Unifying Physics of Accelerators, Lasers and Plasma

449 Pages·2023·22.257 MB·English

by  Andrei A. Seryi, Elena I. Seraia

Unifying Physics of
Accelerators, Lasers
and Plasma
Unifying Physics of Accelerators, Lasers and Plasma introduces the physics
of accelerators, lasers and plasma in tandem with the industrial methodology of
inventiveness, a technique that teaches that similar problems and solutions ap-
pear again and again in seemingly dissimilar disciplines. This unique approach
builds bridges and enhances connections between the three aforementioned ar-
eas of physics that are essential for developing the next generation of accelerators.
A Breakthrough by Design approach, introduced in the book as an amalgam of
TRIZ inventive principles and laws of technical system evolution with the art
of back-of-the-envelope estimations, via numerous examples and exercises dis-
cussed in the solution manual, will make you destined to invent.
Unifying Physics of Accelerators, Lasers and Plasma outlines a path from idea
to practical implementation of scientific and technological innovation. This sec-
ond edition has been updated throughout, with new content on superconducting
technology, energy recovery, polarization, various topics of advanced technology,
etc., making it relevant for the Electron-Ion Collider project, as well as for ad-
vanced lights sources, including Free Electron Lasers with energy recovery.
The book is suitable for students at the senior undergraduate and graduate levels,
as well as for scientists and engineers interested in enhancing their abilities to
work successfully on the development of the next generation of facilities, devices
and scientific instruments manufactured from the synergy of accelerators, lasers
and plasma.
Solutions manual is included into the book
Features
• Introduces the physics of accelerators, lasers, and plasma in tandem with the
industrial methodology of inventiveness
• Outlines a path from idea to practical implementation of scientific and tech-
nological innovation
• Contains more than 380 illustrations and numerous end-of-chapter exercises
Unifying Physics of
Accelerators, Lasers
and Plasma
Second Edition
Andrei A. Seryi
Elena I. Seraia
Designed cover image: Alexandra Seraia
Second edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 Andrei A. Seryi and Elena I. Seraia
First edition published by CRC Press 2016
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and pub-
lisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use.
The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced
in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not
been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so
we may rectify in any future reprint.
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transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor-
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-35035-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-35250-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-32607-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003326076
Typeset in Nimbus Roman
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Publisher’s note: This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy provided by the authors.
Dedication
to
Our
Teachers –
Inventors, Scientists
and Relativistic Engineers

