The Western Arctic Seas Encyclopedia

547 Pages·2017·27.016 MB·English

by  Igor S. Zonn, Andrey G. Kostianoy, Aleksandr V. Semenov

Encyclopedia of Seas
Igor S. Zonn · Andrey G. Kostianoy
Aleksandr V. Semenov
The Western Arctic
Seas Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia of Seas
This Encyclopedia of Seas series is designed to accumulate and systematize
ourknowledgeabouttheuniquenaturalwaterareas–theAral,Caspian,Black,
Arctic,Far-Eastern,andBalticseas;theirwealth;theeventsthattookplaceon
its waters and shores; and the remarkable people whose lives were and are
closelyintertwinedwiththeseas.TheEncyclopediaseriescontainsthousands
of terms and concepts related to the seas. It describes geographical features:
rivers, lakes, straits, and bays; provides information about towns, seaports,
transport communications, basic aquatic biological species, nature reserves,
nationalandinternationalprogramsforthestudyofthesea,researchinstitutes,
historical monuments, activities of prominent explorers and travelers,
researchers, and scientists. Each Encyclopedia includes a chronology of
majorhistoricaleventsconnectedwiththeseseasforseveralcenturies.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/14357
(cid:129)
Igor S. Zonn Andrey G. Kostianoy
Aleksandr V. Semenov
The Western Arctic Seas
Encyclopedia
With 279 Figures
IgorS.Zonn AndreyG.Kostianoy
EngineeringResearchProduction P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanology
CenterForWaterManagementLand RussianAcademyofSciences
ReclamationandEcology Moscow,Russia
Moscow,Russia
S.Yu.WitteMoscowUniversity
S.Yu.WitteMoscowUniversity Moscow,Russia
Moscow,Russia
AleksandrV.Semenov
S.Yu.WitteMoscowUniversity
Moscow,Russia
ISBN978-3-319-25581-1 ISBN978-3-319-25582-8(eBook)
ISBN978-3-319-25583-5(printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-25582-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017932531
#SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017
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Acknowledgment
WewouldliketothanktheeditorsatSpringer-Verlagfortheirtimelyinterestin
theArcticseasandtheirsupportofthepresentpublication.Wewouldliketo
thankSpringer-VerlagforthesteadyinteresttowardtheArcticOcean,which
resultedinasignificantlistofbookpublications(inchronologicalordersince
2010only):
Ferguson SH, Loseto LL, Mallory ML, editors. A little less Arctic. Top
predatorsintheworld’slargestNorthernInlandSea,HudsonBay.2010.
JohannessenOM,VolkovVA,PetterssonLH,DrangeH,GaoY,MaderichVS,
NeelovIA,NielsenSP,BobylevLP,StepanovAV,ZheleznyakMJ,Tishkov
V.RadioactivityandpollutionintheNordicSeasandArctic.Observations,
modelingandsimulations.2010.
Hovelsrud GK, Smit B, editors. Community adaptation and vulnerability in
ArcticRegions.2010.
Barr S, Lüdecke C, editors. The history of the International Polar Years
(IPYs).2010.
Gutman G, Reissell A, editors. Eurasian Arctic land cover and land use in a
changingclimate.2011.
Wasum-Rainer S, Winkelmann I, Tiroch K, editors. Arctic science, interna-
tionallawandclimatechange.LegalaspectsofmarinescienceintheArctic
Ocean.2012.
Marchenko N. Russian Arctic seas. Navigational conditions and
accidents.2012.
LemkeP.JacobiH-W,editors.Arcticclimatechange.TheACSYSdecadeand
beyond.2012.
Østreng W, Eger KM, Fløistad B, Jørgensen-Dahl A, Lothe L, Mejlaender-
Larsen M, Wergeland T. Shipping in Arctic waters. A comparison of the
Northeast,NorthwestandTransPolarpassages.2013.
BerkmanPA,VylegzhaninAN,editors.EnvironmentalsecurityintheArctic
Ocean.2013.
Max MD, Johnson AH, Dillon WP. Natural gas hydrate – Arctic Ocean
deepwaterresourcepotential.2013.
Rösel A. Detection of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice with optical satellite
data.2013.
v
vi Acknowledgment
Weiss J. Drift, deformation, and fracture of sea ice. A perspective across
scales.2013.
MüllerDK,LundmarkL,LemelinRH,editors.Newissuesinpolartourism.
communities,environments,politics.2013.
Tedsen E, Cavalieri S, Kraemer RA, editors. Arctic marine governance.
Opportunitiesfortransatlanticcooperation.2014.
Grebmeier JM, Maslowski W, editors. The Pacific Arctic region. Ecosystem
statusandtrendsinarapidlychangingenvironment.2014.
Weidemann L. International governance of the Arctic marine environment.
Withparticularemphasisonhighseasfisheries.2014.
EvengårdB,NymandLarsenJ,PaascheØ,editors.ThenewArctic.2015.
KronerU.ThegeologyoftheArctic.2015.
Keupp MM, editor. The Northern Sea Route. A military and business
analysis.2015.
Kallenborn R, editor. Long-range transport of man-made contamination into
