Vigilance: Theory, Operational Performance, and Physiological Correlates

853 Pages·1977·18.373 MB·English

by  Robert R. Mackie (auth.), Robert R. Mackie (eds.)

VIGILANCE
Theory. Operational Performance. and
Physiological Correlates
NATO CONFERENCE SERIES
I Ecology
II Systems Science
III Human Factors
IV Marine Sciences
V Air-Sea Interactions
III HUMAN FACTORS
Volume 1 Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control
Edited by Thomas B. Sheridan and Gunnar Johannsen
Volume 2 Biofeedback and Behavior
Edited by Jackson Beatty and Heiner Legewie
Volume 3 Vigilance: Theory. Operational Performance. and Physiological Correlates
Edited by Robert R. Mackie
VIGILANCE
II
Theory, Operational Performance, and
Physiological Correlates
Edited by
Robert R. Mackie
Human Factors Research, Incorporated
Goleta, California
Published in coordination with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Vigilance: theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates.
(NATO conference series: III, Human factors;v. 3)
"Proceedings of a symposium on vigilance II: relationships among theory, phys
iological correlates, and operational performance, held in St. Vincent, Italy, August
3-6, 1976, sponsored by the NATO Special Program Panel on Human Factors and the
Physiology Programs, U. S. Office of Naval Research."
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Vigilance (Psychology)-Congresses.1. Mackie, Robert R. II. Nato Special Program
Panel on Human Factors. III. United States. Office of Naval Research. Physiology
Programs Office. IV. Series.
BF323.V5V53 152 77-748
ISBN 978-1-4684-2531-4
Proceedings of a Symposium on Vigilance II: Relationships Among Theory,
Physiological Correlates, and Operational Performance held in St. Vincent,
Italy, August 3-6, 1976, sponsored by the NATO Special Program Panel
on Human Factors and the Physiology Programs, U. S. Office of Naval
Research
ISBN 978-1-4684-2531-4 ISBN 978-1-4684-2529-1 (eBook)
001 10.1007/978-1-4684-2529-1
© 1977 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1977
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Preface
This volume contains the proceedings of a symposium held in
St. Vincent, Italy, on August 3-6,1976, entitled "Vigilance II:
Relationships Among Theory, Physiological Correlates, and Opera
tional Performance."
The symposium was sponsored jointly by the Human Factors Panel
of the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO and by the Physiology
Programs Office of the U.S. Office of Naval Research (Contract
N00014-76-C-0722). These sponsorships, and the helpful assistance
of Dr. Donald P. Woodward and Dr. John A. Nagay, are gratefully
acknowledged.
Following the editor's introduction, the papers appear in the
order they were given at St. Vincent. In general they are grouped
according to the main topical themes of the symposium: keynote ad
dress, vehicle operation, monitoring and inspection, physiological
correlates, stress effects, individual differences, and theoretical
considerations. I must point out, however, that individual papers
often overlapped several of these topical areas and thus no defini
tive partitioning of the proceedings has been attempted.
I wish to acknowledge the many contributions of my colleague,
Dr. James O'Hanlon, to both the planning of the symposium and the
preparation of the manuscript, and the invaluable role of my wife,
Shirley Jean, in making the symposium such a pleasant one for all.
In addition, I wish to recognize the countless contributions of
Lynda Lee Chilton and Katherine Peimann whose performance in compos
ing, typing, and proofing the manuscript is certainly a tribute to
human vigilance, and endurance as well.
Finally, with a sense of great personal loss, I must note that
the paper by William Harris entitled "Fatigue, Circadian Rhythm,
and Truck Accidents" was his final professional contribution before
succumbing to the ravages of cancer. His optimistic spirit will be
missed by all who knew him; his contributions will be missed by all
who labor in this most important field of study.
Robert R. Mackie
v
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction. 1
Robert R. Mackie
Chapter 2: Vigilance: Biology, Psychology, Theory,
....
and Practice (Keynote Address) .... 27
Harry J. Jerison
Chapter 3: Performance Decrement During Prolonged
Night Driving. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
J. B. J. Riemersma, A. F. Sanders,
C. Wildervanck, &A . W. Gaillard
Chapter 4: Validation of a Behavior Analysis
Methodology: Variation of Vigilance
in Night Driving as a Function of the
Rate of Carboxyhemoglobin. . . . . 59
E. J. Caille &J . L. Bassano
Chapter 5: Effects of Listening to Car Radio,
Experience, and Personality of the
Driver on Subsidiary Reaction Time
and Heart Rate in a Long-Term Driving
Task ......•........ 73
K.-O. Fagerstrom &H .-O. Lisper
Chapter 6: Comparison of Performance and Physio
logical Changes Between Drivers Who
Perform Well and Poorly During Prolonged
Vehicular Operation. ....... . 87
James F. O'Hanlon &G ene R. Kelley
Chapter 7: Circadian Performance Rhythms: Experi
mental Studies in Air Operations . . III
Karl E. Klein, Reinhold Herrmann,
Paul Kuklinski, &H ans-M. Wegmann
vii
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 8: Fatigue, Circadian Rhythm, and Truck
Accidents. . . . . . . . . 133
William Harris
Chapter 9: Neurophysiological Vigilance Indi
cators and Operational Analysis of
a Train Vigilance Monitoring Device:
A Laboratory and Field Study . . 147
H. Fruhstorfer, P. Langanke,
K. Meinzer, J. H. Peter, &
U. Pfaff
Chapter 10: Simultaneous Monitoring of a Number
of Auditory Sonar Outputs. . ... 163
W. P. Colquhoun
