, 1832 438 Th e Background to the Crisis 411 Constitutional Monarchy 412 Calling of the Estates 412 33 Europe in Ideological Confl ict 441 Th e National Assembly and Its Constitution 413 Liberalism in Politics and Economics 441 Th e Gospel of Free Enterprise 442 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: What Is the Third Estate? 413 Conservatism 443 Jacobin Terror 414 Moderate Conservatism 443 Reaction And Consolidation 415 Reaction 444 Th e Bonapartist Era Opens 415 Nationalism 444 Socialism in the Pre-Marx Era 444 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Maximilien Robespierre Political Events to 1848 445 (1758–1794) 416 Th e Liberal States: France and Britain 445 French Dominion Over Europe 417 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: Charles Fourier Napoleon: Pro Or Con 418 (1772–1837) 447 Th e Vienna Settlement 419 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: The Civil Code of 1804 419 ARTS AND CULTURE: George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788–1824) 448 Overall Estimate of the Vienna Settlement 421 Th e Reactionary States: Austria, Russia, and 32 England’s Industrialization and Its Social Prussia 449 Consequences 424 Th e Revolts of 1848 449 Prerequisites For Industrial Production 425 Two Phases 450 Agrarian Improvements 425 Consequences 451 Th e Method Of Machine Industry 426 Th e Factory 426 34 Advanced Industrial Society 454 England: Th e Initial Leader in Industrialism 426 Th e Second Industrial Revolution 454 New Energy Sources 456 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: Textile Mills’ Labor 427 New Forms of Business Organization 456 Social Results of the Second Industrial SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: Adam Smith on Revolution 457 Specialization 428 Socialism After 1848: Marxism 458 Spread of the Industrial Revolution 428 Marxist Th eory 458 Railroads 430 PATTERNS OF BELIEF: Karl Marx (1818–1883) 459 Phases of the Industrial Revolution 431 Traditional Social Structures and Impacts of Early LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Communist Manifesto 460 Industry 431 Th e Structure of the Family and Household 432 Marxist Organizations 460 Th e Place of Children 432 Rivals to Marxism 461 Relations Between Men and Women 433 vii Reform and Revisionism 461 38 European Imperialism and Africa During Emigration Overseas 462 the Age of Industry 505 Th e Background of the New Imperialism, SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: Home Work: Berlin 1898 462 1790–1880 505 Destinations 463 Rivalry for New Markets 506 Types of Emigrants 464 Strategic Issues 506 Nationalism and the Clash of Rival 35 Consolidation of National States 466 Imperialisms 506 Russia 466 Th e “White Man’s Burden” 506 Th e Great Reforms 467 Th e Scramble For Africa, 1880–1914 506 France 469 Reactions To European Domination 508 Th e Unifi cation Of Italy 469 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: One Who Resisted 509 Th e Unifi cation Of Th e Germanies 471 Changes in African Societies 510 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Giuseppe Garibaldi Undermining of the Old Ways 511 (1807–1882) 472 Economic Changes 511 Th e Multinational Empire of Austria-hungary 474 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: Women of Colonial Th e United States in the Industrial Age 475 Africa 513 Industrial Progress 475 Th e Nature of U.S. Industrialization 475 Th e Modern Nation-State 476 39 China and Southeast Asia in the Age of Imperialism 516 36 Th e Islamic World, 1600–1917 479 China 516 Th e Decline of the Muslim Empires 480 Th e Decline of the Qing Dynasty 516 Th e Strengths and Weaknesses of Ottoman Th e Taiping Rebellion 517 Civilization 480 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: A Novel Cure for the Opium Th e Decline of the Ottoman Empire 480 Plague 518 Safavid and Mughal Decline 481 Th e Muslim Lands Until World War I 482 Failure of the Late Qing Dynasty Reforms of the Muslim Ruling Elites 483 Restoration 519 Th e Tanzimat 483 Chinese Disintegration after 1895 520 Egypt and Sudan under Muhammad Ali Southeast Asia 520 and Khedive