Therapeutics and Control of Sheep and Goat Diseases, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 1e

262 Pages·2011·3.69 MB·English

by  George C. Fthenakis DVM MSc PhD

Therapeutics and Control
of Sheep and Goat Diseases
Guest Editors
GEORGE C. FTHENAKIS, DVM, MSc, PhD
PAULA I. MENZIES, DVM, MPVM
VETERINARY CLINICS
OF NORTH AMERICA:
FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE
www.vetfood.theclinics.com
Consulting Editor
ROBERT A. SMITH, DVM, MS
March 2011 • Volume 27 • Number 1
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TherapeuticsandControlofSheepandGoatDiseases
Contributors
CONSULTING EDITOR
ROBERTA.SMITH,DVM,MS
Diplomate,AmericanBoardofVeterinaryPractitioners;VeterinaryResearch
andConsultingServices,LLC,Greeley,Colorado
GUEST EDITORS
GEORGEC.FTHENAKIS,DVM,MSc,PhD
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofAnimalReproduction;Diplomate,EuropeanCollege
ofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;EuropeanVeterinarySpecialistinSmallRuminant
HealthManagement;VeterinaryFaculty,UniversityofThessaly,Karditsa,Greece
PAULAI.MENZIES,DVM,MPVM
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;Associate
Professor,PopulationMedicineDepartment,OntarioVeterinaryCollege,University
ofGuelph,Guelph,Ontario,Canada
AUTHORS
JOSE´ A.ABECIA,DVM,PhD
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;European
VeterinarySpecialistinSmallRuminantHealthManagement;DeptdeProduccio´n,
AnimalyCienciadelosAlimentos,FacultaddeVeterinaria,UniversidaddeZaragoza,
Zaragoza,Spain
GARETHF.BATH,BVSc
Diplomat,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;EuropeanVeterinary
SpecialistinSmallRuminantHealthManagement;Professor,DepartmentofProduction
AnimalStudies,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,Onderstepoort,UniversityofPretoria,
Gauteng,SouthAfrica
JOSE´ M.BLASCO,DVM,PhD
UnidaddeSanidadAnimal,CITA/GobiernodeArago´n,Zaragoza,Spain
CHRISTOSBROZOS,DVM,PhD
SchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Thessaloniki,Greece
JUANFELIPEDEJESU´STORRES-ACOSTA,DVM,PhD
FacultaddeMedicinaVeterinariayZootecnia,UniversidadAuto´nomadeYucata´n,Me´rida,
Yucata´n,Me´xico
ELISAM.ERMILIO,DVM
Associate,CountryCompanionsVeterinaryServices,Bethany,Connecticut
iv Contributors
VIRGINIAR.FAJT,DVM,PhD
Diplomate,AmericanCollegeofVeterinaryClinicalPharmacology;ClinicalAssistant
Professor,DepartmentofVeterinaryPhysiologyandPharmacology,CollegeofVeterinary
MedicineandBiomedicalSciences,TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,Texas
FERNANDOFORCADA,DVM,PhD
DeptdeProduccio´n,AnimalyCienciadelosAlimentos,FacultaddeVeterinaria,
UniversidaddeZaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
ILEKTRAA.FRAGKOU,DVM,PhD
VeterinaryFaculty,UniversityofThessaly,Karditsa,Greece
GEORGEC.FTHENAKIS,DVM,MSc,PhD
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofAnimalReproduction;Diplomate,EuropeanCollege
ofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;EuropeanVeterinarySpecialistinSmall
RuminantHealthManagement;VeterinaryFaculty,UniversityofThessaly,
Karditsa,Greece
APOSTOLOSD.GALATOS,DVM,PhD
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofVeterinaryAnaesthesiaandAnalgesia;European
VeterinarySpecialistinAnesthesia;AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofSurgery,
FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine,UniversityofThessaly,Karditsa,Greece
ANTONIOGONZA´LEZ-BULNES,DVM,PhD
DeptdeReproduccio´n,InstitutoNacionaldeInvestigacio´nyTecnologı´aAgrariay
Alimentaria,CtradelaCorun˜a,Madrid,Spain
HERVE´ HOSTE,DVM,PhD
Diplomate,EuropeanVeterinaryParasitologyCollege;InstitutNationaldelaRecherche
Agronomique/ENVT,EcoleNationaleVe´te´rinairedeToulouse,Toulouse,France
RAMONA.JUSTE,DVM,PhD
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;Department
ofAnimalHealth,NEIKER-Tecnalia,Bizkaia,Spain
CHRISTOPHERJ.LEWIS,BVetMed,DSHP,MRCVS
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;European
VeterinarySpecialistinSmallRuminantHealthManagement;SheepVeterinaryServices,
Audlem,Cheshire,UnitedKingdom
DAVIDLONGBOTTOM,PhD
PentlandsSciencePark,MoredunResearchInstitute,InternationalResearchCentre,
