Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789

519 Pages·2012·22.98 MB·English

by  Marvin Perry

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❖ i
Volume 1: To 1789
Western Civilization
Ideas, Politics, and Society
Tenth Edition
Marvin Perry
Baruch College, City University of New York
Myrna Chase
Baruch College, City University of New York
James R. Jacob
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York
Margaret C. Jacob
University of California, Los Angeles
Theodore H. Von Laue
Late of Clark University
George W. Bock, Editorial Associate
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and © 2013, 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Society, Volume 1: To 1789, Tenth Edition
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Contents
Maps ix Profile: Hatchepsut 20
Chronologies ix Empire Builders 22
Preface x Hittites 22
Small Nations 22
Acknowledgments xvi
Assyria 23
Map Essay before Part One
The Neo-B abylonian Empire 24
Persia: Unifier of the Near East 24
Part One
The Religious Orientation of the Near
The Ancient World: Foundation East 27
of the West to A.D. 500 2 A Mythmaking Worldview 27
Near Eastern Achievements 28
Chapter 1
Primary Source: Mythical Thinking 29
The Ancient Near East:
The First Civilizations 4 Chapter 2
Prehistory 5 The Hebrews: A New View of God
and the Individual 31
The Rise to Civilization 8
Mesopotamian Civilization 9 Outline of Hebrew History 32
Religion: The Basis of Mesopotamian The Israelite Kingdom 33
Civilization 11 Conquest, Captivity, and Restoration 34
Government, Law, and Economy 13 The Hebrew Scriptures 35
Writing, Mathematics, Astronomy, and God: One, Sovereign, Transcendent, Good 37
Medicine 14 The Individual and Moral Autonomy 38
Egyptian Civilization 15 The Covenant and the Law 39
From the Old Kingdom to the Middle
The Hebrew Idea of History 41
Kingdom 15
The Prophets 41
Religion: The Basis of Egyptian
Social Justice 42
Civilization 16
Primary Source: Isaiah and Social Justice 43
Divine Kingship 17
Science and Mathematics 19 Profile: Jeremiah 44
Egyptian Literature 19 Universalism 44
The New Kingdom and the Decline of Individualism 45
Egyptian Civilization 19 The Legacy of the Ancient Jews 46
iii
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iv ❖ Contents
Chapter 3 History 94
The Greek City-S tate: Democratic Herodotus 95
Politics 48 Thucydides 96
Early Aegean Civilizations 50 The Greek Achievement: Reason, Freedom,
The Rise of Hellenic Civilization 51 Humanism 97
Homer, Shaper of the Greek Spirit 52
Greek Religion 54 Chapter 5
The Hellenistic Age:
The Evolution of the City-S tate 54
Cultural Diffusion 101
The Break with Theocratic Politics 54
Sparta: A Garrison State 55 Alexander the Great 104
Athens: The Rise of Democracy 56 Hellenistic Society 104
Athenian Greatness 59 Competing Dynasties 104
The Persian Wars 59 Hellenistic Culture 107
The Mature Athenian Democracy 60 Literature, History, and Art 107
Primary Source: Pericles on Athenian Science 108
Greatness 64 Philosophy 109
Pericles: Symbol of Athenian Profile: Polybius 110
Democracy 65
Primary Source: Epicureanism: Living Well 112
The Decline of the City- States 65
The Hellenistic Legacy 115
The Peloponnesian War 65
The Fourth Century 67
Chapter 6
Profile: Demosthenes 68
The Roman Republic: City- State
The Dilemma of Greek Politics 68 to World Empire 117
Evolution of the Roman Constitution 118
Chapter 4
Greek Thought: Roman Expansion to 146 B.C. 122
From Myth to Reason 72 The Uniting of Italy 122
Philosophy 73 Primary Source: Polybius: The Roman
The Cosmologists: A Rational Inquiry Army 123
into Nature 74 Conquest of the Mediterranean World 124
The Sophists: A Rational Investigation Consequences of Expansion 126
of Human Society 77 Culture in the Republic 129
Socrates: The Rational Individual 78
Collapse of the Republic 131
Plato: The Rational Society 81
Crisis in Agriculture 133
Aristotle: A Synthesis of Greek
The Gracchan Revolution 133
Thought 85
Profile: Cleopatra 134
Art 87
Rival Generals 135
Poetry and Drama 88 Julius Caesar 136
Profile: Hesiod 90 The Republic’s Last Years 138
Aeschylus 90
Sophocles 91 Chapter 7
Euripides 92 The Roman Empire: A World-State 140
Primary Source: Euripides, Medea 93 Augustus and the Foundations of the Roman
Aristophanes 93 Empire 141
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Contents ❖ v
The Pax Romana 145 Primary Source: Saint Benedict of Nursia: The
Christian Way of Life 186
Profile: Epictetus 146
Christianity and the Jews 187
The Successors of Augustus 146