Ismail 484 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Empress Cixi (1835–1908) 521 Reforms under the Iranian Shahs 486 Social and Intellectual Responses 487 Wahhabi Fundamentalism and Jihad 487 40 Latin America from Independence to Th e Salafi Movement 487 Dependent States 526 Th e Independence Movements 527 PATTERNS OF BELIEF: The Founding Figure of Islamic Th e Age of Chaos and Caudillos 528 Fundamentalism and Reform 488 National Consolidation Under Oligarchies 531 Arab Nationalism 489 Social Distinctions 532 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: Women’s Voices in 37 Africa in the Era of Informal Nineteenth-Century Latin America 533 Empire 492 Th e Era of Informal Empire 492 Land and Labor 534 Th e Slave Trade and Its Results 493 Latin American and Caribbean Cultures 534 Intensifi cation of European Contacts 495 ARTS AND CULTURE: Multicultural Music: Argentina’s LAW AND GOVERNMENT: The Letter of King Affonso of Tango and Brazil’s Samba 535 Kongo, 1526 496 North Africa 497 41 Modern Science and its West Africa 498 Implications 538 South Africa 500 Th e Physical Sciences 538 East Africa 501 Biology 539 Physics 539 viii SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: Charles Darwin Refl ects on Totalitarian Government 571 The Origin of Species 540 Five Characteristics 571 Antirationalism 571 Astronomy 541 Italian Fascism 572 Th e Social Sciences 542 Fascist Economic and Social Policies 572 Psychology 542 Germany in the Postwar Era 572 Anthropology and Sociology 543 Th e Malaise in Twentieth-Century Society 543 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) 573 ARTS AND CULTURE: Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) 544 Reparations 574 Religious Th ought and Practice 545 Infl ation and Middle-Class Ruin 574 Churches under Attack 545 Eastern Europe 574 Th e Christian Revival 545 Th e Western Democracies 575 Britain 575 42 World War I and Its Disputed France 576 Settlement 548 Th e United States 576 Prewar Diplomacy 548 International Relations on Th e Eve of the Th e Triple Alliance 549 Depression 576 Th e Anglo-French Entente and the Anglo-Russian Agreement 549 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: The Roaring Twenties 577 Causes of the War 549 Military Action, 1914–1918 551 44 Th e Soviet Experiment to Th e Bloody Stalemate 552 World War II 581 U.S. Entry and Russian Exit 553 Th e March Revolution, 1917 581 EVIDENCE OF THE PAST: Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet Th e Bolsheviks 582 on the Western Front 553 Th e October Revolution 583 Civil War 583 Collapse of the Central Powers 554 Economic Revival and Internal Struggles 583 Th e Home Front During the War 555 Th e Five-Year Plans 585 Social Behavior 555 Agrarian Collectivization 585 Psychic Consequences 556 Industrial Progress 585 Th e Peace Treaties, 1919–1920 556 Confl icting Principles and Th eir LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Leon Trotsky Compromise 557 (1879–1940) 586 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Nicky and Sunny 558 Th e Stalinist Dictatorship 587 Th e Purges: A Terrorized Society 587 Evaluation Of Th e Treaties 559 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY: Josef Stalin, Husband and LAW AND GOVERNMENT: The Versailles Treaty, 1919 560 Father 588 Worldview FIVE: Revolutions, Ideology, Life Under the Dictatorship 589 and the New Imperialism, Possibilities Expanded 589 – 564 Liberties Suppressed 589 Material and Social Welfare in the Interwar Soviet Union 590 Part SIX: Equilibrium Reestablished: The Twentieth-Century World 45 Totalitarianism Refi ned: Th e Nazi and Beyond, –Present 566 State 593 Hitler and the Th ousand-Year Reich 593 Hitler’s Early Career 593 43 A Fragile Balance: Europe in the Th e Nazi Program 594 Twenties 569 Th e Great Depression’s Eff ects 594 Political and Economic Backdrop 570 LAW AND GOVERNMENT: Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) 595 Political Diversity 570 Keynesian Economics 570 Th e Seizure of Power 596 Marxist Successes and the Soviet Chimera 570 Th e Nazi Domestic Regime 597 ix
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