Vascular Morphogenesis: In Vivo, In Vitro, In Mente PDF
Preview Vascular Morphogenesis: In Vivo, In Vitro, In Mente
Cardiovascular Molecular Morphogenesis Series Editor Roger R. Markwald Medical University of South Carolina Editorial Advisory Board Paul Barton Charles Little National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical University of South Carolina London, United Kingdom John Lough Clayton Buck Medical College of Wisconsin University of Pennsylvania Takashi Mikawa Marfa V. de la Cruz Cornell Medical College Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Mexico Jeffrey Robbins Mark Fishman Children's Hospital Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Cincinnati Adriana Gittenberger-de Groot Thomas Rosenquist University of Leiden, The Netherlands University of Nebraska Medical School Julie Korenberg Ray Runyan Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of Arizona Los Angeles Robert Schwartz Wmt H. Lamers Baylor College of Medicine University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Kersti Linask University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Books in the Series vascular Morphogenesis: in vivo, in vitro, in mente 0-8176-3920-9 C. D. Little, V. A. Mironov and E. H. Sage, editors Living Morphogenesis of the Heart 0-8176-4037-1 M. V. de la Cruz and R. R. Markwald Vascular Morphogenesis: In Vivo, In Vitro, In Mente Charles D. Little, Vladimir Mironov and E. Helene Sage Editors Birkhauser Boston • Basel • Berlin Editors: Charles D. Little Vladimir Mironov Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Medical University of South Carolina Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC 29425-2204 Charleston, SC 29425-2204 E. Helene Sage Department of Biological Structures University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, WA 98195-7420 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vascular morphogenesis: in vivo, in vitro, in mente / Charles D. Little, Vladimir Mironov, E. Helene Sage, editors. p. cm. - (Molecular biology of cardiovascular development) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8678-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-4156-0 DOl: 10.107/978-1-4612-4156-0 1. Blood-vessels-Growth. 2. Blood-vessels---Differentiation. I. Little, Charles D., 1946- . II. Mironov, Vladimir, 1954-- . III. Sage, E. Helene, 1946- . IV. Series. [DNLM: I. Blood Vessels--embryology. 2. Cardiovascular System- embryology.] QPIOl.V326 1998 573. 1'8---dc2 I Shared Cataloging for DNLM Library of Congress 98-37689 CIP Copyright is not claimed for works of U.S. Government employees. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit ted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner. Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use of specific clients is granted by Birkhiiuser Boston for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), provided that the base fee of $6.00 per copy, plus $0.20 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, U.S.A. Special requests should be addressed directly to Birkhiiuser Boston, 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8678-3 Typeset by Braun-Brumfield, Inc. 987 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Contributors Vll Series Preface Roger R. Markwald IX Foreword Judah Folkman XI PART I: VASCULAR MORPHOGENESIS IN VIVO Introduction: Understanding Blood Vessel Assembly in the Embyro by Charles D. Little 1.1 The Morphogenesis of Primordial Vascular Networks C.J. Drake and C.D. Little 3 1.2 Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis: Analogous Mechanisms and Homologous Growth Factors 1. Wilting, H. Kurz, S. J. Oh, B. Christ 21 1.3 Ontogeny of the Endothelial Network Analyzed in the Avian Model F. Dieterlen-Lievre and L. Pardanaud 35 1.4 Methodology for the Study of Vascular Morphogenesis In Vivo M.C. DeRuiter, R.E. Poelmann, andA.C. Gittenberger-de Groot 51 1.5 Growth Factors in Vascular Morphogenesis: Insights from Gene Knockout Studies in Mice C. Suri and G.D. Yancopoulos 65 PART II: VASCULAR MORPHOGENESIS IN VITRO Introduction: Regulation of Vascular Morphogenesis by E. Helene Sage 73 2.1 Three-Dimensional In Vitro Assay of Endothelial Cell Invasion and Capillary Tube Morphogenesis R. Montesano and M.S. Pepper 79 vi Contents 2.2 The Rat Aorta Model of Angiogenesis and Its Applications R.F. Nicosia III 2.3 In Vitro Coculture Models to Study Vessel Formation and Function K.K. Hirschi and P.A. D' Amore 131 PART III: VASCULAR MORPHOGENESIS IN MENTE Introduction: Toward the Theoretical Biology of Vascular Morphogenesis by Vladimir A. Mironov 141 3.1 Models for the Formation ofNetlike Structures H. Meinhardt 147 3.2 A Mechanical Theory ofIn Vitro Vascular Network Formation J.D. Murray, D. Manoussaki, S.R. Lubkin, and R. Vernon 173 3.3 Blood Vessel Growth: Mathematical Analysis and Computer Simulation, Fractality, and Optimality H. Kurz, K. Sandau, I. Wilting, and B. Christ 189 3.4 Mathematical Modeling of Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis M.A.J. Chaplain and M.E. Orme 205 3.5 Is the Fractal Nature ofIntraorgan Spatial Flow