Upgrading and Repairing PCs PDF
Preview Upgrading and Repairing PCs
00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page i Contents at a Glance Introduction 1 1 Development of the PC 9 2 PC Components, Features, and System Design 25 3 Microprocessor Types and Specifications 37 4 Motherboards and Buses 195 5 BIOS 365 6 Memory 421 UPGRADING 7 The ATA/IDE Interface 497 8 The SCSI Interface 545 AND 9 Magnetic Storage Principles 579 10 Hard Disk Storage 601 REPAIRING PCS, 11 Floppy Disk Storage 643 12 High-Capacity Removable Storage 663 13 Optical Storage 697 15th Anniversary Edition 14 Physical Drive Installation and Configuration 797 15 Video Hardware 835 16 Audio Hardware 905 17 I/O Interfaces from Serial and Parallel to IEEE-1394 and USB 945 18 Input Devices 979 19 Internet Connectivity 1023 20 Local Area Networking 1073 21 Power Supply and Chassis/Case 1125 22 Building or Upgrading Systems 1183 23 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance 1229 24 File Systems and Data Recovery 1299 Scott Mueller Appendixes A Glossary 1369 B Key Vendor Contact Information 1427 C Troubleshooting Index 1431 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 1451 Index 1457 On the DVD Printers and Scanners Portable PCs Vendor List Technical Reference Original PC Hardware Reference 800 East 96th Street Hard Drive Specifications Database Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page ii Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 15th Publisher Paul Boger Anniversary Edition Associate Publisher Greg Wiegand Copyright © 2004 by Que Executive Editor All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a Rick Kughen retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- Acquisitions Editor copying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the pub- lisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information Rick Kughen contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation Development Editor of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or Todd Brakke omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use Managing Editor of the information contained herein. Charlotte Clapp International Standard Book Number: 0-7897-2974-1 Project Editor Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003103671 Tricia Liebig Production Editor Printed in the United States of America Megan Wade First Printing: August 2003 Team Coordinator Sharry Lee Gregory 06 05 04 03 4 3 2 1 Indexer Erika Millen Bulk Sales Proofreaders Que Publishing offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quan- Jessica McCarty tity for bulk purchases or special sales. For more information, please contact Juli Cook U.S. Corporate and Government Sales Contributor 1-800-382-3419 Mark Edward Soper [email protected] Technical Editor Mark Reddin For sales outside of the United States, please contact International Sales Software Development 1-317-428-3341 Specialist [email protected] Dan Scherf DVD Mastering Mark Wellington Trademarks AMC Productions, Inc. