The Venture of Islam, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam

545 Pages·1977·10.09 MB·English

by  Marshall G. S. Hodgson

TheV entuorfeI slam
ConscieanncdeH istoirnya W orlCdi vilization
of
TheC lassiAcael Islam
g
MarshalSl. H Go.d gson
TheV enturoefI slam
Toc onsidmearn kinodt herwtihsaenb rethren,
tot hinfka vourasr ep eculitaoro nen ation
and excludoet hersp,l ainlsyup posesa
darkneisnst heu nderstanding.
-JohnW oolman
TheV enture
of Islam
��
��
ConscieanncdHe i stoirnay
WorICdi viloinz ati
MARSHALL G. SH.O DGSON
VOLUME ONE
THE CLASSICAL AGE OF ISLAM
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
CHICAOG ANDL ONDON
To JohnU .N ef
andt ot hem emoryo f
GustavEe. v onG runebaum
in admiratainodngr atitude
Someo ft hem ateriianlt hesveo lumehsa sb een
issueidn a differfeonrtm t nI ntrodcutiotno
IslamiCciv iliza(tvioolnu mIe,s2 , 3,C opyrig©h t
19�81,9 �9b yT heU niversoiftC yh icagoi)nA'
Historoyj I slamiCci viliza(tCioopny ri©g h1t9 �8
byM arshaGl.lS .H odgson). ianan nd e arlier
versioofnT he Venturoej I slam( volumIe,s2 ,
Copyrig©h 1t9 6b1y M arshaGl.lS .H odgson).
The UniversoiftyC hicagPor essC,h icag6o0 637
The UniversoiftyC hicagPor essL,t d.L,o ndon
© 1974T hbeUy niversoiftC yh icago
Allr ightrse servedP.u blish1ed9 74
Paperabcke diti1on9 77
Printedi nt heU niteSdt ateosfA merica
ISBNV:o l1. 0,-226-3(4p6ap8e3r)-;8
Vo2l..0 -226-(3p4ap6e8r4);- 6
Vol3. ,0 -226-3(4c6lo8t10h)--;12 26-3(4p6a8pe5r-) 4
LibraroyfC ongress CatCaalrodNg u mber7: 3-87243
030 20 10 09 99 89 7 101 11 21 3
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minimumr equiremeonftt sh e AmeriNcaatni onal
Standarfdo rI nformatSicoine nces-Permanoefn ce
Papefro rP rintedL ibraryM ateriaANlSsI, Z39.48-1984.
CONTENTS
VOLUME I
LisotfC harts vi
��� �
MarshaHlold gsona nd TheV entoufrI es labmy ,Re uben
W. Smith viii
PublishNeort'es xi
Introducttoti hoSent udoyf I slamCiicv ilization 3
GenerParlo logTuheeI: s lamViics iionRn e ligainodni Cn ivilizati7o1n
BOOKO NE:T heI slamIincf usiGoenn:e soifsa NewS ociOarld er 101
I.T heW orlbde foIrsel am 103
IIM.u l;tammad's Chal5l7e0n-g6e2,4 q6
IIIT.h eE arlMyu sliSmt at6e2,5 -692 187
BOOKT wo:T heC lassCiicvaill izoaftt ihoHeni gCha liphate 231
PrologtuoBe o okT wo 233
I.T heI slamOipcp osit6i9o2n-,7 50 241
IIT.h eA bsolutiinsF mlo wer7,5 0-813 280
IIIT.h eS harI'sil amViics ioc.n 7,5 0-945 315
IV.M usliPme rsonPaile tCyo:n frontatwiiotHnhis s tory and
witShe lfhoco.7 d5,0 -945 359
V.S peculatFiaolns:a faanhdK alamc,. 7 50-945 410
VI.A dabT:h eB loomo fA rabci LiterCaurlyt ucr.e 8,1 3-945 444
VIIT.h eD issipaotfit ohneA bsolutTirsatd iti8o1n3,- 945 473
A SelectBiivbel iogrfaopFrhu yr thReera ding 497
GlossaorfSy e lecTteerdm sa ndN ames 513
Indetxo V olumIe 519
v
CHARTS
VOLUMEI
BOOOKN E
TwentiethW-oCrelDndit sutrryi buMtuisolni mso f 76
Overvoifte hwHe i stoofIr syl amdom 96
TheP laocfe Iisnl aCtmhh reo noolfWo ogrylH di story II3
TheD evelopomfeC notn fessRieolniagilin ot nh eI rano-
MediterRreagniecoa6.nn5 , 0B c-63C2E 126-27
CultaunrRdae ll iioguOsr ientbaettiwoNeniesln e O xaunsd 131
ThOer igoifIn ssl aCmuilcti unIr tes WCoornltde2 2x6t-,7 15 139
Mul).ammaRde'lsa tives 168
ChronoolfMo ugl).ya mmaLdi'fse time 188-89
ChronoAlboUg-yB:ta o'k Arb d-al6-3M2-a6l9i2k , 200
TheP ublCiucla tsI tH adD evelboypMe adr wiTniim es 210
