Urban and regional planning

298 Pages·2011·14.957 MB·English

by  Peter Hall, Mark Tewdwr-Jones

Urban and Regional
Planning
This is the fifth edition of the classic text for students of urban and regional planning.
It gives an historical overview of the developments and changes in the theory and practice
of planning, throughout the entire twentieth century.
This extensively revised edition follows the successful format of previous editions:
● It introduces the establishment of planning as part of the public health reforms of
the late nineteenth century and goes on to look at the insights of the great figures
who influenced the early planning movement, leading up to the creation of the
postwar planning machine.
● National and regional planning, and planning for cities and city regions, in the UK,
from 1945 to 2010, is then considered. Specific reference is made to the most
important British developments in recent times, including the Single Regeneration
Budget, English Partnerships, the devolution of Scotland, Wales and Northern
Ireland, the establishment of the Mayor of London and the dominant urban
sustainability paradigm.
● Planning in Western Europe, since 1945, now incorporating new material on
EU-wide issues, as well as updated country-specific sections.
● Planning in the United States, since 1945, now discussing the continuing trends of
urban dispersal and social polarization, as well as initiatives in land use planning
and transportation policies.
● Finally the book looks at the nature of the planning process at the start of the
twenty-first century, reflecting briefly on shifts in planning paradigms since the
1960s and going on to discuss the main issues of the 1990s and 2000s, including
sustainability and social exclusion and looking forward to the twenty-first century.
Sir Peter Hall is Bartlett Professor of Planning and Regeneration at the Bartlett School
of Planning, University College London.
Mark Tewdwr-Jones is Professor of Spatial Planning and Governance at the Bartlett
School of Planning, University College London.

Urban and Regional
Planning
Fifth edition
Peter Hall
and
Mark Tewdwr-Jones
First edition published in 1975 by David and Charles (Holdings) Ltd
Second edition published in 1985 by Unwin Hyman
Third edition published in 1992 by Routledge
Reprint 1994, 1996, 1999, 2000 (twice), 2007
Fourth edition published in 2002 by Routledge
Reprint 2007, 2008 (twice)
Fifth edition published in 2011 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
© 1975, 1985, 1992, 2002 Peter Hall
© 2011 Peter Hall and Mark Tewdwr-Jones
The right of Peter Hall and Mark Tewdwr-Jones to be identified as authors
of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patent Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hall, Peter Geoffrey.
Urban and regional planning / Peter Hall and Mark Tewdwr-Jones. — 5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. City planning. 2. Regional planning. 3. City planning—Great Britain.
4. Regional planning—Great Britain. I. Tewdwr-Jones, Mark. II. Title.
HT166.G7H34 2010
361.60941—dc22 2010016606
ISBN 0-203-86142-6 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN: 978-0-415-56652-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-56654-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-86142-4 (ebk)
Contents
List of plates vii
List of figures ix
List of tables xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Chapter 1 Planning, planners and plans 1
Chapter 2 The origins: urban growth from 1800 to 1940 11
Chapter 3 The seers: pioneer thinkers in urban planning, from
1880 to 1945 27
Chapter 4 The creation of the postwar planning machine, from
1940 to 1952 55
Chapter 5 National/regional planning from 1945 to 2010 79
Chapter 6 Planning for cities and city regions from 1945 to 2010 105
Chapter 7 Planning in Western Europe since 1945 169
Chapter 8 Planning in the United States since 1945 225
Chapter 9 The planning process 249
Index 271

