Understanding Contemporary China PDF
Preview Understanding Contemporary China
UNDERSTANDING CONTEMPORARY CHINA UNDERSTANDING IntroductionstotheStatesandRegionsoftheContemporaryWorld DonaldL.Gordon,serieseditor UnderstandingContemporaryAfrica,5thedition editedbyAprilA.GordonandDonaldL.Gordon UnderstandingContemporaryAsiaPacific editedbyKatherinePalmerKaup UnderstandingtheContemporaryCaribbean,2ndedition editedbyRichardS.HillmanandThomasJ.D’Agostino UnderstandingContemporaryChina,4thedition editedbyRobertE.Gamer UnderstandingContemporaryIndia,2ndedition editedbyNeilDeVotta UnderstandingContemporaryLatinAmerica,4thedition editedbyRichardS.Hillman UnderstandingtheContemporaryMiddleEast,3rdedition editedbyJillianSchwedlerandDeborahJ.Gerner UnderstandingContemporaryRussia editedbyMichaelL.Bressler FOURTH EDITION UNDERSTANDING CONTEMPORARY CHINA EDITED BY ROBERT E. GAMER boulder london PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericain2012by LynneRiennerPublishers,Inc. 180030thStreet,Boulder,Colorado80301 www.rienner.com andintheUnitedKingdomby LynneRiennerPublishers,Inc. 3HenriettaStreet,CoventGarden,LondonWC2E8LU ©2012byLynneRiennerPublishers,Inc.Allrightsreserved LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData UnderstandingcontemporaryChina/editedbyRobertE.Gamer.—4thed. p.cm.— (Understanding:IntroductionstotheStatesandRegionsof theContemporaryWorld) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-58826-844-0(alk.paper) 1.China. I.Gamer,RobertE.,1938– DS706.U472012 951—dc23 2011052684 BritishCataloguinginPublicationData ACataloguinginPublicationrecordforthisbook isavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstherequirements oftheAmericanNationalStandardforPermanenceof PaperforPrintedLibraryMaterialsZ39.48-1992. 5 4 3 2 1 Contents ListofIllustrations ix Preface xi 1 Introduction RobertE.Gamer 1 CreativeTensions 6 NewChallenges 10 2 China: A Geographic Preface StanleyW.Toops 13 Space 14 Regions 18 TheNaturalLandscape 21 3 The Historical Context RhoadsMurphey 33 ThePeoplingofChina 34 PoliticalPatternsofthePast 38 China’sPreparationforModernity 61 4 Chinese Politics RobertE.Gamer 71 ALegacyofUnityandEconomicAchievement 71 ACenturyofTurmoil 75 UnityNearlyRestored 79 TwoDecadesofTurmoil 83 IntotheWorldEconomy 87 TheFourthandFifthGenerationsofLeadership 93 WhatWillEndureandWhatWillChange? 100 5 China’s Economy SarahY.TongandJohnWong 123 China’sDynamicGrowthinPerspective 124 China’sTraditionalMixedEconomy 133 FromRevolutiontoReform 135 v vi Contents TheSuccessfulTransitiontoaMarketEconomy 137 IsHighGrowthSustainable? 140 OvercomingChallengesandConstraints 146 6 China Beyond the Heartland RobertE.Gamer 171 OverseasChinese 171 HongKong 175 Taiwan 187 Tibet 193 Conclusion 205 7 International Relations RobertE.Gamer 217 China’sForeignRelationsBeforetheOpiumWars 218 FromtheOpiumWarstothePeople’sRepublic 220 ForeignPolicyUnderMao 222 TheCulturalRevolution 228 JoiningtheWorldCommunity 230 China’sRoleintheWorld 238 8 Population Growth and Urbanization MaRong 255 CityandCountrysideinHistory 256 PopulationandFood 259 CityandCountrysideToday 265 EthnicMinorities 274 Challenges 278 9 China’s Environmental Problems RichardLouisEdmonds 287 ContemporaryEnvironmentalProblems 289 NatureConservation 302 TheThreeGorgesDam 304 ProspectsforChina’sEnvironment 309 10 Family, Kinship, Marriage, and Sexuality ZangXiaowei 317 FamilyStructure 317 Marriage 321 MaritalBreakdown 325 