Chapter 11: Concurrence of Electroencephalographic
and Performance Changes During a Simu
lated Radar Watch and Some Implications
for the Arousal Theory of Vigilance .. 189
James F. O'Hanlon &J ackson Beatty
Chapter 12: Physiological, Subjective, an~ Perfor
mance Correlates of Boredom
Rep0~ced
and Monotony While Performing a Simu
lated Radar Control Task . . . . . 203
Richard I. Thackray, J. Powell
Bailey, & R. Mark Touchstone
Chapter 13: The Function of Maintaining Concen
tration (TAF): An Approach to the
Evaluation of Mental Stress ..... 217
Eimatusu Takakuwa
Chapter 14: Vigilance Effects in Complex
Inspection . .. .... 239
A. Craig &W . P. Colquhoun
Chapter 15: Some EEG Correlates of Sustained
Attention. . . . . . 263
Anthony Gale
Chapter 16: Cortical Evoked Potentials and
Vigilance: A Decision Theory
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 285
D. R. Davies & R. Parasuraman
CONTENTS
Chapter 17: Physiological Correlates of Performance
in a Long Duration Repetitive Visual
Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Nicholas John Carriero
Chapter 18: The Effects of Various Conditions
on Subjective States and Critical
Flicker Frequency ...... . 331
E. Grandjean, P. Baschera,
E. Martin, &A . Weber
Chapter 19: Vigilance and Split-Brain Research. . . . . .. 341
Stuart J. Dimond
Chapter 20: Effects of Temporal Stressors on
Vigilance and Information Processing 361
Earl A. Alluisi, Glynn D. Coates,
& Ben B. Morgan, Jr.
Chapter 21: Arousing Stresses Increase Vigilance. . . . . . 423
E. C. Poulton
Chapter 22: Biorhythm and Watch Rhythms: Hemeral
Watch Rhythm and Anhemeral Watch
Rhythm in Simulated Permanent Duty 461
E. J. Caille &J . L. Bassano
Chapter 23: Sleep Deprivation and the Vigilance
of Anesthesiologists During Simu-
lated Surgery ........... . 511
Jackson Beatty, Sylvia K. Ahern,
& Ronald Katz
Chapter 24: Sleep Deprivation, Arousal, and
Performance. . .. . ..... 529
Anders Kjellberg
Chapter 25: A Study of the Combined Effects of
Extended Driving and Heat Stress
on Driver Arousal and Performance. 537
Robert R. Mackie &J ames F.
O'Hanlon
Chapter 26: A Taxonomic Analysis of Vigilance
Performance. . . . . . . . . . . 559
R. Parasuraman & D. R. Davies
CONTENTS
x
Chapter 27: The Relationship Between Vigilance and
Eye Movements Induced by Vestibular
Stimulation. . . . . 575
Robert S. Kennedy
Chapter 28: The Effect of Mental Set and States of
Consciousness on Vigilance Decrement:
A Systematic Exploration . . . . 603
Roger Ware & Robert A. Baker
Chapter 29: The Influence of Personality and Age
on the Relationship Between Vigilance
Performance and Arousal Level ..... 617
Carl M. Stroh
Chapter 30: Psychological Processes in Sustained
Attention. . ........ . 623
Joel S. Warm
Chapter 31: The Effects of Raised Signal and
Noise Amplitude During the Course
of Vigilance Tasks . . . . . . . . 645
D. W. J. Corcoran, J. Mullin,
Mary Teresa Rainey, & Gordon Frith
Chapter 32: Experiments on the Validity of
Vigilance Experiments ..... 665
F. Nachreiner
Chapter 33: Adaptation to Decreasing Signal
Probability ...... . 679
D. Vickers, J. Leary, & P. Barnes
Chapter 34: Signal Detection Theory Applied
to Vigilance . . . . . . . . . . 705
John A. Swets
Chapter 35: An Update of Findings Regarding
Vigilance and a Reconsideration
of Underlying Hechanisms .... 719
Michel Loeb &E arl A. Alluisi
Bibliography. 751
Participants. 815
Author Index. 821
Subj ect Index. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 843
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Symposium
Not everyone agrees on the origin of vigilance research, but
it can be traced back at least to the introduction of assembly-line
methods to industry. As early as 1932, research had been performed
on performance trends in visual inspection tasks (Wyatt & Langdon,
1932). However, the development of strong interest in vigilance re
search is generally attributed to studies of performance decrements
of ships' lookouts and airborne radar operators during World War II
(Baker, 1962). The tasks of these operators embodied the essential
vigilance features of sustained attention for low probability events
under monotonous conditions. Many of today's military, industrial,
and transportation systems still embody these features and this sus
tains much present-day interest in vigilance (Adams, 1965).
The beginnings of research on vigilance in controlled settings
are generally ascribed to N. H. Mackworth (1948) who is credited as
being the first to take operationally related problems of sustained
attention into the laboratory. Since then, the great majority of
research on vigilance has been conducted in laboratory settings.
Study has been directed toward numerous variables whose influence
on performance perhaps could only be identified in a controlled en
vironment: signal duration, intensity, frequency, inter-signal
interval, type of non-signal background, task complexity, task du
ration, knowledge of results, sensory modality, sensory restriction,
the influence of stressors (such as noise, vibration, heat) and
various personality variables (Buckner &M cGrath, 1963b; Davies &
Tune, 1969; Stroh, 1971). Thus a very significant operational prob
lem stimulated a tremendous amount of laboratory research on a topic
(i.e., sustained attention) that had, for years, been neglected by
traditional experimental psychology.
The flurry of interest in vigilance research, spanning a peri
od of nearly 30 years since Mackworth's early work, has led to a
corresponding emphasis on the development of various theories of
vigilance which now include (at least) activation or arousal theory,
expectancy theory, signal detection theory, filter theory, observ-