volume xi hw bell

136 Pages·2010·8.22 MB·English

S A R D I
PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE EXCAVATION OF SA.. DIS
VOLUME XI
COINS
PART I
1910-1914
BY
H. W. BELL
LEIDEN - E. J. BRI LL LTD.
1916
INTRODUCTION
THE coins found in the excavations at Sardes during the seasons of 1910-14 are
representative of nearly every century from the time of ,Croesus to the reign of the Emperor
John V.I They fall into five groups, as follows:
Greek 419
Roman 214
Vandal 1
Byzantine 354
Latin East 2
a total of 990.
Of the Greek coins, 16 are from the pre-Alexandrian period, and are distributed as GREEK:
f pre-Alex-
o11ows: andrian.
Al .1E
Croesus 22
Persia. 2
Parium 1
Colophon
Miletus 1
TABLE I. ANALYSIS OF GREEK COINS OF THE PRE-ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD.
They are so few in number that it is impossible to draw any conclusions from them, It may
be noted that the only bronze coins are from Colophon, a city which, with Ephesus, probably
furnished the inhabitants of Sardes with small currency during the Persian occupation. Of
these ten coins, however, five were found in one tomb, and four in the Basis; they do not
therefore furnish sufficient evidence to settle this question.
For the period from Alexander the Great to Augustus there are 319 coms, of which Alexander-
183 were found in two hoards, and require separate consideration. Augustus.
In Table II is .given an analysis of the places of issue of, or the rulers responsible for,
all the coins of this period, whether found in tombs, or singly in the main excavations. The
districts of origin best represented are Macedon, Thrace, Mysia, Ionia, Lydia, and the Seleucid
mints. In these were struck 129 out of a total of 134 coins. The Thracian and Syrian, and
probably also the Royal Pergamenian issues, are confined to the periods when kings of those
countries included Sardes in their dominions. After the end of the Attalid dynasty, however,
Pergamenian coins continued in use at Sardes until the time of Augustus. For the whole
period there are numerous coins of Sardes and of Ephesus.
1 There are alsoa fewMohammedan coins,which will be published later.
2 One ofthese isfrom the Basisdeposit. 3 Four ofthese are from the Basis.
a 2
1v INTRODUCTION
.-it .LE i,IIl' Tu~Dtal \ JR ..E rrotal
4~
Macedon I ' I Macedon
Alexander II[ 10 11 Alexander III 27 5
Interval. (j II Philip III 1
Philip V . 2 i' Cassander 2
1
Demetrius
Thrace. 12 Interval 5
Lysimachus 12 Antigonus Gonatas 1
Mysia 16 21
Attalid 4 Thrace 10 11
Lysimachus
Pergamum (city) 12
1
Aeolis . 1 Bithynia
Cyme 1 Cius 1
Ionia 20 8
Mysia
Ephesus. 2 15 Attalid 1 7-
Smyrna. 3
1
Carla 2 Aeolis
Alabanda 1 Cyme. 1
Rhodes 1
11
Ionia .
Lydia :!6 I Colophon 4
Sardes 25 Ephesus 4
Thyatira. 1 Oenoe . 3
Phrygia 1 1
Lydia
Apameia. 1
Croesus 1
Seleucid Kings of Syria 26 26
Seleucid Kings of Syria 14 29 43
Ptolemaic Kings of Egypt 1 1
rrotals 56 72 ]281
Totals 13 121 ]34
TABLE III. ANALYSIS OF BASIS-HOARD.
TABLE II. ANALYSIS OF COINS, NOT FOUND INHOARDS,
OF THE PERIOD FROl\I ALEXANDER TO AUGUSTUS.
I _,i{ ~E Total
,I Macedon. 30
I Alexander III 30
I
Caria 'J
I
Alabanda . 1
Aphrodisias. i ] 2
I
Pamphylia I 15
Perga. I 2
I
Side 13 ! I
SeleucidKings of Syria I 14 14
I
i---~---I-- ,---
Totals 60 1 61
I
TABLE IV. ANALYSIS OF POT-HOAHD.
I Ofthese coins, 5(Croesus, 1; Colophon, 4)are ~arlierthan Period II. 2 The coin ofAphrodisias islaterthan Period II.
