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Technical Report CERC-96-11 December 1996 i:v:i US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Wave Response of Kahului Harbor, Maui, Hawaii by Edward F. Thompson, Lori L. Hadley, Willie Ann Brandon, David D. McGehee, Jon M. Hubertz Approved ForPublic Release; Distribution Is Unlimited ry<r v/ Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean Thecontentsofthisreportarenottobeusedforadvertising, publication,orpromotionalpurposes.Citationoftradenames doesnotconstituteanofficialendorsementorapprovaloftheuse ofsuchcommercialproducts. ® PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER Technical Report CERC-96-11 December 1996 Wave Response of Kahului Harbor, Maui, Hawaii by Edward F.Thompson, Lori L. Hadley,WillieAnn Brandon, David D. McGehee,Jon M. Hubertz U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers WaterwaysExperimentStation 3909 HallsFerryRoad Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Pi D~ , ! Final report Approvedforpublicrelease;distributionisunlimited Preparedfor U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean Ft. Shatter, HI 96858-5440 1 . US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station FORINFORMATIONCONTACT: PUBLICAFFAIRSOFFICE U.S.ARMYENGINEER WATERWAYSEXPERIMENTSTATION 3909HALLSFERRYROAD VICKSBURG,MISSISSIPPI 39180-6199 PHONE-(601)634-2502 AREAOFFESEflVATIO*.27sok WaterwaysExperimentStationCataloging-in-PublicationData WaveresponseofKahuluiHarbor,Maui,Hawaii/byEdwardF. Thompson...[etal.];preparedforU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision, PacificOcean. — 224p. : ill. ;28cm. (Technicalreport;CERC-96-11) Includesbibliogr—aphicrefe—rences. — — 1.Oceanw—aves Hawaii —Kahului. 2.Windwaves Hawaii Mau—i. 3. Harb—ors Hydrodynamics Mathematical models. 4. Harbors Hawaii Maui. I.Thompson,EdwardF. II.UnitedStates.Army.Corpsof Engineers. Pacific Ocean Division. III. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways ExperimentStation. IV.CoastalEngineeringResearchCenter(U.S.Army EngineerWaterwaysExperimentStation) V.Series:Technicalreport(U.S. ArmyEngineerWaterwaysExperimentStation) ;CERC-96-11 TA7W34no.CERC-96-1 Contents Preface ix ConversionFactors,Non-SItoSIUnitsofMeasurement xi Summary xii — 1 Introduction 1 Background 1 StudyApproach 3 — 2 FieldWaveMeasurements 9 Planning 9 InstrumentTypeandSiteSelection 9 DataAcquisition 10 AnalysisMethods 15 Results 19 3—WindWaveandSwellClimate 34 Sources 34 DeepwaterWaveClimate 34 WaveClimateatKahuluiHarbor 37 — 4 NumericalModel 41 ObjectivesandApproach 41 ModelDescription 42 TestProceduresandCalculations 61 — 5 HarborResponsetoWindWavesandSwell 69 AmplificationFactors 69 EvaluationAgainstOperationalCriteriaforWindWavesandSwell 71 s — 6 HarborOscillations 77 AmplificationFactors 77 EvaluationAgainstOperationalCriteriaforLongWaves 80 — 7 ConclusionsandRecommendations 88 References 92 AppendixA: FieldDataSummary Al AppendixB: MeansandStandardDeviationsofAamp fromField WaveGages Bl AppendixC: SummaryTablesofExtremeEventsofH andH CI s slong AppendixD: WaveClimateSummary Dl AppendixE: BasinLocationsforAlternativePlans El AppendixF: WindWaveandSwellSummariesfromNumericalModel Fl AppendixG: HarborOscillationSummariesfromNumericalModel Gl AppendixH: ResonantAmplificationFactorandPhaseContourPlots, AllPlans HI AppendixI: Notation II SF298 List of Figures Figure 1. Studylocation 2 Figure2. KahuluiHarbor,existingplan 2 Figure3. Plan 1 5 Figure4. Plan2 5 Figure5. Plan3 6 Figure6. Plan4 6 Figure7. Plan5 7 Figure8. Plan6 7 Figure9. Plan7 8 Figure 10. Fieldgagelocationsandbathymetry,infeet 11 Figure 11. Waverose,NDBCbuoy51026,N.Molokai 13 Figure 12. Overviewofextremeinfragravitywaveevents;onlyevents withHslong>15cmareshown(fromMcGehee(1995)) 14 Figure 13. InfluenceofspectralbandwidthonTp,non-overlappingbands; array,3Jan94(1311) 18 Figure 14. InfluenceofspectralbandwidthonTp,overlappingbands(two-line offset);array,3Jan94(1311) 18 Figure 15. Time-historyofHsand 6m(deg,goingtoward);array,Jan94 20 Figure 