theArcticandAntarctica.2016.
WeareverygratefultoAcademicianGennadiyG.Matishov,theChairof
theSouthernScientificCenteroftheRussianAcademyofSciences,Director
of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute RAS, and to Sergey
L. Dzhenyuk, Senior Scientist at the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute,
fortheirreviewofdifferentpartsofthemanuscript,valuablecomments,and
carefulediting,whichmadethetextmorecompleteandaccurate.
We express special thanks to Elena V. Kostyanaya (Oceanological
Scientific-Coordination Center at P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology
RAS)forthetimeshelavishlyspentonthesearchandselectionofmaterials
for various articles of the Encyclopedia, as well as to Dr. Sergey
M.Shapovalov,theHeadoftheOceanologicalScientific-CoordinationCenter
and Vice-President of SCOR, for supporting our efforts tocreate encyclope-
diasoftheRussianseas.
InvaluableassistanceinthepreparationoftheEncyclopediawasprovided
byTatyanaI.Abakumova,whoseendlesspatienceandprofessionalismallo-
wedtobringthisworktocompletion.
TheauthorswouldliketoofferaspecialthankstotheIntegratedTraining
CentrefortranslatingtheEncyclopediaintotheEnglishlanguageandensuring
accuracyandtop-notchqualityoftheofferedtranslation.Specifically,weare
grateful to Helen Panovich, the company’s Director, to Sergey Chelnokov,
ProjectManagerandChiefTranslatorandEditor,andtothetranslators:Irina
Champuridze, Dmitry Glushenko, Gennady Golovin, Polina Ivkova, Polina
Kiseleva, Yulia Kurganova, Daria Raskova, Ekaterina Tatarenko, and Daria
Turkina.Without your contributions and tedious work the publicationof the
Encyclopediawouldnothavebeenpossible.
TheauthorsexpresstheirdeepgratitudetotheleadershipoftheS.Yu.Witte
MoscowUniversity,charitablefoundation“CREATIONXXICentury,”andto
Nikolai G. Malyshev, the Chairman of its Board of Trustees, for financial
supportoftranslationandpreparationofthemanuscript.
Acknowledgment vii
TheworkonTheWesternArcticSeasEncyclopediawaspartiallysupported
bytheRussianScienceFoundationundertheprojectN14-50-00095.
Moscow,Russia Prof.IgorS.Zonn
17July2016 Prof.AndreyG.Kostianoy
Prof.AleksandrV.Semenov
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Introduction
The Western Arctic Seas Encyclopedia is the fifth one in the new series of
encyclopedias about the seas of the former Soviet Union published by
Springer-Verlag.ThefirstvolumeTheAralSeaEncyclopediawaspublished
bySpringerin2009,TheCaspianSeaEncyclopediain2010,TheBlackSea
Encyclopediain2015,andTheEasternArcticSeasEncyclopediain2016.We
havetonotethatin2004–2015inRussianeditionwepublished13volumesof
theencyclopediasforeveryseaoftheformerSovietUnion.Springerpublishes
the updated and upgraded versions of these books in English by compiling
severalseasinonevolumeforthepresentTheWesternArcticSeasEncyclo-
pediafortheBarentsSea,WhiteSea,andKaraSea,andforthenextvolumes
to be published in 2016: The Far Eastern Seas Encyclopedia for the Sea of
Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, and Bering Sea. The last book The Baltic Sea Ency-
clopedia will appear as a separate volume in this book series. The Eastern
ArcticSeasEncyclopediafortheLaptevSea,EastSiberianSea,andChukchi
Sea has opened and The Western Arctic Seas Encyclopedia continues a new
bookseries“EncyclopediaofSeas”speciallyestablishedin2015intheMajor
ReferenceWorksEditionofSpringer.
AdivisionoftheseasbetweentheWesternArcticandEasternArcticseas
was a bit formal, which more satisfied the publisher’s requirements than
corresponds to the established division of the Arctic Seas in oceanography.
Thus, the Western Arctic seas in this book include the Barents, White, and
Karaseas.ThesearetransitmarginalseasoftheArcticOcean,locatedonthe
NorthernSeaRoute.Inthewest,theBarentsSeaborderswiththeNorwegian
Sea,intheeasttheKaraSeaborderswiththeLaptevSea.IntheWesternArctic
seasthereareanumberoflargeislands–Spitzbergen,FranzJosefLand,and
NovayaZemlya(Fig.1).
TheBarentsSealocatedinthefarnorthoftheEuropeanRussiawashesthe
ScandinavianandKolaPeninsulas,anditissaidtohavestartedfromhereto
introducetheancientworldtotheArctic.FromtheninthcenturytheNorwe-
gian Vikings and Russian coast-dwellers (Pomors) began to explore the sea
routes to the White Sea, Svalbard, and Novaya Zemlya. In the sixteenth
century, Englishmen and then Dutch merchants passed through the Barents
SeainsearchofroutestoIndiaandChinaviatheNorthernSeaRoute.Natural
resources, especially fish, marine animals, and convenient sea ways contrib-
utedtorapidcolonizationofthenorthofEuropeanRussia.
ix