BushLoan,Penicuik,Midlothian,Scotland,UnitedKingdom
VASIAS.MAVROGIANNI,DVM,PhD
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;European
VeterinarySpecialistinSmallRuminantHealthManagement;VeterinaryFaculty,
UniversityofThessaly,Karditsa,Greece
PAULAI.MENZIES,DVM,MPVM
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;Associate
Professor,PopulationMedicineDepartment,OntarioVeterinaryCollege,University
ofGuelph,Guelph,Ontario,Canada
BALDOMEROMOLINA-FLORES,DVM,MSc
TheEmergencyCenterforTransboundaryAnimalDiseaseOperationsUnitforNorth
Africa,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,Tunis,Tunisia
Contributors v
VALENTINPEREZ,DVM,PhD
Professor,DepartmentofAnimalHealth,FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine,University
ofLeo´n,Leo´n,Spain
JOHNW.PLANT,BVSc
VeterinarySpecialist(SheepMedicine),NorthRocks,NewSouthWales,Australia
ANNEL.RIDLER,BVSc,PhD
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;European
VeterinarySpecialistinSmallRuminantHealthManagement;Department
ofVeterinaryClinicalSciences,TheRoyalVeterinaryCollege,NorthMymms,
Hertfordshire,UnitedKingdom
NEILD.SARGISON,BA,VetMB,PhD,DSHP,FRCVS
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;European
VeterinarySpecialistinSmallRuminantHealthManagement;Professor,University
ofEdinburgh,Royal(Dick)SchoolofVeterinaryStudies,LargeAnimalPractice,Easter
BushVeterinaryCentre,Roslin,Midlothian,Scotland,UnitedKingdom
LISAC.SCOTT,MSc
OntarioVeterinaryCollege,UniversityofGuelph,Guelph,Ontario,Canada
PHILIPR.SCOTT,DVMS,MPhil,FRCVS
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofBovineHealthManagement;Diplomate,European
CollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;EuropeanVeterinarySpecialistin
BovineHealthManagement;Reader,DivisionofVeterinaryClinicalSciences,Royal(Dick)
SchoolofVeterinaryStudies,UniversityofEdinburgh,Roslin,Midlothian,Scotland,
UnitedKingdom
MARYC.SMITH,DVM
Diplomate,AmericanCollegeofTheriogenologists;Professor,DepartmentofPopulation
MedicineandDiagnosticSciences,CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,CornellUniversity,
Ithaca,NewYork
SMARAGDASOTIRAKI,DVM,PhD
Diplomate,EuropeanVeterinaryParasitologyCollege;NationalAgriculturalResearch
Foundation,VRINAGREFCampus,ThermiThessaloniki,Greece
SNORRESTUEN,DVM,PhD,DrPhilos
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;European
VeterinarySpecialistinSmallRuminantHealthManagement;DepartmentofProduction
AnimalClinicalSciences,NorwegianSchoolofVeterinaryScience,Sandnes,Norway
DAVIDM.WEST,BVSc,PhD
InstituteofVeterinary,AnimalandBiomedicalSciences,MasseyUniversity,Palmerston
North,NewZealand
PETERA.WINDSOR,DVSc,PhD,GradCertEdStud
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;European
VeterinarySpecialistinSmallRuminantHealthManagement;SpecialistVeterinary
Surgeon(Pathobiology);FarmAnimalandVeterinaryPublicHealthGroup,Faculty
ofVeterinaryScience,UniversityofSydney,Camden,NewSouthWales,Australia
AGNESC.WINTER,BVSc,PhD,DSHP,MRCVS,FRAgS
Diplomate,EuropeanCollegeofSmallRuminantHealthManagement;European
VeterinarySpecialistinSmallRuminantHealthManagement;WalmgateYork,North
Yorkshire;HonoraryProfessor,SchoolofVeterinaryScience,UniversityofLiverpool,
Liverpool,UnitedKingdom
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TherapeuticsandControlofSheepandGoatDiseases
Contents
Preface:TherapeuticsandControlofSheepandGoatDiseases xiii
GeorgeC.FthenakisandPaulaI.Menzies
DrugLawsandRegulationsforSheepandGoats 1
VirginiaR.Fajt
Thisarticlereviewslawsandregulationsrelatedtodruguseinsheepand
goats,withspecialreferencetotheUnitedStates.Thediscussionincludes
drug licensing procedures, legalities of extralabel drug use, withdrawal
timeestimation,andresiduesinsheepandgoattissues;itrefersalsoto
regulations related to organic production, dairy production, and com-
pounding.CanadianandEuropeanregulationsarementioned.Veterinar-
ians working with sheep and goats must be familiar with regulations
governinguseofdrugs,topreventlegalaction,fulfilltheirfiduciaryrespon-
sibilitytoproducers,andhelpprotectandprovideforawholesomeand
safefoodsupply.