FamilyRelations 326 Sexuality 328 EthnicMinorities 330 Conclusion 333 Contents vii 11 Women and Development LaurelBossen 341 The“Traditional”PortraitofChineseWomen 342 WomenintheLateNineteenthandEarlyTwentiethCenturies 344 Women’sStatusAftertheCommunistRevolution 351 WomenandEconomicReform 355 WomenandPolitics 361 Conclusion 364 12 Religion ChanHoimanandAmbroseY.C.King 373 FirstConfiguration:TheRiseofHumanisticReligion 375 SecondConfiguration:TheAxialAgeand theRiseofConfucianism 380 ThirdConfiguration:ForeignImpetusandNeo-Confucianism 386 FourthConfiguration:TheForeignImpetusofChristianity andCommunism 393 ReligionandChineseSociety 400 13 Literature and Popular Culture CharlesA.Laughlin 413 Writing:TheHumanPattern 414 SingersandPoets 416 StorytellersandNovelists 420 PriestsandPlaywrights 428 ResistingModernOrthodoxies 431 Conclusion 444 14 Trends and Prospects RobertE.Gamer 453 TheContributors 467 Index 469 AbouttheBook 499 Illustrations Maps 2.1 RegionalMapofAsia 15 2.2 ProvincialMapofChina 18 2.3 PopulationMapofChina 19 2.4 PhysicalFeaturesofChina 20 3.1 HistoricalBoundariesofChina 35 Tables 1.1 RomanizationofChineseTerms 7 3.1 China’sImperialDynastiesandBeyond 40 4.1 ImportantDatesinModernChineseHistory 76 5.1 China’sEconomicPerformanceIndicatorsin EastAsianContext 131 5.2 China’sSocialIndicatorsinEastAsianContext 147 7.1 ImportantDatesinChina’sForeignPolicy 223 8.1 HistoricalChangesinChina’sPopulation 258 8.2 SelectedDevelopmentandDemographicTrendsinChina 264 8.3 EthnicMinoritieswithaPopulationofMoreThan4Million 276 12.1 DevelopmentofChineseReligions 375 Figures 5.1 EconomicGrowthofChina,DevelopingEastAsia andPacific,andtheWorld,1978–2010 125 5.2 China’sExportsandExportGrowth,1978–2010 126 5.3 China’sForeignDirectInvestmentInflow,1979–2010 127 5.4 SharesofMainlandChinaandHongKonginTotalFDI toAsia,1990–2010 127 5.5 China’sForeignTradeinGlobalEconomicIntegration 132 5.6 ContributionofDomesticDemandandExternalDemand toChina’sGDPGrowth,1990–2010 142 ix x Illustrations 8.1 DemographicDynamicsDuringChina’sFamily PlanningCampaigns 261 Photographs Thesebullettrainsbeganoperationin2007 4 AnewhighwayinXinjiang 14 ThesericeterraceswerebuiltduringtheYuandynasty 37 ThecarryingpolewasanearlyChineseinvention 55 TheGreatWallatSimitai 57 GiantMaostatueslikethiswerecommonduringthe1970s 86 The1989demonstrations 89 GeneralSecretaryHuJintao 97 Standingguard,TiananmenSquare 106 Childreninafastfoodrestaurant 144 Longrowsofhigh-risecondosandsuperhighways 153 HongKongharbor,2011 181 ATibetanfamily’sfarmcompound 201 PotalaPalace,formerresidenceoftheDalaiLamas 202 AstreetsceneinLhasa 203 MilitaryvehiclesinGansu 233 Pudong’sfinancialdistrict,viewedfromShanghai 271 SuburbanvillassurroundmanyofChina’scities 272 MilesofdevelopmentandhighwaysinShanghai 274 ADongminoritymotherwatchesherchildren 275 China’s46,298glaciersarerapidlyshrinking 293 Fillinguponnaturalgas 297 Manysmokestacksremainunscrubbed 300 WuGorge 305 Takingbabyforastroll 320 Adateinthepark 323 AYaominoritygrandfatheroutforawalkwithhisgrandson 331 AUyghurfamilyenjoysayogurttreatonaSundayouting 332 Elderlyfarmwomanwithboundfeet,Yunnan,1989 347 Teapickersbringtheirleavestotownfromthefields 357 Saleswomeninawomen’sclothingstore,Kaili,Guizhou 361 SomeoftheBuddhascarvedintoFeilaiFeng 388 ChristianchurchesinFujian 395 MusiciansandstorytellersperforminaHangzhoupark 425 ABeijingacrobaticperformance 430
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