WHO-Afro

418 Pages·2010·3.24 MB·English

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Technical Guidelines for
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2010

Technical Guidelines for
Integrated Disease Surveillance
and Response in the
African Region

October 2010

World Health Organization Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Regional Office for Africa Center for Global Health
Disease Prevention and Control Division of Public Health Systems and
Cluster Workforce Development
Brazzaville, Republic of Congo Atlanta, Georgia, USA

The second edition of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) Technical
Guidelines was prepared by the Disease Prevention and Control Cluster with active participation
and involvement of programmes dealing with disease surveillance at the WHO Regional Office
for Africa (AFRO), Brazzaville, Congo as well as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), Atlanta, USA.

The purpose of the revision was to update existing information, include other priority diseases,
conditions and public health events and incorporate aspects of the International Health
Regulations (IHR) that deal with disease surveillance.

In planning to update these guidelines, suggestions and advice for improving the
recommendations were sought and gratefully received from the IDSR development teams who
prepared the 1st edition. This revision builds on the technical expertise from more than 100
surveillance and disease experts at WHO, CDC and Ministries of Health in African countries
who conceived and produced the 1st edition.

The revision process involved internal WHO consultation followed by a wider consultation that
involved a series of meetings with various partners and Member States. In addition, an ad hoc
IDSR task force was constituted to help with the revision process. The final draft was peer
reviewed by the ad hoc task force as well as during a final partner consultative meeting held in
August 2010.

Compiled and edited by:

Dr Francis Kasolo, MD, MSc, PhD, DTM&H RCP
Program Manger, Integrated Disease Surveillance
Disease Prevention and Control Cluster
WHO AFRO
Brazzaville, Congo

Dr Jean Baptist Roungou, MD, MPH
Director
Disease Prevention and Control Cluster
WHO AFRO
Brazzaville, Congo

Helen Perry, PhD
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Center for Global Health
Division of Public Health Systems and Workforce Development
Field Epidemiology and Systems Development Branch
Atlanta, Georgia
Authors
The persons listed in the table below have actively participated at various stages of writing and
revising this document.

CDC WHO
Dr Peter Nsubuga Dr Adamou Yada, EPR/DPC
Chief, Field Epidemiology and Systems Dr Fernardo Da Silveira, IDS/DPC
Development Branch, Division of Public Dr Kwenteminga Tshioko, IDS/DPC
Health Workforce and Systems Development,
Dr Louis H. Ouedraogo, IDS/DPC
Center for Global Health
Dr Peter Gaturuku, IDS/DPC

Dr. Helen Perry Dr Ali Yahaya, IDS/DPC
Team Lead, IDSR, Field Epidemiology and Dr Boureima Sambo, NPC/DPC
Systems Development Branch, Division of Dr Zabloni Yoti EPR/DPC
Public Health Workforce and Systems Dr Wondimagegnehu Alemu, WR Sierra Leone
Development, Center for Global Health
Dr Bernido Impouma EPR/DPC

Dr Celia Woodfill EPR/DPC
Mr Kevin Embrey
Dr Ladry Bide NTD/DPC
Fellow, Association of Schools of Public
Health, Field Epidemiology and Systems Dr Patience Mensah, FAN/HPR
Development Branch, Division of Public Dr Bakyaita Nathan MAL/ATM
Health Workforce and Systems Development, Dr Abdikamal Alisalad, RPA/ATM
Center for Global Health
Dr Deo Nshimirimana IVD/ARD

Dr Ekeke Monono MVI/DPC
USAID
Dr Abel Dushimimana MPS/FRH
Dr Sambe Duale
Dr Henriette Wembanyama TUB/ATM
Technical Director and Infectious Disease
Dr Sebastiana Da Gama Nkomo MVI/DPC
Advisor
Dr. Jean-Marie Dangou, NPC/DPC
USAID/Africa’s Health in 2010
Washington, DC Dr Sidi Allel Louazani, HRF/HPR
Mr Corera Choueibou , IDS/DPC
Dr Phanuel Habimana, CAH/DRH

Cover Design and Graphic Support by: Diane Speight (B.A.), CDC, Atlanta

The material in this manual is in the public domain. It may be used and reprinted without permission. However,
please refer to the suggested citation: World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(2010). Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in the African Region, Brazzaville,
Republic of Congo and Atlanta, USA,: 1-398.
Acknowledgments
The following individuals provided technical contributions during the review of the 2nd edition and are
gratefully acknowledged.