Distributions Based on Vascular Network Growth or on Local Metabolic Needs? I.B. Bassingthwaighte, D.A. Beard, Z. Li, and T. Yipintsoi 241 Index 261 List of Contributors James B. Bassingthwaighte, Department of Bioengineering, Harris Hydraulics, Room 310, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7962 DanielA. Beard, Department of Chemistry, Mail Code 5183, New York University, 31 Washington Place, Rm 1021, New York, NY 10003 Mark A.1. Chaplain, Department of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD 1 4HN, Scotland, UK. Bodo Christ, Anatomisches Institut, Abteilung Anatomie II, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, GERMANY Patricia D'Amore, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Laboratory for Surgical Research, 1050 Enders Building, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 Marco C. DeRuiter, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University, PO Box 9602 2300 RC Leiden, The NETHERLANDS Fran90ise Dieterlen-Lievre, Institute d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire UMRC 9924, College de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 49 bis avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex-FRANCE Christopher 1. Drake, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, 161 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425 Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University, PO Box 9602, 2300 RC Leiden, The NETHERLANDS Karen K. Hirschi, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030 Haymo Kurz, Anatomisches Institut, Abteilung Anatomie II, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, GERMANY Zheng Li, Center for Biomedical Engineering, WD-12, Harris Hydraulics Lab, Room 310, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Charles D. Little, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, 161 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425 Sharon R. Lubkin, Biomathematics Program, Box 8203, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8203 viii Contributors Daphne Manoussaki, NIH, NIDCD-LCB, Building 9, Room lE116, Bethesda, MD 20892 Hans Meinhardt, Max-Planck-Institut fiir Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tubingen, GERMANY Vladimir A. Mironov, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, 161 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425 Roberto Montesano, Universite de Geneve, Departement de Morphologie, Faculte de Medecine, CMU, rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1211 Geneve 4, SWITZERLAND James D. Murray, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Box 352420, Seattle, WA 98195-2420 Roberto F Nicosia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, New College Building, Mail Stop #435, Broad & Vine, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192 Su-Ja Oh, Department of Anatomy, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul 137-701, Korea Michelle E. Orne, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK Luc Pardanaud, Institute d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire UMRC 9924, College de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 49 bis avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Mame Cedex-FRANCE Michael S. Pepper, Universite de Geneve, Departement de Morphologie, Faculte de Medecine, CMU, rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1211 Geneve 4, SWITZERLAND Robert E. Poelmann, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University, PO Box 9602, 2300 RC Leiden, The NETHERLANDS E. Helen Sage, Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195-1524 Konrad Sandau, Fachbereich Mathematik & Naturwissenschaften der Fachhochschule Darmstadt, Schoefl'erstr 3, Darmstadt, GERMANY Chitra Suri, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707 Robert Vernon, Department of Biological Structure, Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195-7420 Jorg Wilting, Anatomisches Institut, Abteilung Anatomie II, Albert-Ludwigs Universitiit Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, GERMANY George D. Yancopoulos, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707 Tada Yipintsoi, Faculty of Medicine, Prince ofSongkla University, Hat-yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand Series Preface The overall scope of this new series will be to evolve an understanding of the genetic basis of (1) how early mesoderm commits to cells of a heart lineage that progressively and irreversibly assemble into a segmented, primary heart tube that can be remodeled into a four-chambered organ, and (2) how blood vessels are derived and assembled both in the heart and in the body. Our central aim is to establish a four-dimensional, spatiotemporal foundation for the heart and blood vessels that can be genetically dissected for function and mechanism. Since Robert DeHaan's seminal chapter "Morphogenesis of the Vertebrate Heart" pub lished in Organogenesis (Holt Reinhart & Winston, NY) in 1965, there have been surprisingly few books devoted to the subject of cardiovascular morphogenesis, despite the enormous growth of