White Supremacy: A Comparative Study of American and South African History

382 Pages·1981·10.65 MB·English

by  George M. Fredrickson

WHITE
SUPREMACY
A ComparSattuidvye
inA meriacnSadon u Atfhr iHciasnt ory
Fredrickson
George M.
NewY ork Oxofrd
OXFORDU NIVERSITY PRESS
1981
Copyri©g h1t9 81b yG eorgMe. F redrickson
LibraorfyC ongreQsast alogiinPn ugb licaDtaitoan
FredrickGseoonr,gM e 1934-
Whitseu premacy.
Bibliogrpa.p hy:
Incluidnedse x.
I. UniteSdt ates-Rraeclea tio2n. sS.o uth
Africa-Rraeclea tio3n..:; A.f ro-Americans-Civil
right4s.. Blacks-SoAuftrhi ca-Criivgihlt s.
5. IndiaonfNs o rtAhm erica-Criivgihlt s.
I. Title.
EI84·AIF733 05.8'0097830 -12559
ISBN0 -19"502759-0
Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica
FoMry C hildren
AnnHeo pCea,r olLianuera,en lTd,o m
Acknowledgments
TheN atioEnnadlo wmefnottr heH umaintesis upprotetdhi sp roejct
genoeurlys,fi rsbty g rnatnigm e a SenoirF ellowsthoid po s ustaeidn
rseearicnh19 73-7a4n,dt hebny p roivdnigp arotf t her eusrocetsh at
enablemde t o spae yneda artt heC entfeorAr d vancSetdu diynt he
BehaviSocrniacele astS atnfrodC,a loirfin,ai n1 97778.-T heC entietr­
seflo fferiedde faalc ilfiotwri retisig n fia rsdtrf ato ft heb ook;a ndI
woulldi kteot haniskts atfff ori nnumerabcloeni tbruntsit oo mcyo m­
forta ndp rodtuicyvi.T theN orthewsteUrnnvi ersGirtayn Ctosm mit­
tehee lpteofid n anecm yr eseha trrcitpoS ouht AfriicnIa 9 74 laantde r
subsdiiezdt htey pgio nfa fi nald raofftt he maniupstc.r
Oft hmea nyi nidviduwahlohs a vaess iesdtm e ino ne wayo ra n­
otheIr c an naomnyel nao tabfle.ewG wendolCeanr teencrou rgaed
me tob egni thep reojcatn dh elpmeed t ofi ndm y iintibaelan rgisi n
thefi elodf uStohA fricsautndi e.sH ansP anofsgkuyi dmeed int he
use tohfeS outhA fricant reamisla int heN orhtweesrtnL irbary's
superAbf ircanCao lltoeinc.W hile droeisnegha irncC ape ToIw n,
benteefieds paelclfiyrm o thaes stiasncaned h ospailtiotfHy e ndrviakn
deMre rwaen dC hriosptheSra udner.Ds urgi nbari esfat yi nE ngland,
I wass itmutleada nde nlightebnyee dxe tndecdon vesrtainosw ith
MartLieng asisckV.a ruisod raftosfa ll paorrot f tmhaen ucsriwpetr e
reabdy T .H .B reenE,l ibzeatEhl dredHgerem,a nGni olmieeG,le nna
MattheDwasv,i Rdo edigLeeorn,a rTdh ompson, Ca.Vn adn nW ood-
Vll
viii Acknowledgments
war.(d ProfTehsosmoprds eosne ars vpeescm ieannlt h ieorfeoh ri s
unusucalloalsnyeed x acctriintgoi ftq huSeeo uAtfhr isceacnto ifo ns
myfi nadlr afWitt.h)to hueetx paedrvtai nccder itpiorcviisdbmey d
thessceh oolfUa S.r.os rS ouAtfhr ihciasntt ohwrioysu nlodbt eh alf
thbeo oikit. s aImo ,f c ourfsuelr,le ys pofnosarin beylr ero offr asc t
ori nterptrheatrtaea tmi.iSn ohne lMdeoyneo rfO xfoUrndi versity
Prewsasas p rofosuonudor fce en couraagnedhm eeldnput r ianlgl
satgoesf ptrhoeja encSdett p,h aGnoiled en odfi dOe xxafcnoe rldl ent
joobf copyH-eeldeFinrteei dnrgic.ca kmtseomo ynr esctuhefie n al
-in
and( fmoer) e xcrucsaitgaoetf ip nrgo of-prreniatdecidoyn p.Tg h e
firssmto odtrhaw fatts y pbeydK atHeu ghoefts h Bee havSicoir­al
encCeesn atnetdrh fien amla nusbcyJr oiaSpntt a .h l
Evan,sI tloln. G.M .F .
