Weed Control Methods for Rights of Way Management

282 Pages·2017·31.079 MB·English

by  Gangstad, Edward O

Weed Control Methods
for
Rights-of-Way
Management
Editor
Edward 0.G angstad
Aquatic Plant Control Specialist
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, D.C.
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press, Inc.
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First published 1982 by CRC Press
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Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Weed control methods for rights-of-way
management.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Weed control. 2. Right of way.
3. Herbicides. 4. Herbicides — Environmental
aspects. 5. Weed control — Law and legis-
lation — United States. I. Gangstad, Edward O.
SB611.W36 628.9’7 81-7743
ISBN 0-8493-5329-7 AACR2
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 81007743
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ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89861-2 (hbk)
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PREFACE
Suppression and/or eradication of unwanted vegetation on or along rights-of-way
has been a major phase of chemical weed control. Until recent times, mechanical meth-
ods were the only methods available for controlling this vegetation. The use of herbi-
cides in combination with mechanical, cultural, and biological methods of control has
greatly expanded the capability to effectively and economically control vegetation in
these areas. This volume describes in detail methods of control and related data includ-
ing, (1) all vegetation on industrial sites, paved highways, and railroad ballast, (2)
woody vegetation along roadsides, utility lines, and fire breaks, and (3) aquatic vege-
tation on rivers and stream banks, waterways, ponds, reservoirs, irrigation, and drain-
age channels.
Edward 0.G angstad
THE EDITOR
Dr. E. 0.G angstad, Aquatic Plant Control Specialist, transferred to the Office of
the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C. in October of 1966 from the Texas Re-
search Foundation, Dallas, where he was employed as Principal Agronomist of the
Hoblitzelle Agricultural Laboratory. Dr. Gangstad was graduated from the University
of Wisconsin, Madison, with an M.A. in Biochemistry (1947) and from Rutgers Uni-
versity, New Brunswick, N.J., with a Ph.D. in Agronomy (1950) and minors in Plant
Pathology and Plant Physiology.
During the past 25 years he has established an outstanding career in the environmen-
tal and biological fields and has over 80 scientific publications. He is a contributor to
the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Agronomy Journal, Crop Science, Journal of
Heredity, Weed Science, Crops and Soils, Tropical Agriculture, Turrialba, Soil Science
Society ofF lorida, Hoblitzelle Agricultural Bulletin, Wrightia, Hyacinth Control Jour-
nal, Environmental Quality Journal, and the Journals of the American Society of Civil
Engineers.
Dr. Gangstad's experience includes research and field studies on the physiology and
pathology of plants at the Universities of Wisconsin and New Jersey; research and
development studies on strategic long-vegetable fibers and related programs in Florida
with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Naval Research, and Department
of Defense; and agrobusiness studies to develop renewable natural resources of the
State of Texas with the Texas Research Foundation and management of natural re-
sources for the Department of the Army.
Dr. Gangstad is listed in American Men of Science, Leaders in Science, American
Men ofA chievement, and the International Who' S Who ofI ntellectuals.
IN MEMORIUM
Thomas Traquair McClure
The death of Thomas Traquair McClure on July 21, 1973 ended the career of a
distinguished plant pathologist. Born in Boston on August 30, 1914, he began his stud-
ies in plant pathology in 1939 at Iowa State after finishing a bachelors of science in
biology at Harvard in 1936 and a masters in plant physiology at Rutgers in 1938. His
studies at Iowa State were disrupted by military service in the Army from 1942 to 1946.
He returned to his studies at the University of California at Berkeley and was granted
a doctorate in Plant Pathology in 1949 by the University of California.
He had been an active member in the Society of Sigma Xi, The American Phyto-
pathological Society, the American Society of Plant Physiologists, the American As-
sociation for the Advancement of Science, the Botanical Society of America, the Weed
Science Society of America, and was chairman of the committee on Aquatic Plant
Control, (including Herbicides and Algacides) of the American Society of Testing
Methods and Materials.
Those who had the good fortune of knowing Tom will remember him for his quick
wit and humor. His philosophy of being a scientist was inspiring to many.
CONTRIBUTORS
C. Grant Ash (Retired) Wendell R. Mullison (Retired)
Environmental Policy Registration Specialist
Civil Works Health and Environmental Research
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Department
Washington, D.C. The Dow Chemical Company
Midland, Michigan
L. L. Danielson (Retired) Philip J. Phillips (Retired)
Agricultural Research Service North Atlantic Division
U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Beltsville, Maryland New York, New York
C. M. Schwartz (Deceased)
Natural Resource Specialist
Office of the Chief of Engineers
Washington, D.C.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I: BASIC CONCERNS OF WEED CONTROL MANAGEMENT
Chapter 1
TheScienceofWeedControl ................................................ 3
Introduction ...........................................................3.
HerbicideHazards .......................................................3
Classification of Weeds ...................................................4
Classification of Herbicides ..............................................5.
Hazards of Handling and Application ......................................6
Warnings and Caution Statements on the Label ..............................9
Required Front Panel Statements ........................................9
Human Hazard Signal Word ..........................................9
Child Hazard Warning ...............................................1 0
Statement of Practical Treatment ...................................... 10
Placement and Prominence ...........................................1 0
Other Required Warnings and Caution Satements ..........................1 0
Hazard to Humans and Domestic Animals .............................. 10
Environmental Hazards ..............................................l l
Physical or Chemical Hazards ........................................ 11
Directions for Use - General Requirement .............................1 2
Adequacy and Clarity of Directions ..................................1 2
Placement of Directions for Use ..................................... 12
Exceptions to Requirement for Directions for Use ......................1 2
Contents of the Label ..................................................1 3
Use Classification ...................................................1.4.
Public Controversy ......................................................1 4
Credibility in Dispute Resolution ..........................................15
Summary and Conclusions ...............................................1 5
References ............................................................. l5
Chapter 2
The Technology of Weed Control ..........................................1.7
Introduction ..........................................................1.7
...................................................
Plant Toxicity Studies 17
Animal Toxicity Studies .................................................1.8
Field Application ......................................................1.8
Aerial Drift Control ....................................................1.9
..................................................
