Wireless Personal Communications: The Evolution of Personal Communications Systems

222 Pages·1996·7.9 MB·English

by  Theodore S. Rappaport, Brian D. Woerner, Jeffrey H. Reed (eds.), Thomas F. Evans (auth.)

WIRELESS PERSONAL
COMMUNICATIONS
The Evolution of
Personal Communications Systems
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
WIRELESS PERSONAL
COMMUNICATIONS
The Evolution 0/
Personal Communications Systems
edited by
Theodore S. Rappaport
Brian D. Woerner
Jeffrey H. Reed
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
& State University
~.
SPRlNGER. SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
"
ISBN 978-1-4613-7509-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-5491-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5491-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available
from the Library of Congress.
Copyright ~ 1996 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, in 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1996
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Printed on acid-free paper.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
I WIRELESS NETWORKS AND SERVICES
1. DID Truuks Via The Cellular System 1
Thomas F. Evans
2. 28 GHz Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS): 7
Strengths and Challenges
Scott Y. Seidel and Hamilton W. Arnold
3. A Wireless Infrastructure to Support Research Activities 19
Alex Hills and Richard Hovey
4. A CDPD Performance Model for an Intelligent 27
Transportation Systems Architecture
Evaluation
Steven P. Arnold, Russell W. Taylor and Mark A. Wallace
5. Capacity of Channel Hopping Channel Stream On 39
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)
Jay M. Jacobsmeyer
6. A CSMA/CA Protocol for Wireless Desktop 51
Communications
Jim Lansford
II WIRELESS CDMA
7. CDMA Forward Link Capacity in a Flat 59
Fading Channel
Louay M.A. Jalloul and Kamyar Rohani
vi
8. The Effect of Directional Antennas in CDMA 71
Wireless Local Loop Systems
Alper T. Erdogan, Ayman F. Naguib, and
Arogyaswami Paulraj
9. Decision-Directed Coherent Delay-Locked PN 81
Tracking Loop for DS-CDMA
M. Sawahashi and F. Adachi
III ANTENNAS, PROPAGATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
10. Adaptive Beamforming for Wireless Commnnications 89
J. Litva, A. Sandhu, K. Cho, and T. Lo
11. PCS System Design Issues in the Presence of 95
Microwave OFS
Thomas T. Tran, So lyman Ashrafi and A. Richard Burke
12. An Evaluation Point Culling Algorithm for 111
Radio Propagation Simulation Based on the
Imaging Method
Satoshi Takahashi, Kazuhito Ishida, Hiroshi Yoshiura
and Arata Nakagoshi
13. Space vs. Polarization Diversity Gain in 2 GHz PCS 1900 123
Paul Donaldson, Robert Ferguson, Eric Kmiec and
Robert Voss
14. Minimization of Outage Probability in Cellular 135
Communication Systems by Antenna Beam Tilting
Josef Fuhl and Andreas F. Molisch
15. Performance of RSS-, SIR-based Handoff and 147
Soft Handoff in Microcellular Environments
Per-Erik Ostling
vii
IV. SIMULATION, MODULATION AND EQUALIZATION FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
16. On the Use of Signal-To-Noise Ratio Estimation 159
for Establishing Hidden Markov Models
William H. Tranter and Otto H. Lee
17. On the Performance of 4-Phase Sequences in 171
Asynchronous CDMA Systems
Mark D. Burroughs and Stephen G. Wilson
18. Adaptive MLSE Equalization Forms for Wireless 183
Communications
Gregory E. Bottomley and Sandeep Chennakeshu
19. Simulation of RBDS AM Subcarrier Modulation 195
Techniques to Determine BER and Audio Quality
Shaheen Saroor, Robert Kubichek, Jim Schroeder
and Jim Lansford
20. Simulation of Reverse Channel of Narrowband PCS 201
Rade Petrovic, John N. Daigle and Paolo Giacomazzi
INDEX 213
PREFACE
Wireless personal communications, or wireless as it is now being called, has arrived.
