Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities. Safety and Engineering Design

346 Pages·1979·12.93 MB·English

by  Ralph A. Scott

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1 Toxic Chemical and Explosives
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In Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities; Scott, R.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.
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In Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities; Scott, R.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.
Toxic Chemical and Explosives
Facilities
Safety and Engineering Design
Ralph A.Scott, Jr.,
EDITOR
Department of Defense Explosives
Safety Board
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02 Based on a symposium sponsored
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1 Health and Safety at the 176th
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A Meeting of the American
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96
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 1979
In Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities; Scott, R.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.
Library of Congress CIP Data
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0 Toxic chemical and explosives facilities.
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6.f (ACS symposium series; 96 ISSN 0087-6156)
09 Includes bibliographies and index.
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9- 1. Explosives—Safety measures—Congresses. 2.
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9 Chemicals—Safety measures—Congresses.
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k- I. Scott, Ralph A., 1930- . II. American Chemical
1/b Society. Division of Chemical Health and Safety. III.
2 Series: American Chemical Society. ACS symposium
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1 series; 96.
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oi: 1 TISPB2N95 0.T-8649 12-0481-0 614A.8S'C3M2 C 8 96 17-9 -395726 01 979
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pril Copyright © 1979
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e: American Chemical Society
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n All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each
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In Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities; Scott, R.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.
ACS Symposium Series
Robert F. Gould, Editor
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97 Advisory Board
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pril 6, Jeremiah P. Freeman F. Sherwood Rowland
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James D. Idol, Jr. Gunter Zweig
In Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities; Scott, R.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.
1
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6.f FOREWORD
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9 The ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was founded in 1974 to provide
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k- a medium for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The
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21/ format of the Series parallels that of the continuing ADVANCES
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0.1 IN CHEMISTRY SERIES except that in order to save time the
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oi: papers are not typeset but are reproduced as they are sub
9 | d mitted by the authors in camera-ready form. Papers are re
97 viewed under the supervision of the Editors with the assistance
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6, of the Series Advisory Board and are selected to maintain the
pril integrity of the symposia; however, verbatim reproductions of
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Dat and reports of research are acceptable since symposia may
on embrace both types of presentation.
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In Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities; Scott, R.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.
PREFACE
Since World War II the development and use of new chemicals, chemical
processes, and chemical products have created a new industrial
environment. Technology, which gave us progress, also has supplied
some techniques for identifying those substances that are hazardous and
for protecting workers who use the hazardous materials. To understand
the threat posed to employees by explosives and toxic substances, it is
necessary to understand the proliferation of chemicals, the difficulties of
identifying illnesses caused by exposure to toxic substances, and the
ways of controlling and quantitatively measuring these hazards so that
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0 the risk to employees is minimized. The establishment of multilevel
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6.pr regulatory controls depending upon the estimated degree of exposure
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0 risk and the amount of toxicological information available is presented.
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79- The symposium papers provide a means for developing and subse
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k-1 quently implementing relevant engineering design criteria which are the
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10 For both facilities, the series of papers provide the means for classification,
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1 measurement, and control of inherent hazards. Practical examples are
doi: provided on specific work practices and engineering controls for propellant
9 | and propulsion facilities, and for the production, storage, maintenance,
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6, 1 surveillance, and demilitarization of explosives. Practical examples of the
pril engineering design criteria used in the design of new university chemical
A laboratories, in handling and transportation of toxic chemicals, and in the
ate: National Cancer Institute's Chemical Carcinogen Facilities are included
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n in this symposium series. This symposium series also provides design
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ati criteria needed for both explosives and toxic chemical facilities, examples
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Department of Defense R. A. SCOTT, JR.
Explosives Safety Board
Alexandria, Virginia
December, 1978
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In Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities; Scott, R.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.
1
Safety Design Considerations in Munition Plants Layout
RICHARD M. RINDNER and IRVING FORSTEN
ARRADCOM, Dover, NJ 07801
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9 Criteria and methods "based on results of accidental explo
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7 explosive manufacturing and storage facilities. These criteria,
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1/b basis for assessing a degree of protection afforded by the protec
02 tive facility, and as a result Picatinny Arsenal (nov part of
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0. ARRADCOM) in the early 60's entered into a broad tri-service pro
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oi: gram of analysis, testing, and evaluation of structures designed
d to afford protection against the effects of accidental explosions.
79 | The experimental work involved model and full scale testing of
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1 reinforced concrete structures and their components. New designs
pril 6, wceornef igcuonrcaetiivoends waendr e thdee ttehrrmeisnheodl.d cThaep acviatliideist y ofo fv atrhieo uuss es torfu cstcuarlaeld
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e: model testing to replace full scale tests was demonstrated.
at The product of this 8 year systematic study was the publica
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n tion of the safety design manual entitled, "Structures to Resist
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Pu manual is shown in Fig 1. The manual contains procedures, charts,

and tables required to establish the environment of an explosion
and its output in terms of blast and fragments. The relations
are presented in such a manner that the type of protective struc
ture may be selected, analyzed, and designed to provide a safe
level of protection for personnel, equipment, and for separation
of potentially mass detonating materials.
In the course of the application of the manual to the Army-
Wide Munition Plant Modernization Program, potential areas for
improving and refining the manual appeared. Whenever specific
information was not available, the most conservative approach was
used. Consequently an extensive program, including testing, was
initiated to establish data and procedures to supplement and/or
modify the existing regulations and to assist designers in devel
oping the most economical and safe facilities.
This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright.
Published 1979 American Chemical Society
In Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities; Scott, R.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.
2 TOXIC CHEMICAL AND EXPLOSIVES FACILITIES
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In Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities; Scott, R.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.
1. RINDNER AND FORSTEN Munition Plant Layout 3
The overall program was divided into several separate "but
interrelated phases, which will "be presented in the following
discussion as shown in Fig 2. These are:
(a) TNT Equivalency Investigation
(b) Safe Separation Distance Determination
(c) Explosive Sensitivity to Impact by Primary and Second
ary Fragments
(d) Blast Effects and Structural Response Studies
(e) Hazard Classification Studies of In-Process Hazardous
Materials
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97 reduced to a TNT equivalency value, which is defined as the weight
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pril Various factors influence the magnitude of TNT equivalency. These
A include; charge geometry, critical mass/dimensions, confinement,
ate: distance from the charge burst, and method of initiation.
D Measurements of airblast overpressure and impulse were made
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cati were spaced at selected scaled distances ranging from approxi
ubli mately 2-20 ft/lbs1/3. The pressure transducers were installed
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flushed with the top surface of a concrete slab in mechanically
isolated steel plates. The test item was placed on a steel
witness plate located on the surface of the slab. Fastax motion
pictures were taken of all tests.
On the basis of experimental data on a variety of explosives,
propellants, and pyrotechnics, we have observed that these mate
rials fall into two categories, which can be described in terms
of their TNT equivalency-distance curves. The two categories are
characterized as marginal explosives and high explosives. The
shape of these curves for materials that we call marginal explo
sives, such as Black Powder, can be seen in Fig 5. The TNT
equivalency increases with scaled distance to approximately
10 ft/lb!/3 and then decreases. In all cases, however, the maxi
mum value of TNT equivalency is well below 100 percent. Materials,
In Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities; Scott, R.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.