INTRODUCTION
Tables III and IV provide analyses of the two hoards of Greek coins, to which have
,Pot-
been given the names of 'Basis-hoard' and' Pot-hoard'. The latter, consisting of 60 tetra-
hoard'.
drachms (Alexander III, 30; Alabanda, 1; Perga, 2; Side, 13; Seleucid, 14) and one bronze
coin of Aphrodisias, dating from Imperial times (no. 221), was found in a small vase, which
unfortunately was broken beyond all hope of recognition during excavation by a careless
workman. The presence of a bronze coin of a late date, and the fact that the hoard itself
was found in connexion with a graveyard of the Byzantine period (though not in a grave),
make it highly probable that the collection was formed during the early Middle Ages by
a person of antiquarian tastes.
( ~s
5
N
B
c
w
SS = Silver coins
BB= Bronze coins
C= Coin ofCroesus
Shaded part indicates that part ofBasis of which top course has not been moved.
BASIS OF CULT-STATUE OF ARTEMIS AFTER EXUAVATION.
The coins1 from the Basis of the cult-statue of Artemis were found, with one exception, 'Basis-
in the vertical spaces between the stones forming the upper row of the structure as it existed hoard'.
when uncovered during the excavations. As will appear from the illustration, the silver
coins were all found in one part of the Basis, while all the bronze coins came from another
part of it. The exception above referred to, a coin of Croesus, was discovered in a horizontal
1 Silver = 56 (46 tetradrachms, 9 drachms, 1 coin of Croesus); bronze = 72; total= 128. Professor Butler, in his
'Second Report' (A.J.A., xv,1911,p.453),has inadvertentlygiven the quantityfound in the Basis as 'silvertetradrachms, to
the number offifty-four'.
a 3
VI INTRODUCTION
position between the upper and lower rows of masonry. No coins whatever were found under
the Basis, where excavation was carried on to a depth of several metres. The coins differ
so widely in date, and many of the earlier ones are in such good preservation, that it is
difficult to assume that they were all placed in the Basis at on~ and the .same .time.1 The
careful separation of metals shows, however, that they were deposIted there intentionally."
The Imperial period is represented by 83 Greek coins, as analysed in Table V. The
Imperial
Period. great majority of these coins (61) were minted in Lydia, and one-half of the whole number
.LE Total
Crete 1
Cydonia 1
Mysia 1
Pergamum. 1
Aeolis 1
Aegae. 1
Ionia 13
Ephesus 6
Metropolis 1
.
Smyrna 6
Lydia 61
Attalea 1
Daldis. 1
Dios Hieron 1
Germe. 1
Maeonia 2
Magnesia 1
Mastaura 1
Nysa 1
Philadelphia 3
Sartta . 2
Sala 1
Sardes s 42
Thyatira 1
Tmolus 1
Tralles 2
Phrygia 5
Cadi 2
Ceretapa 1
Cotiaeum 1
Hierapolis 1
Alexandria 1 1
Total 834
TABLE V. ANALYSIS OF GREEK COINS OF THE IMPERIAL PERIOD.
is from Sardes. All but 2 (Cydonia and Alexandria) of this group of coins are from Sardes,
and from cities with which the Sardians undoubtedly had commercial relations.
Thus it appears that when for reasons already given we deduct the' Pot-hoard' coins (61)
from the total number of Greek coins (419), the remaining 358 coins fall into two groups, the
larger of which (241), or more than 67 per cent. of the whole, consists of coins struck either
1 The Croesean coin was apparentlydeposited (or lost) during the building ofthe existingBasis.
2 It will be noticedthatin neitherhoardare thereany coins of Sardes.
S Includinga Sardes-Pergamum alliance-coin.
4 The coin ofAphrodisias (Pot-hoard) isnotincludedin thisTable.
INTRODUCTION Vll
in Sardes or by kings in whose dominions the city happened to be at the time of striking.1
Of the 117 which are left, 96 are from cities in Lydia and in contiguous parts of Asia Minor.
Only 21 coins, therefore, out of a total of 358, come from farther afield; viz. Macedon (after
Philip III), 17, and Cius in Bithynia, Ptolemy I, Cydonia in Crete, and Alexandria, 1 each.