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service Interior Designer marks have been appropriately capitalized. Que Publishing cannot attest to the Anne Jones accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Cover Designer Anne Jones Warning and Disclaimer Page Layout Stacey Richwine-DeRome Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and accurate as pos- sible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an Graphics as isbasis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor respon- Tammy Graham sibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from Cover Photography the information contained in this book or from the use of the DVD or content Don Distel accompanying it. 00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page iii Contents Introduction 1 Processor Features 71 1 Development of the PC 9 SMM (Power Management) 71 Superscalar Execution 71 Computer History—Before Personal MMX Technology 72 Computers 10 SSE and SSE2 72 Timeline 10 3DNow!, Enhanced 3DNow!, and Mechanical Calculators 14 Professional 3DNow! 73 The First Mechanical Computer 14 Dynamic Execution 74 Electronic Computers 15 Dual Independent Bus Architecture 75 Modern Computers 16 Hyper-Threading Technology 75 From Tubes to Transistors 16 Processor Manufacturing 77 Integrated Circuits 17 Processor Remarking 81 The First Microprocessor 17 PGA Chip Packaging 82 History of the PC 20 Single Edge Contact and Single Edge Birth of the Personal Computer 20 Processor Packaging 83 The IBM Personal Computer 21 Processor Socket and Slot Types 85 The PC Industry More Than 20 Years Zero Insertion Force 86 Later 22 Socket 1 86 2 PC Components, Features, and Socket 2 87 Socket 3 88 System Design 25 Socket 4 88 What Is a PC? 26 Socket 5 89 Who Controls PC Software? 26 Socket 6 90 Who Controls PC Hardware? 28 Socket 7 (and Super7) 90 PC Design Guides 32 Socket 8 91 System Types 33 Socket 370 (PGA-370) 91 System Components 36 Socket 423 93 Socket 478 94 3 Microprocessor Types and Socket A (Socket 462) 95 Specifications 37 Socket 603 97 Pre-PC Microprocessor History 38 Socket 754 97 Microprocessors from 1971 to the Present 38 Processor Slots 97 Processor Specifications 41 CPU Operating Voltages 99 Data I/O Bus 45 Heat and Cooling Problems 101 Address Bus 46 Heatsinks 101 Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) 47 Active Heatsinks 102 Processor Modes 48 Installing a Heatsink 105 Processor Speed Ratings 50 Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point Units) 107 Processor Speeds and Markings Versus Processor Bugs 109 Motherboard Speed 54 Processor Update Feature 109 Cyrix Processor Speeds 56 Processor Codenames 110 AMD Processor Speeds 58 Intel-Compatible Processors (AMD and Overclocking 61 Cyrix) 113 Cache Memory 63 AMD Processors 113 How Cache Works 65 Cyrix 114 Level 2 Cache 66 00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page iv iv Contents This is the Chapter Title P1 (086) First-Generation Processors 114 Cyrix/IBM 6x86 (M1) and 6x86MX 8088 and 8086 Processors 114 (MII) 175 80186 and 80188 Processors 115 VIA C3 176 8087 Coprocessor 115 Intel Pentium 4 (Seventh-Generation) P2 (286) Second-Generation Processors 115 Processors 177 286 Processors 115 Memory Requirements 179 80287 Coprocessor 116 Power Supply Issues 180 P3 (386) Third-Generation Processors 116 Eighth-Generation (64-Bit Register) 386 Processors 117 Processors 186 386DX Processors 118 Intel Itanium and Itanium 2 187 386SX Processors 118 AMD Athlon 64 190 386SL Processors 118 AMD Opteron 190 80387 Coprocessor 119 Processor Upgrades 191 P4 (486) Fourth-Generation Processors 119 OverDrive Processors 192 486 Processors 119 Processor Benchmarks 192 486DX Processors 121 Processor Troubleshooting Techniques 193 486SL 122 4 Motherboards and Buses 195 486SX 123 487SX 124 Motherboard Form Factors 196 DX2/OverDrive and DX4 Processors 124 PC and XT 197 Pentium OverDrive for 486SX2 and DX2 Full-Size