Stable Air Drift Studies 20
...................................................
Crosswind Drift Study 21
Drift Control with Rotary Disks ..........................................2.1
Drift Control with Spray Additives .......................................2.3
Drift Control by Droplet Size Selection ....................................2.3
Drift Control by Invert Emulsions ........................................2.6
Bifluid System Mechanics ...............................................2.8
Chemical Dose Rate ..................................................2.8
Application-Mixing Procedure .........................................2.8
Application Volume Rates .............................................2.8
Equipment ..........................................................28.
............................................................
Coverage 28
............................................................
References -30
Chapter 3
Weed Control Authorities and Regulation .................................... 31
Introduction ........................................................... 31
Scope of Weed Control Problems .......................................... 31
Federal and State Legislative Authority .....................................3 2
Rule Making Regulations ..............................................3.2.
History of the Development of Laws and Regulations ....................... 33
Pesticide Registration Procedures ......................................3.6
Types of Registrations ...............................................3.7.
Renewal Registrations ...............................................3.7.
Amendments to Existing Registrations .....................................3 7
TemporaryTolerance .................................................3.7
ClearanceandLabeling ................................................3 8
Public Announcements ...............................................3.8
Control and Eradication of Weeds .........................................3 8
Research on Weeds and Their Control .....................................3.9
Educational Programs on Weeds and Their Control ..........................4 0
The Federal Pesticide Act of 1978. ........................................4.0
Data Requirements ....................................................4.1.
References .............................................................4 2
Chapter 4
Federal Registration and Reregistration of Pesticides ..........................4.5
Introduction ..........................................................4.5
Popular Press Interpretations .............................................4 5
Carcinogeneses .......................................................4 6
ZeroTolerance ......................................................4.6
ZeroRisk ...........................................................47.
Economic Considerations ...............................................4.7
The Registration Process ................................................4.9
Pesticide Application .................................................5.0
Pesticide Labels .....................................................5.0
Common Use Recommendations .......................................5. 1
Area-Specific Situations ..............................................5.2
Rebuttable Presumption Against Reregistration .............................5 3
2,4, 5-T Dispute Resolution Conference ..................................5.4
Summary and Conclusions ...............................................56
References ............................................................5.6
Chapter 5
Remote Sensing Technology for Rights-of-Way Management ....................5 7
Introduction .........................................................5.7.
LANDSAT (Earth Resources Technology Satellite) Data .....................5.8
Morphological Analyses ................................................5.8
Geographic Search and Inquire System .....................................5 9
The Computer Listing System ............................................6.0
PlacinganOrder .....................................................6.1
.................................................
Application Assistance 61
Digital Image Enhancement System .......................................6.1
...............................................
Radiometric Restoration 62
Sampling Geometric Restoration ........................................6 2
Earth Rotation Correction ............................................. 63
Detector Misregistration Correction .....................................6 3
Contrast Enhancement ................................................6 3
EdgeEnhancement ...................................................6.3
Synthetic Line Generation Algorithm ....................................6 4
Film Product Generation ..............................................6.4
Skylab Data ..........................................................6.4.
Remote Sensing Applications Guide .......................................6 5
Summary and Conclusions ...............................................6 5
References ............................................................6.5
Chapter 6
Environmental Impacts of Pipeline Rights-of-Way in the Coastal Zone ............6 7
Introduction ..........................................................6.7
General Characteristics of the Coastal Zone ................................6.7
Marine Environment .................................................6.8
Openocean .......................................................6.8
Coastal Ocean .....................................................6.8
Estuaries ..........................................................7 0
Shores-Beaches and Wetlands .......................................7 0
Man's Utilization of Coastal Zones ....................................7 1
General Description of Pipeline Construction and Operations ..................7 2
Offshore Methods and Techniques ......................................7.2
Construction and Burial .............................................7 2
Pipelines - Operations and Maintenance ................................7.4
Pipeline Size .......................................................7 4
Inshore Methods and Techniques .......................................7.5
General Methodology ..............................................7.5
Weighting ........................................................7.5
Pipeline Location ...................................................75
Corrosion ........................................................7.6
Welding ..........................................................7.6
Alternatives .......................................................7.6
Description of Pipeline Construction in Marshy Areas ......................7 6
"Push7' Method of Pipelining .......................................7.6
"Flotation" Method of Pipelining .....................................7 7
Construction Operations .............................................7 8
Evaluation of Incidents of Pipeline Spills .................................7 8
General Characteristics of the Marshland Ecosystems .........................8 0
Terrestrial Ecology ....................................................8 0
Plantcommunities ..................................................8 1
SeaRims .......................................................8.1
Salt Marsh ......................................................8.1
BrackishMarsh ..................................................8.1
Intermediate Marsh ...............................................8 2
FreshMarsh ....................................................8.2
IslandBeaches ...................................................8.2
Swamps ........................................................8.3
Animal Communities ................................................8 3
Furbearers ......................................................- 83
Other Mammals .................................................8.4