Theories of personality

560 Pages·4.159 MB·English

by  Duane P Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz

N I N T H E D I T I O N
Theories
of Personality
Duane P. Schultz
University of South Florida
Sydney Ellen Schultz
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Theories of Personality, Ninth Edition © 2009, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Duane P. Schultz
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Sydney Ellen Schultz
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For Albert F. Green and June B. Green, in admiration.
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Brief Contents
Preface xiii CHAPTER 4
Karen Horney: Neurotic
Needs and Trends 158
INTRODUCTION
The Study of Personality:
Assessment, Research, and CHAPTER 5
Theory 1 Henry Murray: Personology 181
PART ONE PART THREE
The Psychoanalytic Approach 45 The Life-Span Approach 205
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 6
Sigmund Freud: Erik Erikson: Identity Theory 207
Psychoanalysis 47
PART FOUR
PART TWO
The Trait Approach: The Genetics
The Neopsychoanalytic of Personality 239
Approach 97
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 2 Gordon Allport: Motivation and
Carl Jung: Analytical Personality 241
Psychology 99
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 3 Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck,
Alfred Adler: Individual and Other Trait Theorists 263
Psychology 129
v
vi Brief Contents
PART FIVE PART EIGHT
The Humanistic Approach 297 The Social-Learning
Approach 397
CHAPTER 9
Abraham Maslow: CHAPTER 13
Needs-Hierarchy Theory 299 Albert Bandura: Modeling
Theory 399
CHAPTER 10
Carl Rogers: Self-Actualization
PART NINE
Theory 324
Advances in Personality
Theory 429
PART SIX
CHAPTER 14
The Cognitive Approach 345
Facets of Personality 431
CHAPTER 11
George Kelly: Personal Construct EPILOGUE
Theory 347 Personality in Perspective 469
Glossary 481
PART SEVEN
References 489
The Behavioral Approach 371
Author Index 528
CHAPTER 12
Subject Index 539
B. F. Skinner: Reinforcement
Theory 373
Contents
Preface xiii Anxiety: A Threat to the Ego 59
Defenses Against Anxiety 61
Psychosexual Stages of Personality
INTRODUCTION Development 64
The Study of Personality: Questions About Human Nature 70
Assessment in Freud’s Theory 71
Assessment, Research, and
Research on Freud’s Theory 73
Theory 1
Extensions of Freudian Theory 87
Refl ections on Freud’s Theory 91
The Study of Personality 3
Chapter Summary 92
The Place of Personality in the History of
Review Questions 94
Psychology 5
Suggested Readings 94
Defi nitions of Personality 8
Ethnic and Gender Issues in Personality 9
Assessment in the Study of Personality 12
Research in the Study of Personality 26 PART TWO
Theory in the Study of Personality 33
The Neopsychoanalytic
Questions About Human Nature 36
Approach 97
Chapter Summary 40
Review Questions 41
Suggested Readings 42 CHAPTER 2
Carl Jung: Analytical
Psychology 99
PART ONE
The Life of Jung (1875–1961) 100
The Psychoanalytic Approach 45
Psychic Energy: Opposites, Equivalence, and
Entropy 104
CHAPTER 1 The Systems of Personality 105
Sigmund Freud: The Development of the Personality 112
Questions About Human Nature 116
Psychoanalysis 47
Assessment in Jung’s Theory 116
The Life of Freud (1856–1939) 48 Research on Jung’s Theory 120
Instincts: The Propelling Forces of the Refl ections on Jung’s Theory 125
Personality 54 Chapter Summary 126
The Levels of Personality 56 Review Questions 127
The Structure of Personality 56 Suggested Readings 128
vii
viii Contents
CHAPTER 3 Needs: The Motivators of Behavior 187
Personality Development in
Alfred Adler: Individual
Childhood 190
Psychology 129
Questions About Human Nature 191
The Life of Adler (1870–1937) 130 Assessment in Murray’s Theory 192
Inferiority Feelings: The Source of Human Research on Murray’s Theory 195