Ju1l9y8 0
Contents
INTRODUCTION,
xi
I.S ETTLEMEANNTD S UBJGUATION1,6 00-1840,
3
TwoF rontiTehrIesm ,a ogfet hSea vagRee,h earsals:
3; 7;
IrelaannIddn donesTihaDe, i spososfte hsCeso iaosnt al
13;
Indiaanntdsh C ea pKeh oikhoTih,eT rans-Appalachian
21;
anEda stCearpne Frontiers,
40
IIT.H E RIOSFRE A CIALS LAEVRYI NT HES OUTH
ANDT HEC APES,4
ThEem ergoefnaL c aeb Soyrs temT,hIe d eolOorgiigcianls
54;
ofS laverFyr,oR me ligtioRo acuiSsal la vienVr iyr gainndi a
70;
SouAtfhr icSal,a vaenrSdyo ciientt hSyeo uatnhtd h Cea pe,
76;
85
IIIR.A CEM IXUTREA NDT HEC OLOLRI NE9,4
RacMei xtiunCr oem parative9 4PE;ea rrRslapyce ec tive,
MixtuTrhReee :s trAimcetriivPceaa tnt erEna,rR layc e
99;
MixturPee:r mTihSseos uiAtvfher iPcaatnt 1e0rT8nh;,e
OrigoifDn isff erenTcheLe,e gaocfty hE ea rPlayt terns,
124; 129
IX
x Contents
IV. LIBERTYU,N IONA,N DW HITESU PREMA·CY,
1776-190,11 63
WhitPeo litaincdts h Eem ergenocfNe e wN atio1n3s6,;
Revolution, aRnedtb heLeli lmiiootnfsE, q uali1t76-y7-,1 820,
140W;h itSeu premaacnydt hAem ericSaenc tioCnoanlfl ict,
150W;h itSeu premaacndyt hAen glo-AfriCkoannfleirc t,
1820-17672E,;m ancipatRieocnosn,s truacntdPi oolnist,i cal
Consolid1a7t9i on,
v.I NDUSTRIAWLHIISTMLE,A BRO,
ANDR ACIADLI SRCIMINATION,
199
IndustriaalnidzE atthinoPinlc u ral1i9s9mT;,h eI ndustrial
LegaocfyS lavearnydt hRei soeft hMea chin2e0,5T ;h e
SegmentaotfLi aobno 1r8,7 0-1291120T;,h e. EmergeonfCc lea ss
andR acCeo nfli2c2t1,W; h yN oI ndustCroilaoBlra ri nt he
UnitSetda te2s3?4,
VI. TWOS TRANGCEA REERSSE:G REGATION
INS OUTHA FRICA TAHNEDS OUTH,
239
limC rowa ndI tNatSievger egatAi Coonn"t:r 2a3s9tA;, C loser
ParalSloeult:h eBrlna caknsd C apCeo lore2d5s5T,;h eE rao f
Laissez-SFeagirreeg a2t5i7oT;nh ,eE mergenocfLe e galized
SegregaatnidDo ins franchi2s6e8m ent,
CH.RONOLOOFGM YA JOERV ENTS,
283
NOTES,
289
INDEX,
341.