While there are many instances, among the Greek coins, of variations in details fr0111
similar coins described elsewhere, they present but few new types; the 1110st interesting of
these are nos. 274 and 300, both of them struck at Sardes during the Imperial period.
In considering the R0111an coins from Sardes, we may dismiss the example of Republican ROMAN:
Republi-
date (no. 420) with the remark that it was certainly never in use in Sardes as a coin. It
can.
is interesting to note that of the 213 Imperial coins only 23, or nearly 10'8 per cent., belong
to the period before the closing of the local mints during the reign of Gallienus, and that,
1R Bill. .JE Total At Bill. ~E Total
Republican. 1 1 Totals broughtforward 15 4 31 50
Julius Caesar 1 1 Maximian II. 5 5
M. Antonius and Octavia 2 2 Maximin II . 1 1
Augustus 2 3 5 Licinius I 4 4
Claudius I 1 1 Licinius II 1 1
Vespasian 1 1 Constantine I 9 9
Titus. 1 1 Crispus 1 1
Domitian 1 1 Constantine II 6 6
Trajan 1 1 Constantius II 23 23
Hadrian 2 2 Constans I 3 3
Caracalla 1 1 Constantius Gallus 3 3
Gordian III 1 1 Julian II 1 1
Philip 12 1 Valentinian I 2 2
Aemilian 12 1 Valens . 13 13
Gallienus 33 3 Gratian 2 2
Postumus 13 1 Valentinian II 10 10
Claudius II. 7 7 Theodosius I. 34 34
Aurelian 3 1 4 Flaccilla 3 3
Aurelian and Vabalathus 1 1 Honorius 14 14
Carus. 1 1 Arcadius 24 24
Diocletian . 6 6 Eudoxia 1 1
Maximian I 7 7 'I'heodosius II 3 3
Leo I 1 1
~1--4-~ 50-
Totals carried forward Totals 15 4 195 214
TABLE VI. ANALYSIS OF RmIAN COINS.
furthermore, only 8 of these 23 are of bronze, the others being of silver.4 It therefore
appears that, so long as the quasi-autonomous coinage continued, only silver coins were in
demand from Rome.
The greatest number of Roman COIns (191) date from the two centuries following the
closing of the local mints. For the period of 150 years between the final triumph of
Constantine the Great over Licinius and the death of Leo I (A. D. 324-474) there are many
1110re coins (148) than for the century and a half ending in A. D. 324.5 It is therefore an
attractive hypothesis-e-though in view of the comparatively small area at present excavated
too much importance must not be attached to it-that during the third century the increasing
1 In thisanalysisall silver coins bearingthe name of Alexanderhave been includedinthelargergroup. The fact that
perhaps a majority of them were struckafterhis death would not.affect the percentages much. The whole question of the
dateand places ofstrikingofthese coinsisnotoriously obscure; and some of the examples from Sardes may well have been
issued by those ofthe Diadochiwhoincludedit in theirkingdoms.
2 Base. 3 Silver-washed.
4 Fourofthese silver coins (nos.422,423,428,429) and two ofthe bronze coins (nos.426,427)were struckin theEast.
5 Lessthan80, including the issues of the quasi-autonomous mints. It is impossible to determine the exact numbers
because in many casesthe quasi-autonomous coins cannotbe definitelydated. Eighty, however, representsthe maximum. '
vin INTRODUCTION
nis,
importance of Christianity, by curtailinz the numbers of the devotees at the shrine of Artel
reduced the number of the coins which would be lost in its precinct. On the other hand,
after the victory of Constantine had assured to the Christians not only toleration but even
i~stead
a virtual supremacy for their religion, they increased in temerity, and of shunning
~wn.
the temples of the gods, defiled them, or converted them to the uses of their faith. The
7
great increase of coins really begins with the accession of the sons of Constantine In A. D. 33 ;
and it is to this time or soon after that lnay be assigned both the crosses and words of
Christian significance scratched upon the door-jambs of the Temple of Artemis,' and the small
chapel built against the south-east angle of the peristyle.2
. ' •
,Church A small hoard, known as the' Church-hoard', consisting of 25 bronze COIns of this period,
hoard'. was found outside the chapel, and somewhat below the level of occupation of that time. It
was composed as follows: Constantius II, 2; Valens, 1; Valentinian II, 8; Theodosius I, 9 ;
Arcadius, 5; and it was probably deposited about A. D. 400.