“The Time of Happiness” 148 Saint Augustine: The Christian
Roman Culture and Law During the Pax Worldview 188
Romana 151
Christianity and Classical Humanism:
Primary Source: Aelius Aristides: The Blessings Alternative Worldviews 191
of the Pax Romana 152
Part Two
Signs of Trouble 157
Internal Unrest 157 The Middle Ages: The Christian
Social and Economic Weaknesses 158
Centuries, 500 to 1400 196
Cultural Stagnation and
Transformation 158
Chapter 9
The Spread of Mystery Religions 159
The Heirs of Rome: Byzantium,
The Spiritualization of Philosophy 159
Islam, and Latin Christendom 198
The Decline of Rome 161
Byzantine Civilization: The Medieval Christian
Third-Century Crisis 161
East 199
Diocletian and Constantine: The
Imperial Growth and Decline 200
Regimented State 162
The Bequest of Byzantium 204
Tribal Migrations and Invasions 163
Islamic Civilization: Its Development and
Reasons for Rome’s Decline 165
Dissemination 204
The Roman Legacy 168
The Prophet: The Founding of a New
Religion 204
Chapter 8
The Muslim State and Society 206
Early Christianity: A World
The Muslim Golden Age 207
Religion 170
Mongol Invasions and Ottoman
The Origins of Christianity 171 Dominance 208
Judaism in the First Century b.c. 172
Art Essay: The Art of the Ancient World and
Jesus: The Inner Person 174
the Middle Ages after 208
Saint Paul: From a Jewish Sect to a World
Latin Christendom: The Rise of Europe 209
Religion 176
Political and Economic
The Spread and Triumph of
Transformation 210
Christianity 178
The Waning of Classical Culture 211
The Appeal of Christianity 178
The Church: Shaper of Medieval
Profile: Blandina 180
Civilization 212
Christianity and Rome 180
The Church as Unifier 212
Christianity and Greek Philosophy 181
Monks and the Papacy 213
The Growth of Christian Organization,
The Kingdom of the Franks 215
Doctrine, and Attitudes 183
The Era of Charlemagne 217
The Primacy of the Bishop of Rome 184
Carolingian Renaissance 217
The Rise of Monasticism 184
Scriptural Tradition and Doctrinal Profile: Saint Boniface 218
Disputes 184 The Breakup of Charlemagne’s Empire 219
Christianity and Society 185 Medieval Society 220
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vi ❖ Contents
Primary Source: Bishop Adalbero of Laon: Profile: Maimonides 262
The Tripartite Society 221 The Recovery of Aristotle 262
Vassalage 221 Thomas Aquinas: The Synthesis of Faith
Feudal Law 222 and Reason 263
Feudal Warriors 223 Strict Aristotelianism: The Challenge
Noblewomen 223 to Orthodoxy 265
Agrarian Life 224 Science 265
The Recovery of Roman Law 267
Chapter 10
Literature 268
The High Middle Ages: Vitality and
Renewal 227 Architecture 270
Economic Expansion 228 Chapter 12
Agricultural Revolution 228 The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and
The Revival of Trade 230 Dissolution 273
The Rebirth of Towns 231
An Age of Adversity 274
The Rise of States 234 Economic Problems, the Black Death, and
England 234 Social Tension 274
France 236
Primary Source: John Wycliff: Concerning the
Germany 238
Pope’s Power 276
The Emergence of Representative
The Hundred Years’ War 278
Institutions 239
The Decline of the Papacy 279
The Growth of Papal Power 239 Conflict with France 279
The Sacraments 239 The Great Schism and the Conciliar
Gregorian Reform 240 Movement 280
The Crusades 241 Fourteenth- Century Heresies 281
Profile: Saladin 246 The Breakup of the Thomistic Synthesis 282
Dissenters and Reformers 247
The Middle Ages and the Modern World:
Innocent III: The Apex of Papal Power 249
Continuity and Discontinuity 283
Primary Source: Pope Innocent III: “Royal
Profile: Joan of Arc 286
Power Derives Its Dignity from the Pontifical
Authority” 250
Part Three
Christians and Jews 250
Early Modern Europe: From
Chapter 11 Renaissance to Enlightenment
The Flowering of Medieval Culture:
1350–1789 290
The Christian Synthesis 254
The Revival of Learning 255
Chapter 13
The Medieval Worldview 257 The Renaissance: Transition to the
The Universe: Higher and Lower Modern Age 292
Worlds 258
Italy: The Birthplace of the Renaissance 294
The Individual: Sinful but Redeemable 259
The Political Evolution of the City-States 295
Philosophy- Theology 260 Renaissance Society 298
Saint Anselm and Abelard 260
The Renaissance Outlook: Humanism and
Primary Source: Peter Abelard: The Synthesis Secular Politics 299
of Reason and Faith 261 Humanism 299
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Contents ❖ vii
Primary Source: Leonardo Bruni: Study of Chapter 15
Greek Literature and a Humanist Educational European Expansion: Economic
Program 300 and Social Transformations 340
