Western Civilizations: Their History & Their Culture Vol. 2 PDF
Preview Western Civilizations: Their History & Their Culture Vol. 2
This registration code provides access to documents and other sources available at the Western Civilizations, 17th Edition StudySpace site: wwnorton.com/studyspace LDES-RUIP This page intentionally left blank i Western Civilizations Their History & Their Culture Judith Coffin Robert Stacey Joshua Cole Carol Symes Western Civilizations Their History & Their Culture SEV ENTEENTH EDITION VOLU ME 2 B W. W. NORTON & COM PA N Y ■ N E W YOR K ■ LON D ON Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1993, 1988, 1984, 1980, 1973, 1968, 1963, 1958, 1954, 1949, 1947, 1941 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Editor: Jon Durbin Project editor: Kathleen Feighery Managing editor, College: Marian Johnson Copyeditors: Candace Levy and Michael Fleming E-media editor: Steve Hoge Ancillary editor: Lorraine Klimowich Editorial assistant: Jason Spears Photo editor: Junenoire Mitchell Photo research: Donna Ranieri Senior production manager, College: Benjamin Reynolds Design director: Rubina Yeh Book designer: Judith Abbate / Abbate Design Composition: TexTech, Inc.—Brattleboro, VT Cartographers: Mapping Specialists—Madison, WI Manufacturing: R. R. Donnelley & Sons—Jefferson City, MO The Library of Congress has Cataloged the one-volume edition as follows: Coffi n, Judith G., 1952– Western civilizations : their history & their culture / Judith G. Coffi n . . . [et al.]. — Seventeenth ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-393-93481-6 (hardcover) 1. Civilization, Western—Textbooks. 2. Europe—Civilization—Textbooks. I. Title. CB245.C65 2011 909'.09821—dc22 1 4 1 8 3 0 0 1 0 2 This edition: ISBN: 978-0-393-93483-0 (pbk.) W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10110 wwnorton.com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 To our families: Willy, Zoe, and Aaron Forbath Robin, Will, and Anna Stacey Kate Tremel, Lucas and Ruby Cole Tom, Erin, and Connor Wilson with love and gratitude for their support. And to all our students, who have also been our teachers. ISBN: 978-0-393-11996-1 (pdf ebook) About the Authors JUDITH COFFIN (Ph.D. Yale University) is an associate professor at the University of Texas, Austin, where she won University of Texas President’s Associates’ Award for Teaching Excellence. Previously, she taught at Harvard University and the University of California, Riverside. Her research interests are the social and cultural history of gender, mass culture, slavery, race relations, and colonialism. She is the author of The Politics of Women’s Work: The Paris Garment Trades, 1750–1915. ROBERT STACEY (Ph.D. Yale University) is professor of history, Dean of the Humanities, and a member of the Jewish Studies faculty at the University of Washington, Seattle. A long-time teacher of Western civilization and medieval European history, he has received Distinguished Teaching Awards from both the University of Washington and Yale University, where he taught from 1984 to 1988. He has authored and coauthored four books, including a textbook, The Making of England to 1399. He holds an M.A. from Oxford University and a Ph.D. from Yale. JOSHUA COLE (Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley) is Associate Professor of History at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. His publications include work on gender and the history of the population sciences, colonial violence, and the politics of memory in 19th and 20th century France, Germany, and Algeria. His fi rst book was The Power of Large Numbers: Population, Politics and Gender in Nineteenth-Century France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000). CAROL SYMES (Ph.D. Harvard University) is Associate Professor of history and Director of Undergraduate Studies in the history department at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, where she has won the top teaching award in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Her main areas of study include medieval Europe, the history of information media and communication technologies, and the history of theatre. Her fi rst book was A Common Stage: Theater and Public Life in Medieval Arras (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007). v vi Brief Contents MAPS xv DOCUMENTS xvii PREFACE xix CHAPTER 11 Commerce, Conquest, and Colonization, 1300–1600 347 CHAPTER 12 Renaissance Ideals and Realities, c. 1350–1550 373 CHAPTER 13 The Age of Dissent and Division, 1500–1600 399 CHAPTER 14 Religion, Warfare, and Sovereignty: 1540–1660 427 CHAPTER 15 Absolutism and Empire, 1660–1789 457 CHAPTER 16 The New Science of the Seventeenth Century 493 CHAPTER 17 The Enlightenment 517 CHAPTER 18 The French Revolution 545 CHAPTER 19 The Industrial Revolution and Nineteenth-Century Society 579 CHAPTER 20 From Restoration to Revolution, 1815–1848 613 CHAPTER 21 What Is a Nation? Territories, States, and Citizens, 1848–1871 643 CHAPTER 22 Imperialism and Colonialism, 1870–1914 679 CHAPTER 23 Modern Industry and Mass Politics, 1870–1914 711 CHAPTER 24 The First World War 747 CHAPTER 25 Turmoil between the Wars 783 CHAPTER 26 The Second World War 815 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War World: Global Politics, Economic Recovery, and Cultural Change 851 CHAPTER 28 Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990 885 CHAPTER 29 A World without Walls: Globalization and the West 917 RULERS OF PRINCIPAL STATES A1 FURTHER READINGS A6 GLOSSARY A21 TEXT CREDITS A46 PHOTO CREDITS A48 INDEX A51 vi MAPS xv DOCUMENTS xvii PREFACE xix Chapter 11 Chapter 11 ■ COMMERCE, CONQUEST, AND COMMERCE, CONQUEST, AND COLONIZATION, 1300–1600 347 COLONIZATION, 1300–1600 347 Mongols, Europeans, and the Far East 348 The Rise of the Ottoman Empire 353 Mediterranean Colonialism 358 New World Encounters 364 Interpreting Visual Evidence: America as an Object of Desire 365 Conclusion 371 Chapter 12 Chapter 12 ■ RENAISSANCE IDEALS AND RENAISSANCE IDEALS AND REALITIES, REALITIES, c. 1350–1550 373 . 