The World of Rules

2017·4.6 MB·English

by  Schuppert, Gunnar Folke

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES 10
ON LEGAL HISTORY
GUNNAR FOLKE SCHUPPERT
The World of Rules
A Somewhat Different Measurement
of the World

10
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
ON LEGAL HISTORY
Global Perspectives on Legal History
A Max Planck Institute for European Legal History
Open Access Publication
http://global.rg.mpg.de
Series Editors: Thomas Duve, Stefan Vogenauer
Volume 10
Global Perspectives on Legal History is a book series edited and
published by the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History,
Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
As its title suggests, the series is designed to advance the scholarly
research of legal historians worldwide who seek to transcend the
established boundaries of national legal scholarship that typically
sets the focus on a single, dominant modus of normativity and law.
The series aims to privilege studies dedicated to reconstructing the
historical evolution of normativity from a global perspective.
It includes monographs, editions of sources, and collaborative works.
All titles in the series are available both as premium print-on-demand
and in the open-access format.
GUNNAR FOLKE SCHUPPERT
The World of Rules
A Somewhat Different Measurement of the World
Translated from the German original
by Rhodes Barrett
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE
FOR EUROPEAN LEGAL HISTORY
2017
ISBN 978-3-944773-09-4
ISSN 2196-9752
First published in 2017
Published by Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, Frankfurt am Main
Printed in Germany by epubli, Prinzessinnenstraße 20, 10969 Berlin
http://www.epubli.de
Max Planck Institute for European Legal History Open Access Publication
http://global.rg.mpg.de
Published under Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 DE
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie;
detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de
Cover illustration:
Christian Pogies, Frankfurt am Main (Illustration taken from: Astronomy: a quadrant and a sextant.
Engraving, Credit: Wellcome Collection, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/h39u79ac (CC BY))
Cover design by Elmar Lixenfeld, Frankfurt am Main
Recommended citation:
Schuppert, Gunnar Folke (2017), The World of Rules. A Somewhat Different Measurement of the
World, Global Perspectives on Legal History, Max Planck Institute for European Legal History Open
Access Publication, Frankfurt am Main, http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/gplh10
Contents
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII
Chapter One
Measuring the Universe of Regulation: Necessity and Procedure. . . . 1
A. Introduction: Everything that can be Measured and How. . . . . 1
I. With Daniel Kehlmann in the Footsteps of Alexander
von Humboldt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. Global Governance by Indicators or Measuring the World
as a Problem of Power and Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
III. Measuring the World as an Applied Case of Governance
By and Through Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
IV. Our Task of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
B. The Need to Measure the World of Law Anew. . . . . . . . . . . . 14
I. Law = State/State = Law: A Seemingly Stable Marriage
Heading for Divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
II. Law = State: A Formula with Two Extremely Dynamic
Constitutive Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
C. The Coupling and Decoupling of State and Law as
Manifestations of Change in Statehood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
I. Statization and Destatization of Law?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
II. Four Variations of Decoupling State and Law. . . . . . . . . . 22
D. Four Key Concepts of a Non-State-Centric Perspective on Law. 34
I. The Function of Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
II. The Four Key Concepts in Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
E. On Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Contents V
Chapter Two
The Plurality of Normative Orders. An Exploration. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
A. Every Group Gives Itself Rules: A Group-Sociological
Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
I. Examples of Group-Specific Rule-Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
II. Encased in Belongingness: Normative Orders and Group
Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
III. Group Sociology: An Interim Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
IV. The Science of Regulation: An Aside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
V. What We Understand by Normative Orders . . . . . . . . . . . 74
B. Governance Collectives and their Normative Orders – A Foray 76
I. Regulatory Collectives as Governance Collectives . . . . . . . 76
II. Normative Orders of Territorial Governance Collectives . . 77
III. Normative Orders of Personal Governance Collectives. . . . 79
IV. Community-Forming Normative Orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Chapter Three
From Plurality of Normative Orders to Plurality of Norm Producers 137