AT 198 Systems 126 Baby-AT 199 AMD 486 (5x86) 126 LPX 201 Cyrix/TI 486 127 ATX 204 P5 (586) Fifth-Generation Processors 128 Micro-ATX 211 Pentium Processors 128 Flex-ATX 213 First-Generation Pentium Processor 131 ITX and Mini-ITX 215 Second-Generation Pentium NLX 218 Processor 132 WTX 223 Pentium-MMX Processors 134 Proprietary Designs 224 Pentium Defects 135 Backplane Systems 224 Testing for the FPU Bug 135 Motherboard Components 227 Power Management Bugs 136 Processor Sockets/Slots 227 Pentium Processor Models and Chipsets 229 Steppings 136 Chipset Evolution 229 AMD-K5 137 Intel Chipsets 231 Intel P6 (686) Sixth-Generation AMD Athlon/Duron Chipsets 232 Processors 138 North/South Bridge Architecture 233 Dynamic Execution 138 Hub Architecture 234 Dual Independent Bus 139 Intel’s Early 386/486 Chipsets 236 Other Sixth-Generation Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) Improvements 139 Chipsets 237 Pentium Pro Processors 139 Intel 430LX (Mercury) 238 Pentium II Processors 143 Intel 430NX (Neptune) 239 Celeron 154 Intel 430FX (Triton) 239 Pentium III 156 Intel 430HX (Triton II) 240 Pentium II/III Xeon 162 Intel 430VX (Triton III) 241 Other Sixth-Generation Processors 165 Intel 430TX 242 NexGen Nx586 165 Third-Party (Non-Intel) P5 Pentium Class AMD-K6 Series 165 Chipsets 242 AMD Athlon, Duron, and Athlon XP 168 Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class) AMD Duron 172 Chipsets 242 AMD Athlon XP 173 Intel 450KX/GX (Orion Athlon MP 175 Workstation/Server) 246 00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page v This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOMof the Page Contents v Intel 440FX (Natoma) 247 Types of I/O Buses 320 Intel 440LX 247 The ISA Bus 320 Intel 440EX 248 The Micro Channel Bus 324 Intel 440BX 248 The EISA Bus 324 Intel 440ZX and 440ZX-66 249 Local Buses 326 Intel 440GX 250 VESA Local Bus 327 Intel 450NX 250 The PCI Bus 329 Intel 810, 810E, and 810E2 251 PCI Express 332 Intel 815 Family 254 Accelerated Graphics Port 333 Intel 820 and 820E 257 System Resources 336 Intel 840 259 Interrupts 336 Third-Party (Non-Intel) P6-Class DMA Channels 343 Chipsets 262 I/O Port Addresses 344 Seventh-Generation (Pentium 4) Chipsets 271 Resolving Resource Conflicts 348 Intel 850 Family 273 Resolving Conflicts Manually 349 Intel 845 Family 274 Using a System-Configuration Intel 865 Family 276 Template 350 Intel 875P 276 Heading Off Problems: Special Third-Party Pentium 4 Chipsets 277 Boards 354 High-Speed North-South Bridge Plug-and-Play Systems 358 Connections 277 Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing SiS Chipsets for Pentium 4 278 What to Look For) 359 ALi Corporation Chipsets for Documentation 362 Pentium 4 279 Using Correct Speed-Rated Parts 362 ATI Chipsets for Pentium 4 281 5 BIOS 365 VIA Chipsets for Pentium 4 283 Athlon/Duron/Athlon XP Chipsets 285 BIOS Basics 366 AMD Chipsets for Athlon/Duron BIOS Hardware/Software 369 Processors 285 Motherboard BIOS 370 VIA Chipsets for Athlon, Duron, and ROM Hardware 371 Athlon XP 287 ROM Shadowing 373 ProSavage PM133 290 ROM Chip Types 373 Silicon Integrated Systems Chipsets for ROM BIOS Manufacturers 378 AMD Athlon/Duron Processors 292 Upgrading the BIOS 384 ALiMagik1 for AMD Athlon/Duron Where to Get Your BIOS Update 385 Systems 297 Determining Your BIOS Version 385 NVIDIA nForce Chipsets for Backing Up Your BIOS’s CMOS Athlon/Duron/Athlon XP 298 Settings 386 ATI Radeon IGP Chipsets for Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 