of TyttCM tV Str~ Literacy and Social Change Among African American Women Jacqueline Jones Royster University of Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh Series in Composition, Literacy, and Culture David Bartholomae and Jean Ferguson Carr, Editors Published by the University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15261 Copyright@ 2000, University of Pittsburgh Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper 10987 6 54321 Selected lines from "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," from OJIleded Poems by Langston Hughes Copyright @1 994 by the Estate of Langston Hughes Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a Division of Random House, Inc., and Harold Ober Associates Incorporated. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Royster, Jacqueline Jones. Traces of a stream: literacy and social change among African American women I Jacqueline Jones Royster. p. cm. - (Pittsburgh series in composition,literacy, and culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8229-4122-8 (acid-free paper) - ISBN 0-8229-5725-6 (pbk.:-acid-free paper) 1. English language-Rhetoric-Study and teaching-Social aspects-United States. 2. Afro-American Women-Education-Social aspects. 3. Afro-Americans Education-Language arts. 4. Literacy-Social aspects-United States. 5. Afro American women-Social conditions. 6. Language and culture-United States. 7. Literacy-United States. I. Tide II. Series PE1405.u6 R682000 302.2'144'08996073--dC21 oj& To our ml1WfJ~Yf ZAJM.aJr.i, who were then courageous and bold, who are now our everlasting strength; To &""ble,tlJtdUitdauHJ:ed, rpiritr oj Afr~A_~muwr., including Lilla Ashe Mitchell, who remain steadfast in the face of trying times; To ""f rtudeHtr at; s~ Cblkje-, Tfu, oltib Stm Uidverrity, tIJtd & Bread, Loaf sdtnot oj EirjUrf." who helped me to know that the kind ofr esearch I do needs to be done and acted upon. Preface and Acknowledgments ix Introduction: A Call for Other Ways of Reading 3 Part 1. A R.fr.dbricat View 1. In Search of Rivers: Womanist Writers and the Essay 17 2. Toward an Analytical Model for Literacy and Sociopolitical Action 42 Part 2. A Hidbricat View 3· The Genesis of Anthority:WhenAfrican Women Became American .:;:r -1 o& 4· Going Against the Grain: The Acquisition and Use of Literacy ~ 5· From This Fertile Ground: The Development of Rhetorical Prowess 176 Photographic Essay: African American Women Rhetors, When and Where They Enter 239 Part 3. Aff/ fdMw_gicat View 6. A View from a Bridge: Afrafeminist Ideologies and Rhetorical Studies 251 Appendix L Some Early African American Women Contributors, Editors, Publishers, and Owners of Periodical Publications 289 Appendix 2. Some Early Periodical Publications with Which African American Women Writers Were Associated 295 Notes 297 Bibliography 307 Index 327 vii
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