turkish grammar updated academic edition yüksel göknel

443 Pages·2013·5.01 MB·Turkish

TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

Ege Reklam Basım Sanatları San.Tic. Ltd. Sti.
Esatpasa Mahallesi Ziyapasa Caddesi No:4
34704 Atasehir / ISTANBUL
T. : [phone]
F.: [phone]
W. : www.egebasim.com.tr
2.Basım: İstanbul / Ocak 2013

ISBN: 978-6056301810

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TURKISH GRAMMATRU URPKDISAHT GERDA AMCMAADRE MIC EDITION 2013

FOREWORD

The Turkish Grammar book that you have just started reading is quite different
from the grammar books that you read in schools. This kind of Grammar is known as
traditional grammar. The main difference of a traditional grammar and that of a
transformational one is that the first one describes a natural language as a static
object, but the second one describes both the parts of the language engine and how
it runs. This is like learning about a motionless car. There is something lacking in this
description. It is the dynamics of the parts of a car that runs a hundred and twenty
kilometers an hour.
Traditional grammars describe only the physical appearance of a language; they
do not mind what goes on behind the curtain. The mind of a human being works like
the engine of a sports car. It arranges and chooses words matching one another,
transforms simple sentence units to use in different parts of sentences, and recollects
morphemes and phonemes to be produced by the human speech organs. All these
activities are simultaneously carried out by the human mind.
Another point that the traditional grammarians generally miss is that they write the
grammar of a certain language to teach it to those who have been learning it from the
time when they were born up to the time when they discover something called
grammar. This is like teaching a language to professional speakers.
Then, what is the use of a grammar? I believe most people were acquainted with
it when they started learning a foreign language. Therefore, a grammar written for
those who are trying to learn a second language is very useful both in teaching and
learning a second language.
I started teaching English as a second language in 1952, a long time ago. Years
passed and one day I found myself as a postgraduate Fulbright student at the
University of Texas at Austin in 1960. Although I studied there for only a short period,
I learnt enough from Prof. Archibald A. Hill and Dr. De Camp to stimulate me to learn
more about Linguistics.
After I came back to Turkey, it was difficult to find books on linguistics in
booksellers in Istanbul. Thanks to The American Library in Istanbul, I was able to
borrow the books that attracted my attention.
In those books, I discovered Noam Chomsky, whose name I had not heard during my
stay in the U.S.A.
I must confess that I am indebted to the scholars and the library above in writing
this Turkish Grammar.
I am also grateful to my son Dr. Özgür Göknel who encouraged me to write this
book and to Vivatinell Warwick U.K., which sponsored to publish it.
YÜKSEL GÖKNEL

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

TURKISH GRAMMAR

UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION

YÜKSEL GÖKNEL

Email: [email protected]

Vivatinell Bilim-Kültür Yayınları
2013

Grafik Tasarım Uygulamaları
Vivatinell Press
Selami Burhan GÖKAY

İletişim:

Vivatinell Cosmopharmaceutics
Fetih Mah. Tunca Sk. No:2 34704
Ataşehir / İstanbul / TÜRKİYE
Tel: [phone]
Faks: [phone]

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

CONTENTS

Foreword 3
Contents 9
Logical, Morphemic, and Oral Sequencing 15
The Turkish Grammar 18
The Turkish Vowel and Consonant Harmony 19
The Vowel Harmony Sequence 19
The Consonant Harmony 21
Morphemes and Their Allomorphs 24
Derivational Morphemes and Their Allomorphs 25
Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Nouns 25
Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Adjectives 26
Morphemes Attached to Adjectives to Produce Nouns 29
Morphemes Attached to Verbs to Produce Nouns 30
Morphemes Attached to Verbs to Produce Adjectives 34
Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Verbs 35
Morphemes Attached to Adjectives to Produce Verbs 36
Inflectional Morphemes and Their Allomorphs 36
Nominal Phrases 39
Adverbs and Adverbials 42
The Transformational Activity of the Logic 43
Form and Function in Languages 45
Using Adjectives as Adverbs 47
The Inflectional Morphemes 49
The Defining [İ] Morpheme and Its Allomorphs [i, ı, ü, u] 50
The [LE], [LE.YIN] and [E], [DE], [DEN] Inflectional Morphemes 55
[LE] allomorphs: [le, la] 55
[LE.YIN]: 56
[E], [DE], [DEN] and [LE] Morphemes 56
[E] allomorphs: [e, a] 58
[DE] allomorphs: [de, da, te, ta] 64
[DEN] allomorphs: [den, dan, ten, tan] 66
“Possessor + Possessed” Noun Compounds (İsim Tamlamaları) 68
Definite Noun Compounds (Belirtili İsim Tamlamaları) 68
Indefinite Noun Compounds (Belirtisiz İsim Tamlamaları) 75
Noun Compounds Without Suffixes (Takısız Tamlamalar) 75
Noun + Infinitive Compounds (İsim Mastar Tamlamaları) 77
Prepositions and Postpositions (Edatlar or İlgeçler) 78
Primary Stress, Secondary Stress, and Intonation 79
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