392 Athlon/Duron/Athlon XP 300 Replacing a BIOS ROM 394 Intel Workstation Chipsets for Pentium 4 and Year 2000 BIOS Issues 394 Xeon 301 CMOS Setting Specifications 394 Intel 860 302 Running or Accessing the CMOS Setup Intel E7205 302 Program 395 Intel E7505 302 BIOS Setup Menus 395 Chipsets for Athlon 64 302 Maintenance Menu 396 Super I/O Chips 304 Main Menu 397 Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 305 Advanced Menu 398 Motherboard Interface Connectors 305 Security Menu 407 System Bus Types, Functions, and Power Menu 408 Features 308 Boot Menu (Boot Sequence, Order) 409 The Processor Bus (Front-Side Bus) 314 Exit Menu 411 The Memory Bus 319 Additional BIOS Setup Features 411 The Need for Expansion Slots 319 00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page vi vi Contents This is the Chapter Title Plug and Play BIOS 413 7 The ATA/IDE Interface 497 PnP Device IDs 414 An Overview of the IDE Interface 498 ACPI 414 Precursors to IDE 498 Initializing a PnP Device 415 IDE Origins 499 BIOS Error Messages 415 IDE Variations 499 General BIOS Boot Text Error Origins of ATA 500 Messages 416 ATA Standards 502 ROM BIOS Messages Indicating Boot ATA-1 (AT Attachment Interface for Disk Failure (No Valid MBR Found) 417 Drives) 504 6 Memory 421 ATA-2 (AT Attachment Interface with Extensions-2) 504 Memory Basics 422 ATA-3 (AT Attachment Interface-3) 505 ROM 424 ATA/ATAPI-4 (AT Attachment with Packet DRAM 424 Interface Extension-4) 505 Cache Memory: SRAM 425 ATA/ATAPI-5 (AT Attachment with Packet RAM Types 428 Interface-5) 506 Fast Page Mode DRAM 432 ATA/ATAPI-6 (AT Attachment with Packet Extended Data Out RAM 432 Interface-6) 507 SDRAM 433 ATA/ATAPI-7 (AT Attachment with Packet DDR SDRAM 435 Interface-7) 507 DDR2 SDRAM 436 ATA Features 508 RDRAM 437 ATA I/O Connector 508 Memory Modules 440 ATA I/O Cable 511 SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs 441 ATA Signals 513 SIMM Pinouts 447 Dual-Drive Configurations 513 DIMM Pinouts 449 ATA Commands 515 DDR DIMM Pinouts 451 ATA Upgrades 516 DDR2 DIMM Pinouts 453 Secondary ATA Channel 517 RIMM Pinouts 454 Drive Capacity Limitations 517 Physical RAM Capacity and Faster Data Transfer 533 Organization 457 DMA Transfer Modes 534 Memory Banks 460 ATA Packet Interface 536 Memory Module Speed 461 Serial ATA 536 Gold Versus Tin 461 ATA RAID 541 Parity and ECC 464 Installing RAM Upgrades 471 8 The SCSI Interface 545 Upgrade Options and Strategies 471 Small Computer System Interface 546 Selecting and Installing Memory 472 ANSI SCSI Standards 547 Troubleshooting Memory 477 SCSI-1 549 Memory Defect Isolation Procedures 480 SCSI-2 550 The System Logical Memory Layout 481 SCSI-3 552 Conventional (Base) Memory 484 SPI or Ultra SCSI 553 Upper Memory Area 485 SPI-2 or Ultra2 SCSI 553 Extended Memory 490 SPI-3 or Ultra3 SCSI (Ultra160) 555 Preventing ROM BIOS Memory Conflicts SPI-4 or Ultra4 SCSI (Ultra320) 557 and Overlap 491 SPI-5 or Ultra5 SCSI (Ultra640) 557 ROM Shadowing 492 RAID Arrays 557 Total Installed Memory Versus Total Fibre Channel SCSI 557 Usable Memory 492 iSCSI 558 Adapter Memory Configuration and Optimization 494 00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page vii This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOMof the Page Contents vii SCSI Cables and Connectors 558 10 Hard Disk Storage 601 SCSI Cable and Connector Pinouts 561 Definition of a Hard Disk 602 Single-Ended SCSI Cables and Hard Drive Advancements 602 Connectors 