AntimicrobialResistanceandSmallRuminantVeterinaryPractice 23
LisaC.ScottandPaulaI.Menzies
Antimicrobialresistance(AMR)isrecognizedasanemergingissueinthe
practice of veterinary medicine. Although little surveillance and research
hasbeencompletedontheprevalenceofAMRandassociatedriskfactors
insmallruminants,evidenceofAMRispresentinmanycountries.Further-
more,antimicrobialuse(AMU)practicesinsheephavebeenshowntobe
associatedwithincreasedresistance,highlightingtheissueofprudentuse
of these drugs in many countries. Furthermore, AMUpractices in sheep
havebeenshowntobeassociatedwithincreasedresistance,highlighting
theissueofprudentuseofthesedrugs.
TreatmentofEmergencyConditionsinSheepandGoats 33
ElisaM.ErmilioandMaryC.Smith
Theemergencytreatmentofsmallruminantpatientscanbeoverwhelming
forclinicianswithlimitedexperiencewiththesespecies.Thisarticleout-
lines the diseases most frequently encountered in veterinary practice.
Eachsectiondiscussesclinicalsigns,causes,andtreatmentand/orpro-
ceduresassociatedwithsmallruminantemergencies.Emphasisisplaced
onthetreatmentofcriticalpatients,butpractitionersshouldalsobepre-
paredtomanagetheseconditionsonaflockorherdlevelbecausemost
smallruminantemergenciesstemfrompoormanagement.
AnesthesiaandAnalgesiainSheepandGoats 47
ApostolosD.Galatos
Physicalorchemicalrestraint,withorwithoutlocalanesthesia,hasbeen
extensively used to perform diagnostic or minor surgical procedures in
small ruminants. However, anesthetic and analgesic techniques are
requiredwhenspecificdiagnosticprocedures andpainfulsurgeryareto
viii Contents
beperformed.Apartfromimprovinganimalwelfarestandards,anesthesia
and analgesia are essential to make the procedures easier and improve
both animal and personnel safety. This article provides an overview of
the anesthetic and analgesic agents and techniques commonly used in
sheepandgoats.
ControlofBrucellaovisInfectioninSheep 61
AnneL.RidlerandDavidM.West
ApproachtocontrolofBrucellaoviswouldvaryindifferentcountriesand
areasdependingonfarmandflockcharacteristicsandeconomicfactors.
Eradicationbyatest-and-slaughterapproachisthemostdesirableoption
inareaswhereitislogisticallyandfinanciallyfeasible.Vaccinationisused
inareaswithahighincidenceofinfectionwhereeradicationwouldbedif-
ficult. Voluntary accreditation programs have been established in some
countriesandareofparticularbenefittopedigreerambreeders.
PharmaceuticalControlofReproductioninSheepandGoats 67
Jose´ A.Abecia,FernandoForcada,andAntonioGonza´lez-Bulnes
Smallruminantspeciessuchassheepandgoatsareshort-daybreeders,
whichisacrucialfactoraffectingtheofferoflambsandkidsthroughoutthe
year. Anappropriate management ofreproduction allowsewesand does
tobreedinthespringtoincreasethesupplyofproducttothemarketplace
onayear-roundbasis.Pharmaceuticalcontrolofreproductionispossible,
usuallythroughadministrationofhormonesoranaloguesrelatedtothenatu-
ralestrouscycle,suchasprogesterone,prostaglandins,and/ormelatonin.
