The Yugoslav Wars of The 1990s

192 Pages·2015·1.315 MB·English

by  Catherine Baker

THE YUGOSLAV
WARS OF
THE 1990S
CATHERINE BAKER
The Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s
Studies in European History Series
Series Editors: Sarah Badcock
Julian Jackson
Peter Wilson
Catherine Baker The Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s
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The Yugoslav Wars
of the 1990s
Catherine Baker
© Catherine Baker 2015
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ISBN 978-1-137-39898-7 ISBN 978-1-137-39899-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-39899-4
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Contents
Editor’s Preface vii
Acknowledgements viii
List of Abbreviations ix
Introduction 1
1 Yugoslavia and Its Origins 7
National claims to territory 7
Reconsidering national identifi cation 12
Yugoslav unifi cation 14
The Second World War in Yugoslavia 17
Tito’s Yugoslavia 19
2 The Break- Up of the Yugoslav Federation 24
The economic crisis 25
The 1981 protests in Kosovo 27
The crisis of historical interpretation 29
The mid- 1980s history/politics nexus 31
Political elites and the public 33
Milošević, Kučan and the end of the Party 36
3 From Crisis to War in Slovenia and Croatia 40
The Slovenian and Croatian multi- party elections 41
The future of the federation in 1990 43
Milošević, the JNA and the Croatian Serbs 46
Armed confl ict in Slovenia and Croatia 49
Debating Croatian and Slovenian nationalism 53
v
Contents
4 The War in Bosnia-H erzegovina 57
Ethnic identity and religion 57
Nationalist politics and the outbreak of war 60
Ethno-political violence and ‘ethnic cleansing’ 62
Cities under siege 66
Foreign peace plans and the HVO/ARBiH war 68
Humanitarian intervention, peacekeeping and the media 71
Srebrenica and the recognition of genocide 74
The end of the 1991– 95 wars 76
5 The Kosovo War and Its Aftermath 78
Serbia and Kosovo under Milošević, 1989–9 8 79
NATO intervention and the fall of Milošević 81
Macedonia and the ‘Albanian question’ 84
The end of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 86
6 Peacebuilding, Reconciliation and Reconstruction 89
Debating the Bosnian settlement 90
The international politics of peacebuilding 92
Reconciliation and reconstruction beyond peacebuilding 94
7 The Past on Trial 98
The establishment of the ICTY 99
Signifi cant trials 101
Justice and the production of historical narratives 105
‘Coming to terms with the past’ 108
8 Culture and Language During and After the Wars 112
Language politics and the Yugoslav wars 113
Popular culture, ethno- national separation and war 117
The post- Yugoslav cultural area 120
The Balkans and south- east Europe:
history across borders? 124
Conclusion 128
Timeline ( 1980– 2000) 133
Bibliography 141
Index 165
vi
Editors’ Preface
The Studies in European History series offers a guide to develop-
ments in a field of history that has become increasingly specialized
with the sheer volume of new research and literature now produced.
Each book has three main objectives. The primary purpose
is to offer an informed assessment of opinion on a key episode
or theme in European history. Secondly, each title presents a
distinct interpretation and conclusions from someone who is
closely involved with current debates in the field. Thirdly, it
provides s tudents and teachers with a succinct introduction to
the topic, with the essential information necessary to understand
it and the literature being discussed. Equipped with an annotated
bibliography and other aids to study, each book provides an ideal
starting point from which to explore important events and pro-
cesses that have shaped Europe’s history to the present day.
Books in the series introduce students to historical approaches
which, in some cases, are very new and which, in the normal
course of things, would take many years to filter down to text-
books. By presenting history’s cutting edge, we hope that the
series will demonstrate some of the excitement that historians,
like scientists, feel as they work on the frontiers of their subjects.
The series also has an important contribution to make in publiciz-
ing what historians are doing, and making it accessible to students
and scholars in this and related disciplines.
Sarah Badcock
Julian Jackson
Peter H. Wilson
vii
Acknowledgements
I could not have completed this book without the support and
understanding of my colleagues in History at the University
of Hull. Staff at the Brynmor Jones Library, the UCL School
of Slavonic and East European Studies Library and the British
Library kindly assisted the bibliographic research. Thanks are due
to all those who volunteered their time to comment on drafts of
the manuscript or update me about forthcoming work (including
Rory Archer, Wendy Bracewell, Dejan Djokić, Eric Gordy, Laura
McLeod, Dragana Obradović, Jelena O bradović- Wochnik, Ljubica
Spaskovska and Jamie Steels) but none bear any responsibility
for the compromises I have had to make in representing this
contested field within a restricted space. My deepest thanks go
to the students I have taught at Hull, SSEES and the University
of Southampton, especially the Hull students in 2 013– 14 whose
Yugoslavia module coincided with my writing this book: their
experiences in studying this aspect of the recent past have all
shaped how I review interpretations of it today.
viii
List of Abbreviations
ARBiH Army of the Republic of Bosnia- Herzegovina
ARK Autonomous Region of Krajina
AVNOJ Anti- Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of
Yugoslavia
BiH B osnia- Herzegovina
EC European Community
EU European Union
FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
HDZ Croatian Democratic Union
HOS Croatian Defence Forces
HSP Croatian Party of Right
HVO Croat Defence Council
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICTY I nternational Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia
IFOR Implementation Force
IMF International Monetary Fund
JCE Joint Criminal Enterprise
JNA Yugoslav People’s Army
KFOR Kosovo Force
KLA Kosovo Liberation Army
KPJ Communist Party of Yugoslavia
LDK Democratic League of Kosovo
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NDH Independent State of Croatia
ix