Thermodynamic Tables, Bibliography, and Property File. Sections VII, VIII, and IX

791 Pages·1966·12.989 MB·English

by  Harold L. Schick (Eds.)

List of Contributors
ANTHROP, D. F., PH.D., Aerojet-General Nucleonics, San Ramon, Cali­
fornia
BARRIAULT, R. J., PH.D., (Deceased)
DREIKORN, R. E., PH.D., IBM Components Div., Owego, N. Y.
FEBER, R. C, PH.D., LOS Alamos Scientific Lab., Los Alamos, New Mexico
GRIFFEL, M., PH.D., Institute for Defense Analyses, Washington, D. C.
LEIGH, C. H., PH.D., Parametrics Inc., Waltham, Mass.
PANISH, M. B., PH.D., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, New
Jersey
SCHICK, H. L., PH.D., Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Research Labora­
tories, Palo Alto, California
WARD, C. H., PH.D., Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
Thermodynamics of
Certain Refractory Compounds
HAROLD L. SCHICK
PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTOR AND EDITOR
IN COLLABORATION WITH THE CONTRIBUTORS
VOLUME II
Thermodynamic Tables, Bibliography, and Property File
SECTIONS VII, VIII, and IX
1966
ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London
ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD.
Berkeley Square House, London W. 1
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 65-21328
AF MATERIALS LABORATORY, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO
PROJECT NO. 7360, TASK NO. 736001
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
PREFACE
Since 1954, the Thermal & Solid State Branch of the Air Force Materials Labo­
ratory has had a continuing interest in delineating materials-environment inter­
actions under extreme thermal environments. This interest has most frequently
resulted in the Air Force sponsorship of research programs aimed at the measure­
ment of certain optical, thermophysical and thermodynamic properties of materials,
kinetic studies of materials-environment interactions, the development of improved
techniques for making these measurements, and the consolidation of literature data
in some of these areas. This compilation spawned from these interests.
The magnitude of this effort, as has probably been the case with most works of
this type, was underestimated. The work presented here is thus a contribution ra­
ther than a completed effort. It is hoped that others will continue in this effort.
Thermodynamics has demonstrated itself as an important theoretical tool for pre­
dicting the chemical and physical behavior of materials under diverse environmental
conditions. Much basic thermodynamic data have been and are now being obtained
from many research programs throughout the world. However there has always
been a distinct need for a program staffed by highly specialized personnel to evalu­
ate, integrate, extrapolate and otherwise reduce these data to make them available
in an inter consistent form directly useful to scientists and engineers for design
purposes. The recent establishment of the National Standard Reference Data Pro­
gram finally indicates the realization that we can no longer afford to be without such
a continuing effort to help support and guide our research.
There are certain unique features to this work which have not generally been
characteristic of other works of this type or at least not in this degree of detail or
in this combination. It is believed that these are desirable features and should be
considered in any future work of this type. The user's right to disagree has been
profusely aided and abetted since the details of the critical analysis leading to the
choice of accepted values are presented. Accuracy estimates are listed for most
of the tabulated values. The fact that many of the tables extend to 6000 °K and con­
tain tabulation of data at close intervals of temperature is considered a great ad­
vantage. The program served as a proving ground for many computer techniques
whose impact in the information generation, storage, and retrieval areas are yet to
be felt.
The help of Mr. Edmund J. Rolinski and Dr. Emile Rutner of the Thermal &
Solid State Branch is gratefully acknowledged as are the unknown visionaries in the
higher echelons of the Department of Defense who assigned the special funds for the
initiation of this effort. The thanks of the Air Force, the U. S. Government and the
scientific community are due to the collaborators and contributors to this compila­
tion. Special gratitude is due to Messrs. Hyman Marcus, Jules I. Wittebort and
Leo F. Salzberg whose vision, faith, cooperation, patience and understanding were
essential in carrying this work to this point.
Paul W. Dimiduk
Thermal and Solid State Branch
Materials Physics Division
Air Force Materials Laboratory
v
FOREWORD
This publication is based on a final report (ASD-TR-61-260 Pt. Π, 1964) pre­
pared by the Research and Advanced Development Division of the Avco Corporation
on Contract AF33(657)-8223 under Project No. 7360, The Chemistry and Physics
of Materials: Task No. 736001, Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer. The work
was administered under the direction of the Materials Physics Division of the Air
Force Materials Laboratory, Research and Technology Division; the RTD monitor
on the program was Mr. Paul Dimiduk of the Thermophysics Section. The data re­
ported herein was compiled between 1 June 1962 and 31 December 1963. This work
includes a study of the thermodynamics of the borides, carbides, nitrides, and ox­
ides of 31 elements in the temperature range from 0°to 6000 °K. The elements are
(a) group Π A--beryllium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium; (b) group ΙΠΒ--
scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum, (c) group IV A--silicon; (d) group IV B--tita­
nium, zirconium, and hafnium, (e) group V B — vanadium, niobium, and tantalum;
(f) group VIB-- chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten; (g) group VEB—manganese,
technetium, and rhenium; (h) group VIII--rhodium, osmium, iridium, and platinum;
(i) rare earths — cerium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, and dysprosium; and
(j) actinides -- uranium and thorium. More than 160 thermodynamic tables, together
with comprehensive discussions, have been prepared. The work has been summa­
rized in two volumes.