Plates
2.1 Early ‘industrial dwellings’ in Bethnal Green, London 17
2.2 Preston in the 1930s 19
2.3 Edgware, north-west London: (a) 1926; (b) 1948 22
2.4 The Great West Road, London, in 1951 24
3.1 (a) New Lanark; (b) Saltaire; (c) Bournville; (d) Port Sunlight 29
3.2 Letchworth 36
3.3 Radburn, New Jersey, USA 40
3.4 La Ville radieuse 51
3.5 Roehampton, south-west London 52
4.1 Jarrow in the 1930s 57
4.2 Slough 58
4.3 Stevenage town centre 70
5.1 Port Talbot steel mill, Glamorgan, South Wales, c. 1970 90
5.2 The former Ford factory at Halewood, Merseyside 90
5.3 Reconstruction in central Glasgow 91
5.4 The Scottish Parliament building, Edinburgh 97
5.5 St Pancras International railway station 101
6.1 Suburban development at Heswall, Cheshire 109
6.2 The London green belt at Cockfosters, North London 110
6.3 Reconstruction in London’s East End 113
6.4 (a) Milton Keynes new city, Buckinghamshire; (b) Cumbernauld
new town, North Lanarkshire, Scotland 118
6.5 Elvaston Castle, Derbyshire 135
6.6 The redevelopment of London Docklands: (a) housing at Wapping;
(b) Canary Wharf 142
6.7 Jubilee Line Canary Wharf station 143
6.8 The transformation of British cities: (a) Gateshead Millennium
Bridge; (b) the city of Manchester 144
6.9 Salford Quays, The Lowry 146
6.10 A tale of two housing markets: (a) Albion Wharf complex at
Battersea, south-west London; (b) Deptford in south-east London 150
6.11 Liverpool waterfront, Prince’s Dock 153
6.12 Moss Side, Manchester 160
6.13 British city urban renaissance: (a) the Liverpool One complex;
(b) Bristol’s Cabot Circus development 164
7.1 TGV and tram at Grenoble, French Alps 187
7.2 (a) Reconstruction of La Défense, Paris; (b) the western extension
of La Défense 188
viii Urban and Regional Planning
7.3 (a) Euralille: view of the World Trade Centre next to the Lille Europe
Eurostar/TGV station; (b) lower-level view of Euralille 192
7.4 (a) Main axis of Vauban, Freiburg; (b) a Vauban neighbourhood 198
7.5 Farsta, Sweden 209
7.6 Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm 211
7.7 Randstad Holland, near Rotterdam 213
7.8 (a) Vathorst planned urban extension; (b) a Vathorst neighbourhood 217
8.1 Levittown-Fairless Hills, New Jersey, USA 231
8.2 Milford Center, Milford, Connecticut, USA 232
8.3 Freeway interchange in Los Angeles 233
8.4 A ghetto area 235
8.5 Baltimore Inner Harbor 237
8.6 Urban Regeneration in California: Mission Bay 238
8.7 Millennium Park Chicago 239
8.8 Kentlands, Maryland 240
Figures
2.1 Population distribution in the British Isles: (a) 1801 (Ireland, 1821);
(b) 1851 (Ireland, 1841) 14
2.2 Deaths from cholera in the Soho district of London, September 1854 16
2.3 The growth of London, 1800–2000 20
2.4 A house-agent’s advertisement of the early 1930s 23
3.1 Ebenezer Howard’s Three Magnets 32
3.2 Ebenezer Howard’s Social City 34
3.3 Plan of Letchworth Garden City, 1903 35
3.4 (a) and (b) Barry Parker’s parkway principle; (c) its expression at
Wythenshawe, 1930 37
3.5 The ‘neighbourhood unit’ principle 39
3.6 Sir Alker Tripp’s precinct diagram 41
3.7 Abercrombie’s Bloomsbury Precinct 42
3.8 Broadacre City 46
3.9 The Linear City, 1882 48
3.10 The Radiant City (La Ville Radieuse) 50
4.1 The Abercrombie Plan for Greater London, 1944 65
4.2 The master plan for Stevenage 69
4.3 The London Green Belt, 1944–64 72
5.1 The structural effect on regional employment change, 1957–67 84
5.2 Regional unemployment differentials, 1961–2000 84
5.3 Income per head index, 1997 86
5.4 The pattern of regional development in Britain, 1945–88:
(a) original postwar scheme of closely defined development areas;
(b) development districts based on a criterion of persistent
unemployment; (c) more generously defined development areas;
(d) after 1979 the assisted areas were sharply reduced in size 89
5.5 Examples of a spatial development strategy in the UK post-2000 99
6.1 (a) Birth rates in England and Wales, 1871–2001; (b) population
growth in Great Britain, 1871–2031 107
6.2 Major restraints to development in Great Britain 111
6.3 Population growth in the London region, 1951–61 and 1981–99 114
6.4 Population growth in Great Britain, 1981–99 115
6.5 New towns in Britain, 1946–80 117
6.6 Plans for expansion in the South East, 1964–70: (a) The South
East Study (1964); (b) The Strategy for the South East (1967);
(c) The Strategic Plan for the South East (1970) 121
6.7 The South Hampshire Plan, 1972 123