The Imperial mints, so far as they can be ascertained, which are most largely represented,
are those nearest Sardes, viz. Constantinople, NicOlnedia, and Cyzicus.
Of the 354 Byzantine coins, 216 were found in a tightly-packed mass under a large block
BYZAN-
TINE. of marble which had been removed from the cella wall and lay at the height of about one metre
..tE .A{ Bill. ..tE Total
92
Anastasius I ] Total broughtforward
Justin I 2 Theodora 1 1
Justinian I 13 Michael VI 1- 1
Justin II 5 Constantine X 4 4
Tiberius II. 3 Romanus IV. 1 1
Maurice 'Tiberius 1 Michael VII . 1 i 1
Phocas 6 Alexius I ~ 1 ! 3
Heraclius I 26 John II 1 1 2
Constantine III . 2 Manuel I 4 4
Basil I 2 Andronicus I 1 1
Leo VI 5 Isaac II 1 2 3
Romanus I 2 Theodore Mankaphas 1 1
Constantine VII 2 Alexius III . 2 4 6
NicephorusII 3 'I'hessalonica 1 1
John I . . . . 9 Theodore I 1 13 14
Basil IIand Constantine VIII 3 John III 1 1
Michael IV 6 Michael VIII 1 1
Oonstantine IX . 1 John V. I 1 1
-7-13S --
Total carriedforward 92 Totals 1 138
TABLE VII. ANALYSIS OF BYZANTINE C01NS NOT .FOUND IN HOARD.
'Byzantine above the level of the pteroma. The coins had been contained in a bag, and the impression
Hoard'. of its fabric could clearly be seen in the corrosion on ulany of them. Nearly all (203) of the
coins forming this hoard are dated in the early }Tears of the reign of Heraclius I (A. D. 610-41).
The earliest coin in it was struck in the fifth year of Justin II (Nov. 15, A. D. 569-Nov. 14,
A. D. 570), and the latest in the fifth year of Heraclius I (Oct. 5, A. D. 614-0ct. 4, A. D. 615).
As there are but tl~ree of this l~tter date, it is probable that the deposit was made during
A. D. 615, or early In the following year. Judging from the location of the hoard, it may
be assumed to have been the savings of a labourer employed in quarrying stones from the
abandoned shrine: in Professor Butler's volume on the Excavations, it will be shown that
1 Published as no. 12by W. H. Buckler and D. M. Robinson, 'Greek Inscriptions from Sardes IV' (A.J.A., xviii, 1914,
p.44).
2 Cf.H. C.Butler, 'Third PreliminaryReport on the American Excavations at Sardes in Asia Minor' (A.J. A., xvi, 1912,
p. 475f.).
INTRODUCTION IX
the early pa~ of the seventh century was the period of the most painstaking dilapidation
of the Temple of Artemis.
~E
Justin II. . 5
Maurice Tiberius 6
Phocas .
Heraclius I 203
Total 216
TABLE VIII. ANALYSIS or BYZANTINE HOARD.
The period of 199 years between the death of Constantine III (A.D. 668) and the accession
of Basil I (A. D. 867) is, up to the present, represented by no coins whatsoever. This long
hiatus seems to synchronize with a discontinuation of the work of destruction, when what
remained of'the cella was lined with concrete and used as a cistern.' By the same time the
chapel had fallen into disuse, and the site had become unfrequented.
Among the new types of Byzantine coins discovered, the most important is a billon
nomisma of the rebel Theodore Mankaphas, struck probably in Philadelphia at the end of
the twelfth century. It is the only coin yet published; so far as I am aware, which may
with certainty be attributed to him." The attribution of nos. 973-84 to Theodore I of Nicaea
cannot be regarded as certain; in no instance did the obverse inscription ·take' in the
striking. The three new types with which he has been credited bear strong resemblances,
however, both to each other and to coins previously assigned to this Emperor.
The Vandal coin (no. 634) and the two Latin coins (nos. 989-90) require no comment VANDAL
beyond noting the fact that they are intruders. LATIN.
There are 18 Mohammedan coins, which will be published later. .MOHAM-
~IEDAN.