A. What is to be Discussed in this Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
B. The Search for Normative Spaces and How to Set About It . . . 138
I. Brian Tamanaha’s Socio-Legal Arenas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
II. Sally Falk Moore’s Semi-autonomous Social Fields . . . . . . . . 139
III. Thomas Duve’s Fields of Normativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
IV. The Organizational Fields of Paul DiMaggio and
Walter Powell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
C. A Tour through Five Normative Fields and to the Norm
Producers they Accommodate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
I. Societal Subsystems and “Their” Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
II. Fundamental Rights as Collective Ordering Phenomena
and Supra-Individual Fields of Meaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
III. The International Arena and “Its” International Institutions 160
IV. The Global Administrative Space and its Regulatory Agencies . 172
V. The Transnational Legal Arena and its Norm-Entrepreneurs . . 174
VI Contents
D. Normative Yardsticks in the Pluralized Production of Law:
The Rule of Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
I. Private Norm-Setters as Public Institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . 186
II. Rule-of-Law Principles as Second Order Rules in the Sense
of “Rules for Rule-making” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
III. Jeremy Waldron’s Rule-of-Law Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
E. Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Chapter Four
From the Plurality of Normative Orders to the Plurality of Norm
Enforcement Regimes: Jurisdictional Communities and their
Specific Jurisdictional Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
A. Normative Orders: “Ought-Orders” Intended for Realization:
The Enforcement Dimension of Every Normative Order
I. Law Enforcement: A Necessary Element of Effective
Legal Orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
II. The Organizational-Institutional Dimensions of
Norm Enforcement: Norm Enforcement Law and
Norm Enforcement Regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
III. The Diversity of Norm Enforcement Regimes as
a Reflection of the Diversity of Normative Orders. . . . . . . 199
B. Safeguarding and Enforcing the Law as Functions of
Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
I. The Safeguarding of the Law and Judicial Office as Tasks
of the Divine and/or Religious Exercise of Power . . . . . . . 202
II. Law Enforcement as a Task of the State: The Duty of the
State to Maintain the Well-Functioning Administration
of Criminal Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
III. Judicial Authority as a Component of the Manorial System:
Two Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
C. Safeguarding the Law as Civil Right and Civic Duty. . . . . . . . 212
I. Mobilization of the Citizen for Environmental Protection
in European Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Contents VII
II. Enforcement of Antitrust Law by Public Authorities
or through Private Law?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
III. Norm Enforcement through Private Law? . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
IV. Defence of the Law (Rechtsbewährung) in Criminal Law –
Self-Defence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
D. The Plurality of Norm Enforcement Regimes as a Consequence
of Functional Differentiation: The Example of the Professions . 219
I. The Concept of Functional Differentiation. . . . . . . . . . . . 219
II. The Role of Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
E. Norm Enforcement as Institutionalized Social Disciplining . . . 226
I. The Concept of Social Disciplining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
II. Social Disciplining at Work: The Example of Church
Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
F. Parallel Orders and Their “Parallel Justice” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
I. The Minefield of Parallel Society Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . 233
II. Parallel Conflict Resolution Institutions and Norm
Enforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
G. Norm Enforcement through Institutionalized Compliance. . . . 240
I. Compliance as a Form of Reflexive Regulation. . . . . . . . . 240
II. Concept and Functions of Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
H. Sanction Modes and Criteria not Disciplined by Law:
Forms and Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I. Imposing Norm-Conforming Behaviour through Thematic
and Linguistic Taboos: Political Correctness. . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
II. Moral Entrepreneurs as Key Actors in the Creation and
Enforcement of Social Norms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
I. The Multiplicity of Sanction Modes as a Selection Problem:
From Regulatory Choice to Choice of Sanctions. . . . . . . . . . . 253
I. The Multiplicity of Sanction Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
II. From Regulatory Choice to Choice of Sanctions . . . . . . . . . . 256
J. Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
VIII Contents