interest that occurred nationally and internationally. Most writings on the subject have been schol arly compilations of the proceedings of major national or international symposia or multiauthored volumes, often without a specific theme. What is missing are the unifying concepts that can make sense out of a burgeoning database of facts. The Editorial Board of this new series believes the time has come for a book series dedicated to cardiovascular morphogenesis that will serve not only as an important archival and didactic reference source for those who have recently come into the field but also as a guide to the evolution of a field that is clearly coming of age. The advances in heart and vessel morphogenesis are not only serving to reveal general basic mechanisms of embryoge nesis but are also now influencing clinical thinking in pediatric and adult cardiology. Undoubtedly, the Human Genome Project and other genetic approaches will continue to reveal new genes or groups of genes that may be involved in heart development. A central goal of this series will be to extend the identification of these and other genes into their functional role at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. The major issues in morphogenesis highlighted in the series will be the local (heart or vessel) regulation of cell growth and death, cell adhesion and migration, and gene expression responsible for the cardiovascular cellular phenotypes. Specific topics will include the following: • The roles of extracardiac populations of cells in heart development. • Coronary angiogenesis. • Vasculogenesis. • Breaking symmetry, laterality genes, and patterning. • Formation and integration of the conduction cell phenotypes. • Growth factors and inductive interactions in cardiogenesis and vasculogenesis. • Morphogenetic role of the extracellular matrix. • Genetic regulation of heart development. • Application of developmental principles to cardiovascular tissue engineering. R.R. Markwald Medical University of South Carolina Foreword Judah Folkman, M.D. In the past three decades there has emerged a new field of vascular biology. It has evolved by hard won new knowledge contributed by dedicated researchers in many parts of the world. These are a most collegial group of scientists. It is not uncommon that advances in this field are greeted in competing laboratories with the same enthusiasm as in the laboratory that originally reported the findings. Anyone who has worked long enough in this field has been witness to its steady progress. While in the 1960s, endothelium was considered to be simply a passive container for the blood, it is now known by the cytokines and mitogens it releases to be an active participant in inflam mation, coagulation and repair. When the field of vascular biology was young its literature was mainly descriptive; the physiology of capillary flow and permeability was its quantitative fron tier. Today, new regulatory proteins, new genes, and new methods are reported by the month in a multiplicity of journals representing many disciplines. Thirty years ago we had almost no idea of how arteries and veins form in the embryo, to say nothing of the development of whole vascular networks of tubes and branches. Today, however, the molecular cross-talk between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells is being rapidly elucidated so that the formation of a vascular tube can be understood in terms of the proteins and their receptors which dictate its shape and its dimensions. Thirty years ago, tumor vessels were assumed to be simple dilated host vessels, i.e., a by-product of necrotic tumor cells. The idea that tumors recruited new vessels and depended on them for progressive growth was unpalatable. Today, it is widely accepted that tumors are angio genesis-dependent; angiogenesis itself has become a major target of tumor therapy. A new field of angiogenesis research has branched from vascular biology. In fact, the various phenotypes of cancer, including tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, progression, tumor dormancy, and tumor cell apoptosis, are not autonomous, but are understood to be under the tight control of the microvascular endothelial cell. Progress in angiogenesis research itself is rapid, from the discov ery of the molecular mediation of hypoxic induction of neovascularization to the beginning link age of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to the angiogenic phenotype in cancer. But, it was not until 1973 that it even became possible to passage endothelial cells in vitro. Because human umbilical vein endothelial cells were the first to be cultured, it became conven tional wisdom that all endothelial cells were similar to these cells and to each other. This idea quickly faded in 1978 when it was shown that capillary endothelial cells had more fastidious requirements in cell culture than did umbilical vein endothelial cells. Today the heterogeneity of microvascular endothelium has been found to be so extensive that Auerbach (Auerbach 1991) can
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