MAPS
ThAem eri'cCaonlo ontn hiEeev soe ft he Revolution,
26
ThCea pe Ctool ony
1°833,2
ThUen eidtS tates,
16811,75
SohuA tfritchaNe i inne tCeeennttuhr y,
174
ContempSooruAatfrhry i ca,
243
In truocdt ion
Thep hr"awshiest pueer ma"ca ypplwiihetp sa rtifcourtlcotae hr he i s­
toreixcpaelcr eoi fte wnnoa tionsA-frSioacunatd h theedS teUa.snt it
Asg enlelurynae drstwohoisdtpu,eer mayr cefteotr hsae tt tuidiedsle,­o
ogiaenspd,o i lcaisecssio daw tietthhr ei osfe blfaotroamfnws th ite or
Europedaonm inoavne"crone wn hitpeo"p iunol.saI tno thweorr dist,
ivnolmvaeksig ni vnididoiuscstt iionofan s sco iaclrluyck iiantldh at
aerb aesdp rimairfnio letyx u,cis lveolnpy h,y scihcaaerlra icsattnidc s
ancreyIs.nti tfsuy ld levelforopmew,dh e is turpemamceya n"oscl or
ba,r""sa rcisaeelgg rant",ia ontdh reet sriiocontf m eagnufilnc iieztn­
shirpi gthot psra ie vgiegldr ocuahpar ctzeerdi isbtl yi gphitg menta­
tino.F ewi afn syoi cettiheaasrt" e m turila-icailnt" h see ntsheta hte y
icnlusdueb stdavinetriiseoaisfplt h ystiycapaeml o ntgh epiporul ations
havbee en ffrroremaie ca pler ujd eia cnddi ismcnairtoinB.u wth ite
spuremaicmyp lietsah nmt oh.riI sets uggseysestmtsa taincd self­
consceiffootruomts as k rea ocrec olaoq ru aclaintfif ioomre mbership
int hcei vciolmnm ui.tM yortehn at hoeht er tmiau-clriaile trsieoe­cs
slutifnrgot mh "exe panosfiE ourno pteh"at to opkle ab cetwteheen
siexetnctehn taunrdty h tew entSioehut Athf,r iacnadt hUen ited
Sta(tmoesso tb ovuistlhyse o utUhneirtnSe tdad tuergsi t nheer oaf
salvearnysd e grineog)ha atvmea niefdoe vseltnrog p eriooftd ism e
a
tnedentcopy u sthhp er ciinpolfde i rffeeanttniib oyr acteoi tlsgoc ial
ouctoem-ak indH eorfr ensovcoilieknt w yh ichl eop fec ooplor,
Xl
· . Introduction
xu
howenvuemre roorau csc ulttuhremayat ybe ed, tarreeaa tspe edr ­
maneanltio eron ust rs.si1d e
Iw atse mpatte dto inmteeo u est htee r"mri asc"m dteon otthee
proceosfe stseasbl iasnhrdi antgi onwahliiptzreili nevggai en ddo ..m
inainnct eht ew soo ci.Be utatif etwseeri ghtihonigps tn ci aorefI ully,
cnoclutdheradat c iiss ma tmoboi gaunolduo sa ad edw ordde stcor ibe
mys uebcjetff ect.Ni avrerlodywelfiynr eadc,ii assm m o doeft hought
thoaffte arp sa rtiecxupllaarfn oatrth ifeoa ntc htpa otp ulgaortuiposn
thactab ne d istinbgyua inscheaesrdtle ri yk teodl iyff ienrc ulture,
sttauasn,pd o ewrR.a cimsatktseh cel atihmas tu cdhi fferaernec es
dumea intloiy m maubtgleen eftaiccta onrds t noeo ntv ironomre ntal
histcoirriccaaunlmc. sUe stesdi nt hwiasyt ,hc eo ncoefrp atc iiessx m­
tremelyf odrue ssecfrauit lbr ieinnnWgd e stetrhno ubgehttw teheen
laetieg htceeenntatunhrtd yh t ew enttihehatastph r ovidkeidn d
one
ofr atifoonrraa lceir aelplryes soscsiiyveamselst B.u nto nwhhiatvees
att imess bubujegeanto ertd r eatiendf eairsnib oorttshh Uen ited
States aAnfdr wiicStaouh uttot hhae i odfa ne xplriacciiotsft m h is
sorItnr. e cyeenatr s,h arcsao cmimsombn eleyun s eidna b roader
senassae b ,l antkeerftmo a rl dli scartiomaricynt ioorpn oscl iideis­
recattge rdo utphso utgobh ept h ysidciasltfliryno acmd t o minoarn t
"mjaor"ei lteynm.tBe utth uissa lgeea uvsew si thaos uetp awroartde
fotrh e doovcetrortfbi inoel oigniecqaualan ldi tiyna hs iebnoisfte s
threo tlheta htii dse ohlaopsgl ya iynes dp echiifisct soirtinuc.saa2tl i o
Raci(sitmnh e bmroodaesdre,nn hsaets)h f eu rttheerrml iongoical
disnatdavogafhe a vibnegeu ns esdof requaesn etaplniy t Nhooe nte.,
atla etsi no ur timaed,mtt i obw eigil nlra a tcT.ih sep hrase white
supreomnat choyet, hh earni drs,e lanteiuva;telb rloyt h deafnedn ders
opponoefan fi txser da chiiaelr ahracvbheey ew ni lltioin ngv oikte.