In concluding the analysis, we find that 86'8 per cent. of the coins from Sardes were
3
struck by the city or by its rulers 4; that 10'4 per cent. were issued in contiguous parts of Asia
Minor, and that only 2·7 per cent. arrived there from what n1aybe termed unrelated territory.
There is a small group of coins, the majority of which, being illegible, are necessarily
omitted from the Catalogue, which were found in unusual connexions. Each was discovered
in a cup or bowl, together with, in every case, broken egg-shells and the remains of a bronze
spoon or spatula. These cups were for the most part (cf. nos. 208, 228) found in the same
general part of the excavations, to the west of the north side of the temple.' The fact that
only three of the coins proved to be legible makes itdifficult to generalize about them; but
in every case they were of bronze; none, so far as could be determined, were from the Roman
Imperial mints; the cups and bowls containing them seem all to have been made in Imperial
times (though coin no. 242 dates from before 133 B. c.), It is to be hoped that more of these
egg-cups, containing coins in better preservation, will be forthcoming, so that luore inferences
may be drawn as to their meaning and use.
1 Fora fuller description, cf. H. C.Butler, 'Second Preliminary Report on the American Excavations at Sardes in Asia
Minor' (A.J.A., xv,1911,p. 450).
cr.
2 the note to this coin (no.964).
S Excludingthe 61 coins ofthe Pot-hoard.
4 Including all the coins bearing the name of Alexander; the exclusion of these would lowerthe first percentageonly
slightly, withoutaffectingthe generalresult.
Ii No.242wasfound in quite a different part ofthe excavations.
x INTRODUCTION
To the descriptions in the Catalogue are appended data gIvIng, b0y:means of 'squares'
and' levels', the exact finding-place, as well as the date of discovery, ea.ch coin from the
main excavations.' For coins found in tombs, the number of the tomb IS given, The levels
and squares are determined according to a system which will be fully explained in Professor
Butler's volume on the Excavations. For the present, it is sufficient to say that the levels
are computed upwards from a fixed point in the bed of the Pactolus far below the deepest
point which the excavations are likely ever to reach.
re~dily
In order that the various coins comprising anyone of the four hoards may be
distinguished from the other coins, their squares, levels, and dates have not been printed
in the Catalogue. These coins have appended to them the following abbreviations:
B.-H. = Basis-Hoard.
P.-H. = Pot-Hoard.
Ch.-H. = Church-Hoard.
Byz. H. = Byzantine Hoard.
The levels, squares, and dates of the hoards are as follows:
Level. Square. Date.
{1R 689-90}
B.-H. 99.82 June, 1911
..E 669-89
P.-H. 99·8 II.53l Feb. 26, 1913
Ch.-H. 102·0 1076 April 18,1913
Byz. H. 100·0 806 April 11,1912.
Some of the abbreviations used for the tombs need explanation. Pl.-T.A is a tomb in
the plain, not far from the railway, in which was found a sarcophagus of the Sidamara type.
S. and SvV. (followed by a number) indicate tombs in either the South or the South-West
Necropolis, situated respectively east and west of the Pactolus, some distance above the
Artemision. Tum. I refers to coins found loose in a small tumulus about half a mile due
north of the temple; when followed by a Greek lower-case letter, a particular burial in the
tumulus is meant. Bastion indicates coins found among some houses on the lower part of
the First T0111b-Slope, forming part of the principal necropolis, facing the Temple of Artemis
across the Pactolus.
In describing the coins, the forms used in the volumes of the varIOUS British Museum
Catalogues have, in general, been followed. The position of inscriptions has in every case
been noted, unless they read'from 1., upwards', i.e. in the usual modern fashion.
The numbers in the Indices (as well as on the Plates) refer to the numbers of the coins
in their order in the Catalogue; and the practice has been adopted of printing references
to obverses in heavy type.
lOwingto an unfortunate oversight, the find-data of several coins were left behind in Sardesat the close of the season
of 1914. As the Expedition will not resume work until the presentwaris over, this volume mustgo to presswithoutthem.
They will besuppliedin the next publication of Sardes coins. The finding-places of a few of the coinsare notknown, and
cannotbe ascertained. Inall such cases question-marks (?)are printed in the'level' and •square' columns.