Contents
ListofFigures.......................................................................................................xvii
ListofTables........................................................................................................xxix
Forewordtothesecondedition..........................................................................xxxi
Forewordtofirstedition...................................................................................xxxiii
Prefacetothesecondedition.............................................................................xxxv
Prefacetofirstedition......................................................................................xxxvii
Authors...............................................................................................................xxxix
Chapter1 BasicsofAcceleratorsandoftheArtofInventiveness ..................1
1.1 Acceleratorsandsociety.......................................................1
1.2 Accelerationofwhatandhow..............................................3
1.2.1 Uses,actionsandtheevolutionofaccelerators.......3
1.2.2 Livingstonplotandcompetitionoftechnologies.....6
1.3 Acceleratorsandinventions..................................................7
1.4 Howtoinvent......................................................................10
1.4.1 Howtoinvent—evolutionofthemethods...........10
1.5 TRIZmethod......................................................................12
1.5.1 TRIZinaction—examples...................................13
1.6 TRIZmethodforscience....................................................15
1.7 AS-TRIZ.............................................................................16
1.8 TRIZandcreativity.............................................................20
1.9 Theartofscientificpredictions..........................................21
1.10 Theartofestimations.........................................................24
1.11 Breakthroughbydesignapproach......................................26
Chapter2 TransverseDynamics.....................................................................29
2.1 Maxwellequationsandunits .............................................29
2.2 Simplestaccelerator............................................................31
2.3 Equationsofmotion............................................................32
2.3.1 MotionofchargedparticlesinEMfields..............32
vii
viii Contents
2.3.2 DriftincrossedE×Bfields..................................33
2.3.3 Motioninquadrupolefields...................................34
2.3.4 Linearbetatronequationsofmotion......................35
2.4 Matrixformalism................................................................37
2.4.1 Pseudo-harmonicoscillations................................37
2.4.2 Principaltrajectories..............................................38
2.4.3 Examplesoftransfermatrices................................40
2.4.4 Matrixformalismfortransferlines........................41
2.4.5 Analogywithgeometricoptics..............................41
2.4.6 AnexampleofaFODOlattice..............................43
2.4.7 Twissfunctionsandmatrixformalism...................44
2.4.8 Stabilityofbetatronmotion...................................44
2.4.9 StabilityofaFODOlattice....................................45
2.4.10 Propagationofopticsfunctions.............................46
2.5 Phasespace.........................................................................46
2.5.1 PhasespaceellipseandCourant–Snyder
invariant..................................................................46
2.6 Dispersionandtunes...........................................................47
2.6.1 Dispersion..............................................................47
2.6.2 Betatrontunesandresonances...............................49
2.7 Aberrationsandcoupling....................................................50
2.7.1 Chromaticity..........................................................50
2.7.2 Coupling.................................................................51
2.7.3 Higherorders.........................................................51
2.8 TailFoldingOctupoles—InventionCaseStudy...............53
Chapter3 SynchrotronRadiation ..................................................................57
3.1 SRonthebackofanenvelope............................................57
3.1.1 SRpowerloss .......................................................57
3.1.2 Coolingtime..........................................................59
3.1.3 Coolingtimeandpartition.....................................60
3.1.4 SRphotonenergy...................................................60
3.1.5 SR—numberofphotons......................................61
3.2 SReffectsonthebeam.......................................................62
3.2.1 SR-inducedenergyspread.....................................62
3.2.2 SR-inducedemittancegrowth................................63
3.2.3 Equilibriumemittance............................................64
3.3 SRfeatures..........................................................................64
3.3.1 Emittanceofsingleradiatedphoton......................65
3.3.2 SRspectrum...........................................................66
3.3.3 Brightnessorbrilliance..........................................66
3.3.4 Ultimatebrightness................................................67
3.3.5 Wigglerandundulatorradiation............................68
3.3.6 SRquantumregime................................................68
3.4 LEPEnergyIncrease—InventionCaseStudy..................69
Contents ix
Chapter4 SynergiesbetweenAccelerators,LasersandPlasma....................73
4.1 Create..................................................................................73
4.1.1 Beamsources.........................................................75
4.1.2 Lasers.....................................................................77
4.1.3 Plasmageneration..................................................79
4.2 Energize..............................................................................80
4.2.1 Beamacceleration..................................................81
4.2.2 Laseramplifiers......................................................81
4.2.3 Laserrepetitionrateandefficiency .......................82
4.2.4 Fiberlasersandslablasers....................................83
4.2.5 CPA—chirpedpulseamplification.......................84
4.2.6 OPCPA—opticalparametricCPA........................85
4.2.7 Plasmaoscillations.................................................85
4.2.8 Criticaldensityandsurface....................................87
4.3 Manipulate..........................................................................88
4.3.1 Beamandlaserfocusing........................................88
4.3.2 Weakandstrongfocusing......................................88
4.3.3 Aberrationsforlightandbeam..............................89
4.3.4 Compressionofbeamandlaserpulses..................92
4.4 Interact................................................................................93
4.5 CreationofMakTelescope—InventionCaseStudy.........94
Chapter5 ConventionalAcceleration............................................................97
5.1 Historicalintroduction........................................................97
5.1.1 Electrostaticaccelerators.......................................98
5.1.2 Synchrotronsandlinacs.........................................99
5.1.3 Widero¨elinearaccelerator...................................100
5.1.4 Alvarezdrifttubelinac........................................101
5.1.5 Phasefocusing.....................................................102
5.1.6 Synchrotronoscillations.......................................103
5.2 Waveguides.......................................................................104
5.2.1 Wavesinfreespace..............................................104
5.2.2 Conductingsurfaces.............................................105
5.2.3 Groupvelocity.....................................................105
5.2.4 Dispersiondiagramforawaveguide....................107
5.2.5 Iris-loadedstructures............................................108
5.3 Cavities.............................................................................109
5.3.1 Wavesinresonantcavities...................................110
5.3.2 Pill-boxcavity......................................................110
5.3.3 Qualityfactorofaresonator................................111
5.3.4 Shuntimpedance—R ........................................112
s
5.3.5 Energygainandtransit-timefactor......................112
5.3.6 Kilpatricklimit.....................................................113
5.4 Longitudinaldynamics.....................................................114
x Contents
5.4.1 AccelerationinRFstructures...............................114
5.4.2 Longitudinaldynamicsinatravelingwave.........115
5.4.3 Longitudinaldynamicsinasynchrotron..............115
5.4.4 RFpotential—nonlinearityandadiabaticity......119
5.4.5 Synchrotrontuneandbetatrontune.....................120
5.4.6 Acceleratortechnologiesandapplications...........121
5.5 FocusinginDriftTubeLinac—InventionCaseStudy...122
Chapter6 PlasmaAcceleration....................................................................125
6.1 Motivations.......................................................................125
6.1.1 Maximumfieldinplasma....................................125
6.2 Earlystepsofplasmaacceleration....................................126
6.3 Laserintensityandionization...........................................128
6.3.1 Laserpulseintensity............................................128
6.3.2 Atomicintensity...................................................128
6.3.3 Progressinlaserpeakintensity............................129
6.3.4 Typesofionization...............................................130
6.3.5 Barriersuppressionionization.............................130
6.3.6 Normalizedvectorpotential.................................132
6.3.7 Lasercontrastratio...............................................133
6.3.8 Schwingerintensitylimit.....................................133
6.4 Theconceptoflaseracceleration.....................................134
6.4.1 Ponderomotiveforce............................................135
6.4.2 Laserplasmaaccelerationinnonlinearregime....136
6.4.3 Wavebreaking......................................................137
6.4.4 Importanceoflaserguidance...............................137
6.5 Betatronradiationsources................................................138
6.5.1 Transversefieldsinthebubble.............................138
6.5.2 Estimationsofbetatronradiationparameters......139
6.6 Glimpseintothefuture.....................................................141
6.6.1 Laserplasmaacceleration—rapidprogress.......141
6.6.2 Compactradiationsources...................................141
6.6.3 Evolutionofcomputersandlightsources............142
6.7 PlasmaaccelerationaimingatTeV...................................143
6.7.1 Multi-stagelaserplasmaacceleration..................143
6.7.2 Beam-drivenplasmaacceleration........................144
6.8 Laser-plasmaandprotons.................................................145
6.9 LWFADownrampInjection—InventionCaseStudy.....146
Chapter7 LightSources...............................................................................149
7.1 SRpropertiesandhistory..................................................149
7.1.1 Electromagneticspectrum....................................149
7.1.2 Briefhistoryofsynchrotronradiation..................150
7.2 EvolutionandparametersofSRsources..........................151