Untrielc eAnltalbypa,rm ao cltahiem evdoi f"r wthuisetusep remacy"
ini tsst amtoet; ta ontdh uep holodfSe orhusA t friacpaanr twhielild
morree adaidlmyti otb eiwnhgi stuep remtahcarinas ct.isE s gtasli­
tarihaanvaesl usesod t hpihsr taoss eu mu pt hbel atfaonrotmf s ­dis
crimienxaitsiitonin nS tgohh ueb t efdoersee graengsdat tpiirloelnv ail­
igni nS outAhf rtidocaa.Ay lthohuagvhme y own offem eolrianlg s
I
revualagsiitnor sna cpiraueldj iacnedd i scri-mainnIdat triutoshnta t
thewsielb lee vidbeunuttn obtriunts hicevh ea pttheafrtols lo w-I
belitehvaetp rtihnecc oinptarli obfau s tutidooyfn t hkiisn sdh ould
bet oi ncruenadseer stoaftn hdei npgre oxcaemsirsnaeetsdth heartno
makdei rmeocrtja dulg me.n tgIsenn eIrl aelai,vt e troe amdtyeo r s
x Contents
IV. LIBERTYU,N IONA,N DW HITESU PREMA·CY,
1776-190,11 63
WhitPeo litaincdts h Eem ergenocfNe e wN atio1n3s6,;
Revolution, aRnedtb heLeli lmiiootnfsE, q uali1t76-y7-,1 820,
140W;h itSeu premaacnydt hAem ericSaenc tioCnoanlfl ict,
150W;h itSeu premaacndyt hAen glo-AfriCkoannfleirc t,
1820-17672E,;m ancipatRieocnosn,s truacntdPi oolnist,i cal
Consolid1a7t9i on,
v.I NDUSTRIAWLHIISTMLE,A BRO,
ANDR ACIADLI SRCIMINATION,
199
IndustriaalnidzE atthinoPinlc u ral1i9s9mT;,h eI ndustrial
LegaocfyS lavearnydt hRei soeft hMea chin2e0,5T ;h e
SegmentaotfLi aobno 1r8,7 0-1291120T;,h e. EmergeonfCc lea ss
andR acCeo nfli2c2t1,W; h yN oI ndustCroilaoBlra ri nt he
UnitSetda te2s3?4,
VI. TWOS TRANGCEA REERSSE:G REGATION
INS OUTHA FRICA TAHNEDS OUTH,
239
limC rowa ndI tNatSievger egatAi Coonn"t:r 2a3s9tA;, C loser
ParalSloeult:h eBrlna caknsd C apCeo lore2d5s5T,;h eE rao f
Laissez-SFeagirreeg a2t5i7oT;nh ,eE mergenocfLe e galized
SegregaatnidDo ins franchi2s6e8m ent,
CH.RONOLOOFGM YA JOERV ENTS,
283
NOTES,
289
INDEX,
341.
MAPS
ThAem eri'cCaonlo ontn hiEeev soe ft he Revolution,
26
ThCea pe Ctool ony
1°833,2
ThUen eidtS tates,
16811,75
SohuA tfritchaNe i inne tCeeennttuhr y,
174
ContempSooruAatfrhry i ca,
243