Volume 1 (published separately, 690 pp, 1966) presents a summary of the
techniques used to analyze thermodynamic data and gives the data analyses for re­
fractories considered. Volume 2 (this book) is a compilation of thermodynamic
tables generated on this project. It also contains a bibliography and property file.
The latter is essentially a subject index for use with the bibliography.
This work has been the result of the efforts of a group of scientists, including
Doctors H. L. Schick, D. F. Anthrop, R. J. Barriault, R. E. Dreikorn, R. C.
Feber, M. Griffel, C. H. Leigh, M. B. Panish, and C. H. Ward. Project Direc­
tors were R. J. Barriault (deceased June 1962), C. H. Leigh (June to December
1962), and H. L. Schick (December 1962 to December 1963). The contributions of
different scientists can be identified by reference to the thermodynamic tables of
Volume 2. Each of these tables is labeled with the initials of the responsible scien­
tist and the approximate date of the analysis. The corresponding discussion in
Volume 1 was also prepared by the same scientist.
His fellow co-workers wish to express their feeling of loss at the untimely
passing of Dr. Roland J. Barriault at the beginning of this project in June, 1962.
His enthusiasm and leadership were invaluable in a previous contract, AF 33 (616)-
7327.
Prof. W. L. Klemperer of Harvard University has acted as consultant on spec-
troscopic and thermodynamic problems.
Many individuals located throughout the world have been kind enough to provide
information to assist this work. An effort has been made to acknowledge such help
below. Any omissions are entirely accidental.
L. Akerlind University of Stockholm
C. B. Alcock Imperial College of London
Vll
FOREWORD
B. Aronsson University of Uppsala
R. F. Barrow Oxford University
C. Beckett National Bureau of Standards
J. Berkowitz Argonne National Laboratories
J. Berkowitz-Mattuck Arthur D. Little Company
G. Brauer University of Freiburg
L. Brewer University of California
E. R. Cohen North American Aviation
R. H. Crist Union Carbide Research Institute
T. Dergazarian Dow Chemical Company
P. Dimiduk Research and Technology Division
R. T. Dolloff National Carbon Company
T. B. Douglas Heat Division, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D. C.
J. W. M. DuMond California Institute of Technology
J. Elliott Massachusetts Institute of Technology
R. D. Freeman Oklahoma State University
R. R. Freeman Chemical Abstracts
M. A. Greenbaum Rocket Power, Pasadena, California
E. Greenberg Argonne National Laboratories
C. B. Henderson Atlantic Research Corporation
G. Herzberg National Research Council of Canada
D. L. Hildenbrand Aeronutronics
M. Hoch University of Cincinnati
R. Honig Radio Corporation of America
W. N. Hubbard Argonne National Laboratories
E. Huber Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
R. Hultgren University of California
D. Jackson Lawrence Radiation Laboratory,
Livermore, California
L. Kaufman Manlabs
K. K. Kelley Bureau of Mines
R. Kieffer University of Vienna, Reutte-Tyrol
K. Komarek New York University
J. E. Kunzler Bell Telephone Laboratories
T. F. Lyon General Electric Company
J. L. Margrave Rice Institute
C. Moore National Bureau of Standards
J. A. Morrison National Research Council of Canada
H. Nowotny University of Vienna
C. D. Pears Southern Research Institute
B. Pollock Atomics International
H. Prophet Dow Chemical Company
E. Rudy Aerojet-General, Sacramento, California
S. J. Schneider National Bureau of Standards
A. Sheindlin Academy of Science, USSR
D. R. Stull and associates Dow Chemical Company
C. Trulson Union Carbide, Tarrytown, New York
H. Voress Atomic Energy Commission
D. Wagman National Bureau of Standards
E. Westrum University of Michigan
C. A. Wert University of Illinois
viii
FOREWORD
Several scientific meetings have provided opportunity for many valua­
ble discussions. They include:
1. A colloquium on diborides held at Arthur D. Little Company under
A. D. Little-Manlabs sponsorship in January 1963.
2. An NRC-OCT conference on critical tables of thermodynamic data
held at the National Academy of Science on 14-15 March 1963 under
the dual chairmanship of Prof. E. Westrum and Dr. G. Waddington.
3. The Stanford Research Institute Symposium on High Temperature
Technology at Asilomar, California, in September 1963.
4. A JANAF Ther mo chemical Panel Meeting in New York City on 5-7
November 1963.