561 Hard Disk Drive Operation 603 High Voltage Differential SCSI Signals 564 The Ultimate Hard Disk Drive Expanders 564 Analogy 605 Termination 564 Tracks and Sectors 606 SCSI Drive Configuration 567 Disk Formatting 609 Start on Command (Delayed Start) 569 Basic Hard Disk Drive Components 614 SCSI Parity 570 Hard Disk Platters (Disks) 615 Terminator Power 570 Recording Media 616 SCSI Synchronous Negotiation 570 Read/Write Heads 617 Plug and Play SCSI 570 Head Actuator Mechanisms 619 SCSI Configuration Troubleshooting 571 Air Filters 626 SCSI Versus ATA (IDE) 573 Hard Disk Temperature Acclimation 627 SCSI Hard Disk Evolution and Spindle Motors 627 Construction 573 Logic Boards 628 Performance 576 Cables and Connectors 629 SCSI Versus ATA: Advantages and Configuration Items 630 Limitations 577 The Faceplate or Bezel 630 Recommended SCSI Host Adapters, Cables, Hard Disk Features 631 and Terminators 578 Capacity 631 9 Magnetic Storage Principles 579 Performance 634 Reliability 640 Magnetic Storage 580 Cost 642 History of Magnetic Storage 580 How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store 11 Floppy Disk Storage 643 Data 581 History of the Floppy 644 Read/Write Head Designs 585 Floppy Drive Interfaces 644 Ferrite 585 Drive Components 645 Metal-In-Gap 585 Read/Write Heads 646 Thin Film 586 The Head Actuator 647 Magneto-Resistive Heads 586 The Spindle Motor 648 Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads 588 Circuit Boards 649 Perpendicular 589 The Controller 649 Head Sliders 590 The Faceplate 650 Data Encoding Schemes 591 Connectors 650 FM Encoding 592 The Floppy Disk Controller Cable 650 MFM Encoding 592 Disk Physical Specifications and RLL Encoding 593 Operation 653 Encoding Scheme Comparisons 594 How the Operating System Uses a Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood Disk 654 Decoders 595 Cylinders 655 Capacity Measurements 596 Clusters or Allocation Units 655 Areal Density 596 Disk Change 656 Increasing Areal Density with Pixie Types of Floppy Disk Drives 657 Dust 599 1.44MB 3 1/2'' Drives 657 Other Floppy Drive Types 658 Analyzing 3 1/2'' Floppy Disk Construction 658 Floppy Disk Media Types and Specifications 659 00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page viii viii Contents This is the Chapter Title Caring for and Handling Floppy Disks and 13 Optical Storage 697 Drives 660 Optical Technology 698 Airport X-Ray Machines and Metal CD-Based Optical Technology 698 Detectors 661 CDs: A Brief History 699 Drive Installation Procedures 662 CD-ROM Construction and Troubleshooting Floppy Drives 662 Technology 700 12 High-Capacity Removable Caring for Optical Media 711 DVD 712 Storage 663 DVD History 713 The Role of Removable-Media Drives 664 DVD Construction and Technology 714 Extra Storage 664 DVD Tracks and Sectors 715 Backing Up Your Data 664 Handling Errors 719 Comparing Disk, Tape, and Flash Memory DVD Capacity (Sides and Layers) 720 Technologies 665 Data Encoding on the Disc 723 Magnetic Disk Media 665 Blu-ray Disc 723 Magnetic Tape Media 665 Optical Disc Formats 725 Flash Memory Media 666 Compact Disc and Drive Formats 725 Interfaces for Removable Media Drives 666 CD-ROM File Systems 735 Overview of Removable Magnetic Storage DVD Formats and Standards 740 Devices 667 DVD Copy Protection 743 Iomega Zip 667 CD/DVD Read-Only Drives and SuperDisk LS-120 and LS-240 668 Specifications 745 Hard-Disk-Size Removable-Media Drives 668 Performance Specifications 746 “Orphan” Removable-Media