The hype is starting to fade, and the hard work of deploying new systems and services
for personal communications is underway. In the United States, the FCC propelled the
wireless era from infancy to mainstream with a $7.7 billion auction of 60 MHz of radio
spectrum in the 180011900 MHz band. With the largest single sale of public property
in the history of mankind mostly complete, the resources of the entire world are being
called upon to develop inexpensive, rapidly deployable wireless systems and sub-
scriber units for an industry that is adding s\lbscribers at greater than 50% annual rate.
This growth is commonplace for wireless service companies throughout the world, and
in the U.S., where as many as 7 licensed wireless service providers may be competing
for cellularlPCS customers within the next couple of years, differentiators in cost, qual-
ity, service, and coverage will become critical to customer acceptance and use. Many
of these issues are discussed in the papers included in this book.
Wireless communications is being woven into the fabric of the human condition at a
rate which is difficult to fathom. While it has taken standard wireline telephone service
nearly 120 years to reach about 700 million inhabitants around the globe, it has taken
less than 20 years for wireless to reach the 50 million mark. Whereas the wireline
growth rate of 3% is in line with global population growth, the planet's wireless sub-
scription base is doubling every 20 months. In following the heels of the world wide
telephone network buildout and the maturation of the personal computer industry, the
wireless future has arrived, and one of the greatest challenges now facing service pro-
viders and manufacturers is the ability to find and train technical personnel in this rap-
idly expanding field. It is for this reason that the Mobile & Portable Radio Research
Group (MPRG) at Virginia Tech sponsors the annual symposium on wireless personal
communications during the first full week of June. Wireless practitioners gather in
Blacksburg each year, where they can mingle with students, meet new and old friends,
and learn the latest in wireless communications theories and techniques from authors
who have submitted peer reviewed papers.
It is a pleasure to present this compilation of papers and lectures presented at the 5th
Virginia Tech Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications. Papers that deal
with the topics of wireless networks and services, code division multiple access, anten-
nas and propagation, and simulation, modulation and equalization for wireless links are
presented here. These works represent new and original research in a number of
emerging areas, and provide valuable insight into practical and theoretical issues facing
the wireless field.
In Section I. Wireless Networks and Services, six papers are presented. Thomas
Evans proposes a novel wireless trunked service that is being deployed by Bell South
in Latin America. By exploiting capacity on existing cellular carriers, the paper shows
that it is possible to instantly deploy an office PBX system instead of waiting weeks or
months for conventional wireline service. Scott Seidel and Pete Arnold provide new
x
propagation measurement results and system comparisons for the 28 GHz Local
Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) that may become an important wideband ser-
vice by the 21st century. Alex Hills and Richard Hovey demonstrate a new testbed
approach by using a wireless infrastructure on the Carnegie Mellon University campus.
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) and Wireless LANs (WLAN) are used as inte-
gral parts of the proposed infrastructure. Steve Arnold, Russell Taylor, and Mark
Wallace present a new CDPD performance model that can be used to evaluate commu-
nication network architectures for emerging intelligent transportation systems. Jay
Jacobsmeyer derives a method for computing the capacity of CDPD when used in a
hopping and non-hopping mode, and demonstrates the usefulness of selecting CDPD
channels based on carrier-to-interference measurements. Jim Lansford takes the reader
from the cellular world to the world of the personal deskspace. His paper illustrates a
pico-cell wireless protocol that is proposed for communications between peripherals in
and around a personal computer or workstation.
Section II, Wireless CDMA contains papers that develop analysis techniques and
performance measures for code division multiple access systems. Louay M.A. Jalloul
and Kamyar Rohani present analysis and simulation results that show the benefits of-
fered by soft handoff. Using a slow Rayleigh fading channel model, a wide range of
system parameters are varied to determine the sensitivity of CDMA capacity. Alper T.
Erdogan, Ayman F. Naguib, and Arogyaswarni Paulraj of Stanford University present
analysis techniques that may be used to determine the signal-to-noise ratio for reverse
channel CDMA systems using directional antennas. Capacity gains are readily achiev-
able since the base station antenna patterns may be selected to provide minimum inter-
ference for a particular mobile user. M. Sawahashi and F. Adachi present a novel im-
plementation of a direct sequence delay-lock tracking loop based on decision-directed
feedback. Tracking loops are required for rapid spreading code acquisition and track-
ing, and simulations are conducted to demonstrate the bit error rate of the new scheme.
