Wind Turbine Technology

418 Pages·2010·7.73 MB·English

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Ahmad Hemami
Associate of
McGill University, Montreal, Canada
and
Iowa Lakes Community College, IA, USA
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Wind Turbine Technology © 2012 Cengage Learning
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to my wife Shahla,
and to our daughter Mana and our son Pooya.
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Table of Contents
PREFACE xiii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
1.0 Introduction 2
1.1 Historical background 2
1.2 Importance of renewable energy 3
1.3 Technical issues 4
1.4 Wind farm development 6
1.5 Wind turbine siting 8
1.6 New and future technologies 9
1.7 Outline of the text 9
1.8 Chapter summary 11
Review questions 12
Problems 13
Project 13
References 14
CHAPTER 2 Energy in the Wind 15
2.0 Introduction 16
2.1 Energy in a moving object 16
2.2 Energy in a moving fl uid 17
2.2.1 Fluid moving in a pipe 17
2.2.2 Fluid moving with no boundary 18
2.3 Power in the wind 19
2.4 Power absorption by a turbine 20
2.5 Wind speed variation 21
2.5.1 Wind speed variation with time 21
2.5.2 Wind speed variation with height 24
2.5.3 Wind speed variation with terrain 25
2.5.4 Wind speed variation with
geographic zone 26
2.6 Chapter summary 26
Advanced learning 27
v
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vi Contents
Review questions 29
Problems 29
Project 29
CHAPTER 3 Fundamentals 31
3.0 Introduction 32
3.1 Force from wind 32
3.2 Aerodynamic force 36
3.3 Lift and drag coeffi cients 37
3.4 Airfoils 38
3.5 Chapter summary 43
Advanced learning 44
Review questions 44
Problems 45
Project 46
CHAPTER 4 Wind Turbine Basic Types: Analysis
and Characteristics 47
4.0 Introduction 48
4.1 Turbine classifi cation 48
4.2 Propeller wind turbine 49
4.2.1 Propeller wind turbine blades
and the wind force 50
4.2.2 Blade twist 53
4.2.3 Yawing into wind or out of wind 54
4.3 The H-rotor 54
4.4 Darrieus turbine 57
4.5 Savonius rotor 58
4.6 Chapter summary 61
Advanced learning 62
Review questions 62
Project 63
CHAPTER 5 Three-Blade Propeller-Type
Wind Turbine and Its Components 65
5.0 Introduction 66
5.1 Mechanical components 67
5.1.1 Tower 67
5.1.2 Foundation 70
5.1.3 Rotor (blades and hub) 71
5.1.4 Nacelle 75
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Contents vii
5.1.5 Gearbox 79
5.1.6 Turbine brake 81
5.2 Electrical components 82
5.2.1 Generators 82
5.2.2 Transformers 84
5.3 Other components 85
5.4 Chapter summary 86
Review questions 87
CHAPTER 6 Electricity and Electric Generation 89
6.0 Introduction 90
6.1 AC and DC 91
6.2 Electrical parameters 92
6.2.1 Electric current, current direction,
and frequency 92
6.2.2 Voltage and power 94
6.3 Electric machines 96
6.3.1 Electric motors 96
6.3.2 Electric generators 98
6.4 DC machines 100
6.4.1 General notes 100
6.4.2 Practical concerns for DC machines 101
6.5 AC machines 102
6.5.1 General notes 102
6.5.2 Practical concerns for AC machines 103
6.6 Source and load in electric circuits 103
6.6.1 Connecting loads to a source 104
6.6.2 Connecting generators together 105
6.6.3 Connecting wind turbines together 107
6.7 Chapter summary 111
Advanced learning 112
Review questions 113
Problems 114
Projects 115
CHAPTER 7 Propeller-Type Wind
Turbine Characteristics 117
7.0 Introduction 118
7.1 Mechanical power 118
7.1.1 Power in linear motion 119
7.1.2 Power in rotational motion 121
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viii Contents
7.2 Diagrams 122
7.2.1 First example 122
7.2.2 Second example 123
7.3 Mechanical power in a turbine 124
7.3.1 Effect of the angular speed change
and tip speed ratio in a turbine 126
7.3.2 Effect of changing the blade
pitch angle 129
7.4 Turbine power variation with angular speed 131
7.5 Daily energy production by a turbine 132
7.5.1 Problem statement 133
7.5.2 Solution 134
7.5.3 Variable pitch turbine 135
7.6 Annual energy production 138
7.7 Chapter summary 139
Advanced learning 140
Review questions 141
Problems 142
Project 143
CHAPTER 8 Grid Connection 145
8.0 Introduction 146
8.1 Electrical power 147
8.1.1 Power in DC electricity 147
8.1.2 Power in AC electricity 148
8.2 Grid power requirement 168
8.3 Harmonics and power quality 170
8.4 Wind turbine as a discrete generator 171
8.5 Islanding 172
8.6 Chapter summary 173
Advanced learning 175
Review questions 177
Problems 177
Project 178
CHAPTER 9 Wind Turbine Mechanical Systems 179
9.0 Introduction 180
9.1 Gearbox fundamentals 180
9.1.1 Gear types based on gear axes 182
9.1.2 Gear types based on tooth form 182
9.1.3 Other types of gears 183
9.1.4 Planetary gears 184
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