2 Croesean coin: level = 99·4; square= 669.
INTRODUCTION Xl
References are given in the foot-notes in the Catalogue to the following books:
GREEK COINS: A Catalogue ofthe Greek Coins in the British Museum:
Seleucid ](ings ojSyria, by P. Gardnerand R. S. Poole, 1878.
Tlte Ptolermies, KingsojEgypt, by R. S. Poole, 1883.
Creteand the Aegaean Islands, by W. Wroth, 1886.
Pontus, Paphlaqonia and Bithynia, and the ](ingdorn ofBosporus, by R. S. Poole, 1889.
Alexandria and the Nemes, by R. S. Poole, 1892.
lllysia, by W. Wroth, 1892.
Ionia, by B. V. Head, 1892.
Troas, Aeolis and Lesbos,by W. Wroth, 1894.
Lycia, Parnphylia and Pisidia, by G. F. Hill, 1897.
Caria, Cos, Rhodes, &c.,by B. V. Head, 1897.
L!Jdia, by B. V. Head, 1901.
Pltrygia, by B. V. Head, 1906.
Catalogue des monnaies grecques de la Bibliotheque nationale :
Les Perses Acluimenides, &c.,by E. Babelon, 1893.
Les rois de S!Jrie,&c.,by E. Babelon, 1890.
E. Babelon: Ineentaire sommaire de la CollectionWaddington, 1897.
B. V. Head: Historia Numorum», 1911.
-- 'On the Chronological Sequence of the Coins of Ephesus', Num. Ctiron-, New Series, vol. xx
(1880), pp. 85-173, and vol. xxi (1881), pp. 13-23.
G. Macdonald: CatalogueofGreel: Coinsin the Tlunterian. Collection, 3 vols., Glasgow, 1899-1905.
-- 'Early Seleucid Portraits', J.If.S.,vol. xxvii (1907), pp. 145-59.
T. E. Mionnet: Descriptiondemedailles antiques g1'ecques etromaines, 7vols., 1806-13.
-- -- Supplernent, 9 vols., 1819-37.
C.L. MUller,Numismatique d'Aleeamdre le Grand, 1vol. and atlas, Copenhagen, 1855.
-- Die Afiinzendesthralciechen. ]((jnigs Lueimachus, Copenhagen, 1858.
ROMAN COINS: Cataloque ofthe Coins ofthe Roman Republic in the British. Museum, by H. A. Grueber,3 vols.,
1910.
H. Cohen: Monnaiesjrappees sousl'Empire ro11uu:n2, 8 vols., 1880-92.
J. Maurice: Nuniismatique constantinienne, 3 vols., 1908-12.
T. Rohde: Die Miinzen. des Kaisers Aurelianus, seiner Frau Seoerina und del'Ficrstetivon Palmgra,
Vienna, 1881.
J. Tolstor : Monnaies byzantines (in parts; unfinished), St. Petersburg, 1912-.
VANDAL COIN: Catalogue of the Coins oj the Vandals, (lstroqotlis and Lombards, and of the Empires oj
Thesealonica, Nicaea and Trebizond in the British Museum, by W. Wroth, 1911.
BYZANTINE COINS: CatalogueojIniperial Byzant'ine Coinsin theBritish Museum, by W. Wroth, 2vols., 1908.
Catalogueojthe Coinsofthe Vandals, &c.,in theBritish Museum, by W. Wroth, 1911.
J. Sabatier: Description. tJeneraledesmonnaies byzantines, 2 vols., 1862.
J. Tolstor : Monnaiee byzantines (in parts; unfinished), St. Petersburg, 1912-.
H. P. Borrel, Sale Catalogue, 1852.
C.J. Thomsen, Sale Catalogue, Part II, vol. i, Copenhagen, 1873.
F. Imhoof-Blumer, Sale Catalogue (= Hirsch Cat., no. xviii), Munich, 1907.
LATIN COINS: G. Sch1umberger: Numismatique de l'Orient latin, 1878.
I am also greatly indebted to Babelon's T1~aite de monnaies gJ'ecque::; et uu:s, and to
j'OJi/U
G. F. Hill's Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins.
When, in the case of Greek and Byzantine coins, no references are given in the foot-notes,
exactly similar coins will be found published in the volumes of the British Museum Catalogues.
For Greek coins belonging to series not yet published by the British Museum (e.g. Alexander