Striving 132 Refl ections on Murray’s Theory 200
Striving for Superiority, or Perfection 135 Chapter Summary 200
The Style of Life 136 Review Questions 202
Social Interest 138 Suggested Readings 202
Birth Order 139
Questions About Human Nature 142
Assessment in Adler’s Theory 143 PART THREE
Research on Adler’s Theory 146
The Life-Span Approach 205
Refl ections on Adler’s Theory 152
Chapter Summary 155
Review Questions 156 CHAPTER 6
Suggested Readings 156 Erik Erikson: Identity
Theory 207
CHAPTER 4
The Life of Erikson (1902–1994) 208
Karen Horney: Neurotic Needs
Psychosocial Stages of Personality
and Trends 158 Development 211
Basic Weaknesses 218
The Life of Horney (1885–1952) 159
Questions About Human Nature 218
The Childhood Need for Safety 162
Assessment in Erikson’s Theory 220
Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis 164
Research on Erikson’s Theory 221
Neurotic Needs and Trends 165
Refl ections on Erikson’s Theory 235
The Idealized Self-Image 169
Chapter Summary 236
Feminine Psychology: Mommy Track or the
Review Questions 237
Career Path? 170
Suggested Readings 238
Questions About Human Nature 173
Assessment in Horney’s Theory 174
Research on Horney’s Theory 175
PART FOUR
Refl ections on Horney’s Theory 177
Chapter Summary 178 The Trait Approach: The G enetics
Review Questions 179
of Personality 239
Suggested Readings 180
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 5
Gordon Allport: Motivation and
Henry Murray:
Personality 241
Personology 181
The Life of Allport (1897–1967) 242
The Life of Murray (1893–1988) 182
The Nature of Personality 245
Principles of Personology 185
Personality Traits 246
The Divisions of Personality 186
Contents ix
Motivation: The Functional Autonomy of Review Questions 294
Motives 248 Suggested Readings 294
Personality Development in Childhood: The
Unique Self 250
The Healthy Adult Personality 252 PART FIVE
Questions About Human Nature 254
The Humanistic Approach 297
Assessment in Allport’s Theory 254
Research on Allport’s Theory 256
Refl ections on Allport’s Theory 259 CHAPTER 9
Chapter Summary 260
Abraham Maslow:
Review Questions 261
Needs-Hierarchy Theory 299
Suggested Readings 262
The Life of Maslow (1908–1970) 300
Personality Development: The Hierarchy of
Needs 303
CHAPTER 8
The Study of Self-Actualizers 309
Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck,
Questions About Human Nature 314
and Other Trait Theorists 263 Assessment in Maslow’s Theory 315
Research on Maslow’s Theory 317
The Life of Cattell (1905–1998) 264
Self-Determination Theory 320
Cattell’s Approach to Personality
Refl ections on Maslow’s Theory 320
Traits 266
Chapter Summary 321
Source Traits: The Basic Factors of
Review Questions 322
Personality 268
Suggested Readings 323
Dynamic Traits: The Motivating
Forces 268
The Infl uences of Heredity and CHAPTER 10
Environment 270 Carl Rogers: Self-Actualization
Stages of Personality
Theory 324
Development 271
Questions About Human Nature 273 The Life of Rogers (1902–1987) 325
Assessment in Cattell’s Theory 274 The Self and the Tendency toward
Research on Cattell’s Theory 276 Actualization 328
Refl ections on Cattell’s Theory 277 The Experiential World 329
Behavioral Genetics 277 The Development of the Self in Childhood 330
Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) 278 Characteristics of Fully Functioning
The Dimensions of Personality 278 Persons 333
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: Questions About Human Nature 335
The Five-Factor Model 282 Assessment in Rogers’s Theory 335
Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin: The Research on Rogers’s Theory 337
Temperament Theory 288 Refl ections on Rogers’s Theory 341
Refl ections on the Trait Chapter Summary 342
Approach 292 Review Questions 343
Chapter Summary 293 Suggested Readings 344