1350–1550 373 Medieval or Renaissance? 374 The Renaissance of Italy 378 Literary and Intellectual Activity 379 Renaissance Arts 383 Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Blending of Classical and Christian 384 The Renaissance North of the Alps 391 Conclusion 397 Chapter 13 Chapter 13 ■ THE AGE OF DISSENT AND THE AGE OF DISSENT AND DIVISION, 1500–1600 399 DIVISION, 1500–1600 399 Martin Luther’s Challenge 400 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Decoding Printed Propaganda 404 The Spread of Protestantism 410 Contents vii The Domestication of Reform 413 The Reformation of England 416 The Rebirth of the Catholic Church 420 Conclusion 424 Chapter 14 Chapter 14 ■ RELIGION, WARFARE, AND RELIGION, WARFARE, AND SOVEREIGNTY: 1540–1660 427 SOVEREIGNTY: 1540–1660 427 Sources of Tension and Unrest 428 A Century of Religious Wars 430 Divergent Political Paths: Spain and France 437 Monarchy and Civil War in England 440 Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Execution of a King 444 The Problem of Doubt and the Quest for Certainty 446 The Art of Being Human 449 Conclusion 455 Chapter 15 Chapter 15 ■ ABSOLUTISM AND EMPIRE, ABSOLUTISM AND EMPIRE, 1660–1789 457 1660–1789 457 The Appeal and Justifi cation of Absolutism 458 The Absolutism of Louis XIV 459 Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Performance and Display of Absolute Power at the Court of Louis XIV 462 Alternatives to Absolutism 465 War and the Balance of Power, 1661–1715 469 The Remaking of Central and Eastern Europe 470 Autocracy in Russia 474 Commerce and Consumption 478 Colonization and Trade in the Seventeenth Century 480 The Triangular Trade in Sugar and Slaves 486 Conclusion 490 Chapter 16 Chapter 16 ■ THE NEW SCIENCE OF THE THE NEW SCIENCE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 493 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 493 The Intellectual Origins of the Scientifi c Revolution 494 The Copernican Revolution 496 Tycho’s Observations and Kepler’s Laws 497 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Astronomical Observations and the Mapping of the Heavens 498 viii | Contents New Heavens, New Earth, and Worldly Politics: Galileo 500 Methods for a New Philosophy: Bacon and Descartes 503 “And All Was Light”: Isaac Newton 509 Conclusion 515 Chapter 17 Chapter 17 ■ THE ENLIGHTENMENT 517 THE ENLIGHTENMENT 517 The Foundations of the Enlightenment 518 The World of the Philosophes 520 Internationalization of Enlightenment Themes: Humanitarianism and Toleration 523 Empire and Enlightenment 525 The Radical Enlightenment 529 Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Europeans Encounter the Peoples of the Pacifi c in the Eighteenth Century 530 The Enlightenment and Eighteenth-Century Culture 535 Conclusion 543 Chapter 18 Chapter 18 ■ THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 545 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 545 The French Revolution: An Overview 547 The Coming of the Revolution 547 The Destruction of the Old Regime 550 A New Stage: Popular Revolution 556 From the Terror to Bonaparte: The Directory 563 Napoleon and Imperial France 564 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Representing the People during the French Revolution 566 The Return to War and Napoleon’s Defeat: 1806–1815 571 Conclusion 576 Chapter 19 Chapter 19 ■ THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOCIETY 579 SOCIETY 579 The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1760–1850 580 The Industrial Revolution on the Continent 586 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Learning to Live in a Global Economy 592 The Social Consequences of Industrialization 594 The Middle Classes 601 Conclusion 610 Contents | ix Chapter 20 Chapter 20 ■ FROM RESTORATION TO REVOLUTION, FROM RESTORATION TO REVOLUTION, 1815–1848 613 1815–1848 613 The Search for Order in Europe, 1815–1830 614 Taking Sides: New Ideologies in Politics 619 Cultural Revolt: Romanticism 626 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Romantic Painting 630 Reform and Revolution 633 Conclusion 641 Chapter 21 Chapter 21 ■ WHAT IS A NATION? TERRITORIES, WHAT IS A NATION? TERRITORIES, STATES, AND CITIZENS, STATES, AND CITIZENS, 1848–1871 643 1848–1871 643 Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 644 Building the Nation-State 653 Interpreting Visual Evidence: The New German Nation 662 Nation and State Building in Russia and the United States 666 “Eastern Questions”: International Relations and the Decline of Ottoman Power 673 Conclusion 676 Chapter 22 Chapter 22 ■ IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM, IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM, 1870–1914 679 1870–1914 679 Imperialism 681 Imperialism in South Asia 684 Imperialism in China 688 The French Empire and the Civilizing Mission 694 The “Scramble for Africa” and the Congo 696 Imperial Culture 699 Crises of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century 703 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Displays of Imperial Culture: The Paris Exposition of 1889 704 Conclusion 709 x | Contents
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