16. TimehistoryofHslong,Hs,and(7^^;harborgages,Jan94 21 Figure 17. Time-historyofA^^andAampl;harborgages,Jan94 22 Figure 18. Probabilitydistributionof(Tp)array;Nov93-Sep94, 1,785observations 23 Figure 19. Probabilitydistributionof(dj^;Nov93-Sep94, 1,785observations 23 Figure20. Averageandmaximumlongwavespectra,Jan94 26 Figure21. Longwavespectraforeventon2Jan94(2355)to3Jan94 (1900) 27 Figure22. Time-historyofamplificationofspecificresonant peakfrequencies,Jan94 28 Figure23. Probabilitydistributionof(HsM>ng)array,Oct93-Mar95 (fromMerrifieldandOkihiro(1996)) 28 Figure24. Probabilitydistributionof(6jhuoy,fromNDBCbuoy51026, N.Molokai,Oct93-Mar95(fromMerrifieldandOkihiro(1996)) . 29 Figure25. Scatterplotof(HsJong)arrayversus{HJbuoy(fromMerrifieldand Okihiro(1996)) .' 29 Figure26. Harborclosingevent;arrayparameters 30 Figure27. Harborclosingevent;NDBCbuoywaveparameters 31 Figure28. Harborclosingevent;NDBCbuoymeteorologicalparameters .... 32 Figure29. Time-historyofselectedwaveparameters,arrayandNDBCbuoy, winterof1993-4(fromMerrifieldandOkihiro(1996)) 33 Figure30. Locationmapforwaveclimatestudy 35 Figure31. Deepwaterwaveclimatecomparison,Hs 36 Figure32. Deepwaterwaveclimatecomparison,T 36 p Figure33. Deepwaterwaveclimatecomparison, 6m(deg,comingfrom) 37 Figure34. Harborentrancewaveclimatecomparison,H 39 s Figure35. Harborentrancewaveclimatecomparison,T 39 p Figure36. Harborentrancewaveclimatecomparison, 6m(deg,comingfrom) . 40 Figure37. RepresentationofHARBDdomain 43 Figure38. Gridofexistingharbor 53 Figure39. Bathymetry,existingharbor 55 Figure40. Wavereflectioncoefficientvalues,shortwaves,existingharbor ... 55 Figure41. Modelshortwavecalibrationtofourstormevents 57 Figure42. Modelshortwavevalidationto 11 monthsofgagedata 58 Figure43. Modellongwavecalibration 59 Figure44. Longwavecomparisonofaveragegagespectraandmodel 60 Figure45. Incidentwavedirections 62 Figure46. Outputbasins,existingharbor 64 Figure47. Wilson'sthresholdofsurgedamageformooredships (fromSeaberghandThomas(1995)) 65 Figure48. Exampleswellamplificationfactorcontours,existingharbor 70 Figure49. Comparisonof(A^)^averagedoverperiodsof10-20secat piers,existingharborandPlans4b,6,and7(seeFigure46and AppendixEforbasinlocations) 72 H Figure50. Comparisonof sexceeded 10percentofthetimeatpiers 75 H Figure51. Comparisonof sexceeded 1 percentofthetimeatpiers 76 Figure52. Harboroscillationdefinitions 77 Figure53. Longwaveresponse,existingharbor,Piers 1-3 79 Figure54. Resonantlongwaveamplificationfactorcontours,existing harbor 81 Figure55. Resonantlongwavephasecontours,existingharbor 82 Figure56. LongwaveRMSamplificationfactorcomparisonatpiers, 7=100-400sec 83 Figure57. PercentoccurrenceofHshng>10cmatpiers,7=100-400sec 86 Figure58. PercentoccurrenceofHslong>10cmatpiers,7=30-100sec 87 List of Tables Table 1. FieldWaveGages 11 Table2. SummaryStatistics,NDBCBuoy51026,N.Molokai 13 Table3. FieldWaveParameters 16 Table4. EffectofOverlappingBandsonTpEstimates,Array 19 Table5. FieldWaveGageParameterCorrelationCoefficients,Pier2, Jan94 20 Table6. SourcesofWaveClimateInformation 35 Table7. EmpiricalRelationshipsBetweenDeepwaterand KahuluiHarborEntrance 38 Table8. CriticalHARBDInputParametersandRangesofTypicalValues ... 47 Table9. GuidanceforChoosingy 49 Table 10. GuidanceforChoosings 50 Table 11. GridSizes 54 Table 12. ParameterValuesUsedinHARBD 56 Table 13. HarborAlternativesforNumericalModeling 56 Table 14. FieldCasesforShortWaveModelCalibration,Array 57 Table 15. SummaryofIncidentShortWaveConditions 61 Table 16. SummaryofIncidentLongWaveConditions 62 Table 17. ApproximateRelationshipsAmongT ,y,ands 63 Table 18. SlopeValuesDefinedbySeaberghandThomas' (1995) LongWaveCriteria 68 Table 19. SignificantWaveHeightsExceeded 10Percentand 1 Percent oftheTimeatFieldGages 74 Table20. PercentOccurrenceofHsJmgz10cmatFieldGages 84 Table21. PlanswithHp>\ ftLessThan 1 PercentoftheTime 90 Table22. PlanswithHslong>10cmLessThan 16PercentoftheTime, 100-to400-secPeriods 90 Table23. PlanswithHshng>10cmLessThan7PercentoftheTime, 30-to 100-secPeriods 91