A Revolution in Political Thought 304 European Expansion 342
Art Essay: The Renaissance after 304 Forces Behind Expansion 342
The Portuguese Empire 344
The Spread of the Renaissance 305
The Spanish Empire 346
Profile: A Renaissance Man 306
Profile: Bartolomé de las Casas 348
Erasmian Humanism 307
Black Slavery and the Slave Trade 349
French Humanism 309
Spanish Humanism 310 Primary Source: Seventeenth- Century Slave
English Humanism 310 Traders: Buying and Transporting Africans 350
The Renaissance and the The Price Revolution 351
Modern Age 311 The Expansion of Agriculture 353
A Word of Caution 312 The Old Pattern of Farming 353
Enclosure 353
Chapter 14 Convertible Husbandry 355
The Reformation: The Shattering of
The Expansion of Trade and Industry 355
Christian Unity 315
The Domestic System 355
The Medieval Church in Crisis 317 Innovations in Business 356
Wycliffe and Hus 318 Patterns of Commercial
Mysticism and Humanism 318 Development 356
The End of the World 319
The Growth of Capitalism 359
The Lutheran Revolt 320 What Is Capitalism? 359
Luther: Humanist, Prophet, and The Fostering of Mercantile
Conservative 320 Capitalism 359
Luther’s Break with Catholicism 320
The Elite and the People 361
Primary Source: Martin Luther: Disputation Traditional Popular Culture 361
of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and The Reform of Popular Culture 362
Efficacy of Indulgences (1517) 322 Witchcraft and the Witch Craze 364
But Who Is Saved? 323
Economic and Social Transformations 365
The Creation and Spread of
Lutheranism 323
Chapter 16
Religious Reform or Social The Rise of Sovereignty: Transition
Revolution? 324 to the Modern State 368
Profile: Katharina von Bora 326
Monarchs and Elites as State Builders 371
The Spread of the Reformation 326
The Rise and Fall of Hapsburg Spain 372
Calvin and Calvinism 328
Ferdinand and Isabella: Unity and Purity
France 330
of “Blood” and Religion 372
England 331
The Reign of Charles V: Hapsburg, King of
Southern and Eastern Europe 333
Spain, and Holy Roman Emperor 374
The Radical Reformation 334
Philip II 374
The Catholic Response 335 The End of the Spanish Hapsburgs 376
The Reformation and the The Growth of French Power 377
Modern Age 337 Religion and the French State 377
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viii ❖ Contents
Louis XIV: The Consolidation of French Primary Source: René Descartes: Discourse on
Monarchical Power 378 Method (1637) 413
Primary Source: Louis XIV, Instructions for the The Social Implications of the Scientific
Dauphin 381 Revolution 415
The Growth of Limited Monarchy and The Meaning of the Scientific Revolution 416
Constitutionalism in England 382 Art Essay: Art of the Seventeenth and
The English Parliament and Eighteenth Centuries after 416
Constitution 383
Profile: Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1 727) 417
The Tudor Achievement 385
The English Revolutions, 1640–1660 and Chapter 18
1688–1689 387 The Age of Enlightenment: Reason
and Reform 419
Profile: Elizabeth I, Queen of England
(1558–1603) 388 The Formation of a Public and Secular
Culture 422
The Netherlands: A Bourgeois Republic 391
Salons 423
The Holy Roman Empire: The Failure to Unify
Freemasons 423
Germany 392
Scientific Academies 425
The Emergence of Austria and Prussia 394 Alternatives to Orthodoxy 425
Austria 394 Christianity Under Attack 425
Prussia 394 Skeptics, Freethinkers, and Deists 425
Russia: Great Nobles and Starving Primary Source: The Treatise of the Three
Peasants 396 Impostors 427
The State and Modern Political Voltaire the Philosophe 427
Development 396 Political Thought 429
Locke 430
Chapter 17
Montesquieu 431
The Scientific Revolution: The
Rousseau 431
Universe Seen as a Mechanism 399
Social Thought 432
Medieval Cosmology 401
Epistemology and Education 432
A New View of Nature 402
Profile: Mary Wollstonecraft 433
Renaissance Neo- Platonism 402
Humanitarianism 434
Magic, Alchemy, and the Search for
Nature 403 Economic Thought 438
The Copernican Revolution 403 The High Enlightenment 439
The Laws of Planetary Motion: Tycho and European Political and Diplomatic
Kepler 405 Developments 442
Galileo: Experimental Physics 405 Warfare 442
The Newtonian Synthesis: Experiment, Enlightened Despotism 443
Mathematics, and Theory 408 The Enlightenment in Eastern Europe 444
Biology, Medicine, and Chemistry 409 The American Revolution 446
Bacon and Descartes: Prophets of the New The Enlightenment and the Modern
Science 410 World 449
Bacon 411
Descartes 412 Index I-1
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