ControlofImportantCausesofInfectiousAbortioninSheepandGoats 81
PaulaI.Menzies
Thisarticlesummarizescontrolmeasuresforthemostcommoncausesof
abortioninNorthAmerica,NewZealand,theUnitedKingdom,andEurope.
When dealing with an abortion outbreak in a flock or herd, diagnostic
investigation is critical to assuring that any future control measures are
effectiveandworthwhile.Biosecurityisanimportantconsiderationforany
abortioncontrolprogram,andshouldbepromotedregardlessofwhether
anabortionproblemexistsintheflock.Manyoftheinfectiousagentsthat
causeabortioninsmallruminantsarealsozoonoticpathogens,andpro-
ducersshouldbeeducatedtoavoidrisktothemselvesandtheirfamilies.
ControlandEradicationofBrucellamelitensisInfectioninSheepandGoats 95
Jose´ M.BlascoandBaldomeroMolina-Flores
Brucellamelitensisisthemainetiologicalagentofbrucellosisinsheepand
goats, and is also the main agent responsible for human brucellosis,
apredominantlyoccupationaldiseaserelatedtoprofessionsindirectcon-
tact with livestock. As there is currently no viable method of preventing
humanbrucellosistosafeguardpeopleattentionmustbedirectedtoward
effectivelycontrollingthediseaseinsheepandgoats.Thisreviewfocuses
on the different strategies in different socioeconomic and epidemiologic
situationsthatcanbeappliedtoeithercontroloreradicatebrucellosisin
sheepandgoats.
Contents ix
TreatmentandControlofPeri-ParturientMetabolicDiseases:PregnancyToxemia,
Hypocalcemia,Hypomagnesemia 105
ChristosBrozos,VasiaS.Mavrogianni,andGeorgeC.Fthenakis
Thepaperreviewstreatmentandcontrolofpregnancytoxaemia,hypocal-
caemia, hypomagnesaemia, the important peri-parturient diseases of
small ruminants. Treatment of pregnancy toxemia benefits from early
instigation, ie, upon timely diagnosis and is based on administration of
energysourcestosickanimals.Removaloffetuses,byinducedparturition
orcaesareansection,shouldalsobecarriedout.Individualcaseswithin
a farm require close monitoring of other animals and measures to avoid
developmentoffurtherclinicalcases.Treatmentofhypocalcemiaisbased
on administration of calcium solution. Finally, hypomagnesemic animals
needurgenttreatmentwithcalciumandmagnesiumsolutions.
PrinciplesofMastitisTreatmentinSheepandGoats 115
VasiaS.Mavrogianni,PaulaI.Menzies,IlektraA.Fragkou,
andGeorgeC.Fthenakis
Thisarticleindicatestheprinciplesfortreatmentofmastitisinewes/does
andexplainsthereasonswhytreatmentmayoccasionallyfail.Itpresents
the principles for administration of antimicrobial agents at drying off of
the animals. Finally, it addresses the risk of antimicrobials present in
milk when improper withdrawal periods are used and the issues around
testing for inhibitors before putting the milk into in a farm’s tank.
ControlofImportantClostridialDiseasesofSheep 121
ChristopherJ.Lewis
Clostridia cause many different diseases, all characterized by sudden
death, most occurring worldwide. Diseases caused by clostridia can be
dividedinto4groups:thoseaffectingthealimentarysystem(theentero-
toxemias), those affecting the parenchymatous organs, those causing
myonecrosisandtoxemia,andthosecausingneurologicdisorders.Their
modeofactionistoproduceoneormorepotenttoxinswhenmultiplying
underfavorableconditions.Considerablevariationexistsbetweendiffer-
entstrainsofthesameorganism.Specifictriggerfactorsarerequiredto
inducetoxinproduction.Excellentcontrolisobtainedbytheuseoftoxoid
vaccines.Protectionispassedtothelambviathecolostrum.
ControlofParatuberculosisinSheepandGoats 127
RamonA.JusteandValentinPerez
Controlofparatuberculosisinsmallruminantscanbeeasilyachievedby
vaccination.Vaccinationpreventsclinicalcasesandthusmayleadtoin-
creased production at a highly profitable benefit-to-cost ratio. Because
bacterial shedding is greatly reduced, vaccination can help control the
general contamination risks. There are no restrictions to vaccination in
sheep, but potential interference with diagnosis of tuberculosis must be
takenintoaccountingoats.Othercontrolstrategieshavefailed,because
ofeitherhighcostsorlackofefficacyonalargescale.