Drives 669 Interface 754 Magneto-Optical Drives 669 Loading Mechanism 756 Magneto-Optical Technology 669 Other Drive Features 758 Comparing MO to “Pure” Magnetic Writable CDs 759 Media 671 CD-R 760 Key Factors in Selecting a Removable CD-RW 764 Drive 671 MultiRead Specifications 766 Flash Memory Devices 672 How to Reliably Record CDs 768 How Flash Memory Works 672 Recording Software 771 Types of Flash Memory Devices 672 Creating Music CDs 772 Moving Data in Flash Memory Devices to Recordable DVD Standards 776 Your Computer 676 DVD-RAM 778 Microdrive Technology 679 DVD-R 779 Tape Drives 679 DVD-RW 780 Hard-Disk-Based Alternatives to Tape DVD+RW 781 Backup 680 Multiformat Rewritable Drives 783 Disadvantages of Tape Backup Drives 680 CD/DVD Drive and Software Installation and Advantages to Tape Backup Drives 681 Support 784 Common Tape Backup Standards 681 Booting from a Floppy Disk with CD/DVD Comparing Tape Backup Technologies 689 Drive Support 784 Choosing a Tape Backup Drive 691 Bootable CDs and DVDs—El Torito 786 Tape Drive Installation 693 Removable Drive Letter Assignments 787 Tape Drive Backup Software 693 Creating a Rescue CD 789 Tape Drive Troubleshooting 694 Making a Bootable CD/DVD for Tape Retensioning 696 Emergencies 790 Troubleshooting Optical Drives 790 Failure Reading a CD/DVD 790 Failure to Read CD-R, CD-RW Discs in CD- ROM or DVD Drive 790 00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page ix This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOMof the Page Contents ix Failure to Read a Rewritable DVD in DVD- 15 Video Hardware 835 ROM Drive or Player 791 Video Display Technologies 836 Failure to Create a Writable DVD 791 How CRT Display Technology Works 836 Failure Writing to CD-RW or DVD-RW 1x DVI—Digital Signals for CRT Monitors 838 Media 792 LCD Panels 839 ATAPI CD-ROM or DVD Drive Runs Video Adapter Types 844 Slowly 792 Monitor Selection Criteria 845 Poor Results or Slow Performance When The Right Size 845 Writing to CD-R Media 792 Resolution 846 Trouble Reading CD-RW Discs on Dot Pitch (CRTs) 848 CD-ROM 793 Image Brightness and Contrast Trouble Reading CD-R Discs on DVD (LCD Panels) 850 Drive 793 Interlaced Versus Noninterlaced 850 Trouble Making Bootable CDs 793 Energy and Safety 850 Updating the Firmware in a CD-RW or Frequencies 853 Rewritable DVD Drive 793 Controls 856 14 Physical Drive Installation and Environment 857 Testing a Display 857 Configuration 797 Maintaining Your Monitor 858 Installing All Types of Drives 798 Video Display Adapters 859 Hard Disk Installation Procedures 798 Obsolete Display Adapters 859 Drive Configuration 799 Current Display Adapters 860 Host Adapter Configuration 799 Super VGA 861 Physical Installation 801 VESA SVGA Standards 862 System Configuration 807 Integrated Video/Motherboard Formatting 808 Chipsets 863 Low-Level Formatting 808 Video Adapter Components 865 Drive Partitioning 810 Identifying the Video and System High-Level (Operating System) Chipsets 867 Formatting 819 Video RAM 868 FDISK and FORMAT Limitations 820 The Digital-to-Analog Converter 872 Replacing an Existing Drive 821 The Bus 873 Drive Migration for MS-DOS Users 821 The Video Driver 875 Drive Migration for Windows 9x/Me Multiple Monitors 877 Users 821 3D Graphics Accelerators 880 Interfacing to Disk Drives 822 How 3D Accelerators Work 880 Hard Disk Drive Troubleshooting and Common 3D Techniques 882 Repair 824 Advanced 3D Techniques 882 Testing a Drive 825 Application Programming Interfaces 