The cooperation of the library staffs at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol­
ogy, the Cambridge Research Laboratories at Hanscom Field, The New York office
of the Atomic Energy Commission, the Division of Technical Information Extension
at Oak Ridge, and Avco RAD has been invaluable.
Analyses were aided by the work of the following summer students at Avco
RAD: Messrs. J. Hopps (Boston University) and K. Spears (University of Kansas).
Computer and associated programming were aided by the work of Messrs. W.
Duffy, E. Levine, J. Paskalides, L. Reid, E. Vancor, and others.
Bibliography preparation, computations, and general assistance with computer
facilities were provided by Miss Charlotte Topliffe, and Messrs. D. V. LaRosa,
W. L. Perry, W. Wise, G. Costas, G. Hitchcock, and K. Campbell.
Especially valuable throughout this project has been the wide range of help
given by Mrs. Patricia Topham, Mrs. Irene A. Hutnick, and Messrs. D. V. LaRosa
and L. I. Rose.
The work reported herein was performed at Avco RAD with the help of all lev­
els of management. Dr. M. E. Malin (Vice-President of Research) showed a con­
tinuing interest in the progress of this work.
One of us (H. L. Schick) would also like to express appreciation to Mr. R.
Capiaux of Lockheed Missiles and Space Company for support in the final stages of
publishing this document.
ix
LIST OF TABLES
(Continued from Volume 1)
Page
Table 89 Boron Reference State 2-25
90 Boron Ideal Monatomic Gas 2-27
91 Hafnium Diboride Condensed Phase 2-29
92 Niobium Diboride Condensed Phase 2-31
93 Tantalum Diboride Condensed Phase 2-33
94 Titanium Diboride Condensed Phase 2-35
95 Zirconium Diboride Condensed Phase 2-37
96 Beryllium Reference State 2-39
97 Beryllium Ideal Monatomic Gas 2-41
98 Beryllium Oxide Condensed Phase 2 -43
99 Beryllium Oxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2 -45
100 Beryllium Carbide Condensed Phase 2-47
101 Dimeric Beryllium Oxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-49
102 Beryllium Nitride Condensed Phase 2-51
103 Trimeric Beryllium Oxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-53
104 Tetrameric Beryllium Oxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-55
105 Pentameric Beryllium Oxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-57
106 Hexameric Beryllium Oxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-59
107 Carbon Reference State 2-61
108 Carbon Ideal Monatomic Gas 2-63
109 Hafnium Carbide Condensed Phase 2-65
xiii
TABLES
Page
Table 110 Dimolybdenum Carbide Condensed Phase 2-67
111 Niobium Carbide Condensed Phase 2 -69
112 Diniobium Carbide Condensed Phase 2-71
113 Silicon Carbide Condensed Phase 2-73
114 Tantalum Carbide Condensed Phase 2-75
115 Ditantalum Carbide Condensed Phase 2-77
116 Thorium Carbide Condensed Phase 2-79
117 Titanium Carbide Condensed Phase 2-81
118 Tungsten Carbide Condensed Phase 2 -83
119 Ditungsten Carbide Condensed Phase 2 -85
120 Zirconium Carbide Condensed Phase 2-87
121 Diatomic Carbon Ideal Molecular Gas 2-89
122 Trimolybdenum Dicarbide Condensed Phase 2-91
1 23 Thorium Dicarbide Condensed Phase 2 -93
124 Thorium Dicarbide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-95
125 Triatomic Carbon Ideal Molecular Gas 2-97
126 Calcium Reference State 2 -99
127 Calcium Ideal Monatomic Gas 2-101
128 Calcium Oxide Condensed Phase 2-103
129 Calcium Oxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-105
130 Cerium Reference State 2-107
131 Cerium Ideal Monatomic Gas 2-109
xiv
TABLES
Page
Table 132 Cerium Oxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-111
133 Chromium Reference State 2-113
134 Chromium Ideal Monatomic Gas 2-115
135 Chromium Monoxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-117
136 Chromium Dioxide Condensed Phase 2-119
137 Chromium Dioxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-121
138 Chromium Trioxide Condensed Phase 2-123
139 Chromium Trioxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-125
140 Hafnium Reference State 2-12 7
141 Hafnium Ideal Monatomic Gas 2-129
142 Hafnium Nitride Condensed Phase 2-131
143 Hafnium Monoxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-133
144 Hafnium Dioxide Condensed Phase 2-135
145 Hafnium Dioxide Ideal Molecular Gas . 2-137
146 Iridium Reference State 2-139
147 Iridium Ideal Monatomic Gas 2 -141
148 Iridium Monoxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2 -143
149 Magnesium Reference State 2-145
150 Magnesium Ideal Monatomic Gas 2-147
151 Magnesium Oxide Condensed Phase 2-149
152 Magnesium Oxide Ideal Molecular Gas 2-151
153 Magnesium Nitride Condensed Phase 2-153
xv