Section III, Antennas, Propagation and System Design includes six papers that
cover modern aspects of personal communications system design, and provides results
for new antenna and propagation methods and models. J. Litva, A. Sandhu, K. Cho
and T. Lo present a wide range of diversity receiver structures that employ adaptive
beamforming to improve link performance. Thomas Tran, Solyman Ashrafi and Rich-
ard Burke demonstrate diffraction and ray tracing prediction models for urban
microcell and PCS systems. Satoshi Takahashi, Kazuhito Ishida, Hiroshi Yoshiura and
Arata Nakagoshi present a three-dimensional propagation modeling technique that
uses the method of images to reduce computation time. Paul Donaldson, Robert
Ferguson, Eric Kmiec and Robert Voss describe field measurements at 1900 MHz to
quantify the diversity improvement at the base station, and find that polarization diver-
sity may offer advantages to the conventional space diversity scheme. Josef Fuhl and
Andreas F. Molisch use the concept of antenna beam tilting to minimize the outage for
users in a cellular system, based on carrier-to-interference supplied by co-channel base
stations. Soft handoffs based on radio signal strength and interference measurements
are the subject of study in Per-Erik Ostling's paper. In this work, Ostling demonstrates
xi
that the use of signal-to-interference ratio measurements by the mobile can reduce the
number of required handoffs to half of that required when signal strength alone is used
by the base station to determine handoff thresholds.
Section IV of this book treats Simulation, Modulation, and Equalization for Wire-
less Communications. Using a simple two-level finite state Markov approach, Wil-
liam H. Tranter and Otto Lee model the mobile radio channel to estimate the signal to
noise ratio during fading states. The resulting model is fast and efficient and lends it-
self well to simulation. Mark D. Burroughs and Stephen G. Wilson make an important
observation that 4-phase sequences in a CDMA system offers better cross correlation
properties than standard binary sequences. Their work considers deterministic bit pat-
terns and the resulting correlation properties from psuedorandom codes. Gregory E.
Bottomley and Sandeep Chennakeshu present the principles of maximum likelihood
sequence estimation (MLSE) and demonstrate an Ungerbock receiver for time-varying
multipath channels. Shaheen Saroor, Robert Kubichek, Jim Schroeder and Jim
Lansford present a simulation methodology for low data rate radio broadcast data sys-
tems (RBDS) that use AM subcarrier signaling. In the final paper of this book, Rade
Petrovic, John N. Daigle and Paolo Giacomazzi present results of packet throughput
for narrowband PCS systems. By considering multiple users, the authors determine the
likelihood of packet collisions, which are shown to be close to field measurements.
With the wireless communications field growing at such a clip, one book cannot hope
to cover all of the pertinent topics of research. However, we hope this compilation of
papers will serve as a useful source book for many key areas which are of interest to
the wireless community. Nothing can replace the benefit of personal interaction with
authors or the hallway discussions that occur at each symposium, but this book should
provide a glimpse into the types of problems being pursued by researchers and practi-
tioners throughout the world.
This text would not have been possible without the hard work and dedication of many
people. The outstanding papers presented here are due to the efforts of our authors, to
whom we are most grateful to for not only submitting their work, but for visiting our
campus and sharing their results in person. The MPRG Industrial Affiliates board,
which is made up of representatives from AT&T, Bellcore, BellSouth, BNR, FBI,
Grayson Electronics, GTE, MCI, Motorola, National Semiconductor, Southwestern
Bell, Telesis Technologies Laboratory, and Texas Instruments plays a major role in
wireless research at our university, and has perpetuated this symposium and collection
of papers through their financial and moral support. Jenny Frank, Annie Wade and
Kathy Wolfe have once again coordinated the symposium and the preparation of this
book in wonderful fashion.
Finally, it is our hope that the wireless community finds this collection of papers useful,
and we hope to see you at a future symposium on the campus of Virginia Tech.