886 Installing an Optical Drive 826 3D Chipsets 886 Avoiding Conflict: Get Your Cards in Upgrading or Replacing Your Video Card 892 Order 826 TV Tuner and Video Capture Upgrades 892 Drive Configuration 826 Warranty and Support 893 External (SCSI) Drive Hookup 828 Comparing Video Cards with the Same Internal Drive Installation 829 Chipset 893 Ribbon Cable and Card Edge Video Cards for Multimedia 894 Connector 830 Video Feature Connectors 895 SCSI Chains: Internal, External, Video Output Devices 895 or Both 831 Video Capture Devices 896 Floppy Drive Installation Procedures 833 Desktop Video Boards 896 Adapter and Display Troubleshooting 900 Troubleshooting Monitors 902 Troubleshooting Video Cards and Drivers 903 00 0789729741 FM 7/15/03 4:06 PM Page x x Contents This is the Chapter Title 16 Audio Hardware 905 17 I/O Interfaces from Serial and Early PC Audio Adapters 906 Parallel to IEEE-1394 and Limitations of Sound Blaster Pro USB 945 Compatibility 907 Introduction to Input/Output Ports 946 DirectX and Audio Adapters 907 USB and IEEE-1394 (i.Link or FireWire) 946 PC Multimedia History 907 Why Serial? 946 Suggested Multimedia Minimums 908 Universal Serial Bus 947 Audio Adapter Features 908 USB Connectors 950 Basic Connectors 908 IEEE-1394 956 Connectors for Advanced Features 911 Comparing IEEE-1394 and USB 960 Volume Control 914 Standard Serial and Parallel Ports 961 MIDI Support Features 914 Serial Ports 961 Data Compression 915 Typical Locations for Serial Ports 961 Multipurpose Digital Signal UARTs 965 Processors 915 High-Speed Serial Port Cards 967 Sound Drivers 916 Onboard Serial Ports 967 Choosing the Best Audio Adapter for Your Serial Port Configuration 967 Needs 916 Testing Serial Ports 968 Gaming 917 Parallel Ports 971 DVD Movies on Your Desktop 919 IEEE-1284 Parallel Port Standard 971 Voice Dictation and Control 920 Upgrading to EPP/ECP Parallel Ports 974 Sound Producers 921 Parallel Port Configuration 975 Playing and Creating Digitized Sound Linking Systems with Serial or Parallel Files 921 Ports 975 Audio Adapter Concepts and Terms 922 Parallel-to-SCSI Converters 977 The Nature of Sound 922 Testing Parallel Ports 978 Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Adapter 923 18 Input Devices 979 Sampling 923 Keyboards 980 Who’s Who in Audio 924 Enhanced 101-Key (or 102-Key) Chipset Makers Who Make Their Own Keyboard 980 Audio Adapters 925 104-Key (Windows 9x/Me/2000/XP) Major Sound Chip Makers 926 Keyboard 981 Motherboard Chipsets with Integrated USB Keyboards 983 Audio 927 Notebook Computer Keyboards 984 AOpen TubeSound 929 Num Lock 985 3D Audio 930 Keyboard Technology 986 Positional Audio 930 Keyswitch Design 986 3D Audio Processing 931 The Keyboard Interface 990 DirectX Support Issues 931 Typematic Functions 992 Installing the Sound Card 931 Keyboard Key Numbers and Scan Connecting PC Speakers and Completing Codes 993 the Installation 932 International Keyboard Layouts 994 Using Your Stereo Instead of Keyboard/Mouse Interface Speakers 933 Connectors 995 Troubleshooting Sound Card Problems 934 Keyboards with Special Features 996 Hardware (Resource) Conflicts 934 Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair 997 Other Sound Card Problems 937 Keyboard Disassembly 998 Speakers 939 Cleaning a Keyboard 999 Theater and Surround Sound Keyboard Recommendations 1000 Considerations 941 Pointing Devices 1001 Microphones 942 Ball-Type Mice 1002 Optical Mice 1003
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