Where Islam and Judaism Join Together This page intentionally left blank Where Islam and Judaism Join Together A Perspective on Reconciliation Shai har-El where islam and judaism join together Copyright © Shai Har-El, 2014. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-39100-1 All rights reserved. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–1–349–48283–2 ISBN 978–1–137–38812–4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137388124 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data H a r- El, Shai, author. Where Islam and Judaism join together : a perspective on r ec onciliation / Shai Har-El. pages cm Includes index. 1. Islam—Relations—Judaism. 2. Judaism—Relations—Islam. I. Title. BP173.J8H36 2014 297.282—dc23 2013050455 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: July 2014 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 I dedicate this book to all those who work diligently across the religious divide to promote understanding and fellowship among the children of Abraham and who see Jerusalem, the City of Peace, as a place of their reconciliation and a beacon for the prophetic vision of peace: “For mine house shall be called a house of prayer for all people” (Isaiah 56:7). This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations ix Prefatory Notes xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction: Jerusalem’s Gate of Mercy as a Context 1 Prologue: Our Father Avrahām/’Ibrāhīm 11 Part I Two Religions, One Faith 1 The Gate of Unity: We Are Bound Together—an Appeal to Muslims 21 2 The Gate of Discourse: Holy Tongue—a Cultural Commonality 35 3 The Gate of Practice: Rituals and Rites—Closer than Apart 49 Part II Two Communities, One Ancestor 4 The Gate of Legacy: The Religion of Abraham—a Common Ground 69 5 The Gate of Ancestry: Abraham and Ishmael—a Scriptural Reconstruction 87 6 The Gate of Morality: The Sacrifice of Isaac/Ishmael—Some Forgotten Lessons 103 Part III Two Issues, One Resolution 7 The Gate of Peace: Rights to the Holy Land—a Theological Reexamination 125 8 The Gate of Humanness: The Problem of Truth—the Truth of the Problem 149 viii Contents Epilogue A Poetic Conclusion 163 Appendix 1: Parallels between Jewish and Islamic Systems of Law 171 Appendix 2: Seeking Unity in Diversity Article 173 Appendix 3: The Chapter on Peace: A Jewish Sacred Text 175 Appendix 4: First Alexandria Declaration of the Religious Leaders of the Holy Land, January 21, 2002 179 Appendix 5: A Muslim’s Commentary on Qur’ānic Support of Intolerance and Violence 181 Notes 187 Glossary 209 Selected Readings 219 Index 223 Illustrations Figures 0.1 Image of the Gate of Mercy, Jerusalem 2 7.1 Map of the British Mandate of Palestine 143 Tables 2.1 Cross-Language Comparison of God’s Names 42 4.1 Comparison of Universal Sets of Commandments 82