Centers for Disease Control and World Health Organization
Prevention (CDC)

Dr Ray Arthur Dr Pierre Nabeth, IHR/ Lyon
Center for Global Health, Division of Global Dr Stella Chungong, IHR/WHO HQ
Disease Detection and Emergency Response Dr Rajesh Sreedharan, IHR/WHO HQ

Mr Tukuru Michael, EPR/DPC
Mr Peter Edwards
Mr Sanyang Yahaya, EPR/DPC
Center for Global Health, Division of Public
Dr Toshiyasu Shimizu, NTD/DPC
Health Systems and Workforce Development
Dr Samuel Okiror, IVD/ARD
Dr Sharon McDonnell Dr Solomon Nzioka, PHE/ HPR
Consulting Medical Epidemiologist to Dr Nzuzi Katondi, DPC/ Angola
Center for Global Health and Dr Ekwanzala Florent , DPC/ DRC
Associate Professor, Dartmouth Medical
Dr Kunuz Abdella, DPC/ Ethiopia
School, Department of Family and Community
Dr Musa Emmanuel, DPC/ Nigeria
Medicine and
The Dartmouth Institute of Health Care and Dr Opata Harry, DPC/ South Africa
Health Policy Dr Kone Mamadou Lamine, IST Central Africa
Hanover New Hampshire, USA Dr Adama Berthé, IST West Africa

Dr Eseko Nicholas, IST South & East Africa

Dr Aisu Thomas, IST South & East Africa
United States Agency for
Dr Idrissa Sow, WR Eriteria
International Development
Dr Balcha Masresha. IVD/ARD

Dr Barrysson Andriamahefazafy, WR Cap Verde
Dr Diafouka Saila-Ngita,
Dr Thomas Sukwa, WR Gambia
USAID/Respond Project, Kinshasa
Dr Edoh SoumbeyAlley, AHO/ARD

Dr Jean B. Ndihokubwayo, BLT/HSS
Dr Charles Sagoe Moses, MPS/FRH
Dr Yokouide Allarangar, WR Guinea Bissau
Dr John Clements, Consultant
We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the following WHO programs, CDC divisions and
USAID colleagues:

Centers for Disease Control and WHO African Regional Office (AFRO)
Prevention (CDC)

Division of Public Health Systems and Immunization and Vaccine Development (IVD)
Workforce Development (DPHSWD) Tuberculosis (TUB)
Division of Global Diseasae Detection Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD)
and Emergency Response (DGDDER) Non Communicable Disease ( NCD)
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Child and Adolescent Health (CAH)
Malaria (DPDM) HIV/AIDS (RPA)
Division of Preparedness and Malaria Control (MAL)
Emereging Infections (DPEI) Mental Health Violence and Injuries (MVI)
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Assistant Regional Directors Office ( ARD)
Environmental Diseases (DFWED) International Health Regulations ( HQ & Lyon)
Division of High Consequence
Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP)
Division of Vector Borne Diseases
(DVBD)
Division of Viral Hepatitis (DVH)
Influenza Division
Division of Viral Diseases (DVD)
Division of Nutrition, Physical
Activity, and Obesity (DNPAO)
Division of Adult and Community
Health (DACH)

United States Agency for
International Development (USAID)

Africa’s Health in 2010 Project

The revision of the technical guideline was supported through a cooperation grant from the United States
Agency for International Development, Bureau for Africa (USAID/AFR), Washington, DC. The editors
and authors acknowledge the commitment of Ms Mary Harvey, USAID/AFR to the partnerships that have
contributed to improving public health in the Africa Region.
Abbreviations

AFP Acute flaccid paralysis
ARI Acute respiratory infection
AEFI Adverse events following immunization
AFRO WHO Regional Office for Africa
BU Buruli ulcer
CFR Case fatality rate
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CCHF Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
DHF Dengue haemorrhagic fever
DSS Dengue shock syndrome
DRRT District epidemic rapid response team
DHMT District Health Management Team
EHF Ebola haemorrhagic fever
EPR Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response
EPI Expanded Program on Immunizations
XDR-TB Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis
Hib Haemophilus influenzae type b
HAV Hepatitis A Virus
HBV Hepatitis B Virus
HCV Hepatitis C Virus
HDV Hepatitis D Virus
HMIS Health management information system
HSV Herpes simplex virus
HEV Hepatitis E Virus
HBP High blood pressure
HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
PIV Human parainfluenza virus
IPC Infection Prevention and Control
ILI Influenza-like Illness
ITN Insecticide treated nets
IDS Integrated Disease Surveillance
IDSR Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response
Abbreviations

IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
IHR International Health Regulations
LBW Low birth weight
LF Lymphatic filariasis
MUAC Middle upper arm circumference
MDR-TB Multi drug resistant tuberculosis
Nm Neisseria meningitides
NNT Neo-natal tetanus
NCD Non-communicable disease
PPE Personal protective equipment
PoE Point of Entry
PHEIC Public health emergencies of international concern
PHEMC Public health emergency management committees
PHENC Public health event of national concern
RRT Rapid response team
RVF Rift Valley Fever
SARI Severe Acute Respiratory Infection
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
STI Sexually transmitted infection
TB Tuberculosis
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VHF Viral haemorrhagic fever
WNV West Nile Virus
WHO World Health Organization