Evenotfts h Fei rFsitt n6a5h6-,6 61 215
Evenotfts h See coFnidt n6a8h0-6,9 2 220
TheU mayyCaadl iphs 224-25
ThTer iBblaolo cfts h e GaTrorwinsbsoyA,n l leGgeende alogy2 28
BOOK Two
ComparaPetriivoed iozfta htCeia olni ptho1a 2t5e8 234
Chronoolfto hgMeya rnwiiU mayya6d92s-,7 50 244
TheM aiKnM ri(jSih uMroavte)m etnhtrso tuhgTehi moef the
ThiFridt nah 257
ThCea ndidoaft ePtsrhi em iSthilv'ea h 261
Piety-MGirnoduiepnMds a rwiTniim es 263
Evenotfts h Teh iFridt n7a4h4-,7 50 277
ThEea r'lbyAb a-sCiadl iphs 285
TheFl oweorfti hnHegi gCha lip7h5a0t-8e1,3 288
TheM astoefFr isq h
319
ThDee rivaotfiS ohana L re'giDa elc ision 338
TheJ a'faandZd a ySdhil 'ahs 375
TheE arl�iueHMr a sters 408
EarIlsyl amPihcialtoes Socphhoiocl s 434
EarlTirearn slPahtiolross,oS pchieernst,i sts 437
vi
CHARTS vii
TheE arlCilears sAircaabBlie cl les-Lettrists
ThWee akenoiftn hgHe i gCha lip8h1a39t4-e5,
TheF ourFtiht n:aa lh-Ma'Wmaurns' s
The' AbbaCsaildi8 p3h3s5-, 9 4
Successoarn dPSr tiantceeissp Ta:hl eWi etaikenoifCn agl iphal
Control
MAPS
VOLUMEI
Countorfti hees Afro-lEaunrdam1sa9is7as0n, 84
Thec entMreadli tertrharnoeIuangndh ci .6 a0,C0 E II6
Trardoeu toefts hs ee veanntedhi ghth cCeE nturies 122
Thel anfdrso Nmi lteoO xubse fotrhreei osfeI slam 129
Townasn tdr iibnAe sr abiinta h tei moefM u1).ammad 152
Conquoefts htFe e rtile aCnraded asjcceelnnattn t do6s 5 6 202
Muslliamn adtts h tei moefH aruani -Rashid, 786-820993
Muslliamn ndisn,at nhtd e nctehn turies 3II
MarshaHlold gsoann dT heV entuorefI s lam
MarshGaolold wSiinm mHso dgsdoines du ddeonnJl uyn 1e0 I,9 6i8n,h is
forty-syeevaberen,ft ohhr ehe a dfi nisthheaidsn odt hweorr kAstt. h tei me
ofh idse atthhme a nuscrtihpfietr sfftoo uorrf t hsei bxo ookfsT hVee nture
ofIs lhaambd e esnu bmittota ep du bliassfih near(l a lthmoiungeohdr iting
andf ootnaottter ibsuttriielomlna itnobe edd oneh)eh; a rde wormkuecdh
ofB ooFki vaen;dh eh aidn dicraetveidsw iaonntisenB d o oSki xM.a noyf
thceh aratnsdd iagrwaemrsoe n lsyk etcahnedts h,e wreer oen lgye neral
descriopftt ihoienn st enmdaepdsA . m uchs horvteerrs oifot nh weo rk,
resembTlhieVn eg ntoufIr sel ianmi tgse nefroarlmh ,a de xisftoeard
numboefry earuss,ea dn ds ougahftt beyrg raduaantdue n dergraduate
studeanltiIskt eh a.d s taratsae b dr ioeuft lsionmece,h aptceornss iosft ing
onltyw oo rt hrpeaeg eosrn oty etev ewnr ittHeenc .o nstawnrtoltye ,
withdwrheawht e h adw rittreenw,r oatneds, o ugchrti tifcrioshmmi s
collenaegauaren sdf aHre.w ass imultanaetwo ouroskln ay w orhlids tory,
andh eo ftreenm artkheadht eh operde adweorusls do mdea yh avbeo th
availfaobhrle he a,dl onbge ecno nvitnhcaeatdn yh istorical development
couolndl byeu ndersitnto eordom fst hhei storicaanldt hwahwtoh loel,e
inclutdheeedn ticraen voafsh umahni stoArlyt.h osuegvhe hruanld red
pageosfm anuscfroihrpi tws o rlhdi steoxriysm to,su tn fortuinta tely
apparecnatnlnbyoep t u blifsohred t,io it n mp euatn infgofrwumol u mleda n
thaittw asn ol ongheirws o rkA. n umbeorft hew orlhdi stobrays'isc
assumpatnidpoo nisn otfvs i ecwa bne f ouinndT hVee ntouIfsr lea hmo,w ­
evepra,r ticiuntl havera lryi soeucst oifot nhs'e [ ntrodtuotc htSeit ound y
ofI slaCmiivci lizationp'l,a nnboeyrHd io gdignsaaolsan lp yp endtioc es
thee ntiwroer kH.e w asa ni ndefatigable waonrdk ewrfi,at sht idious
definiidteeoa fhs i osw nA.l thocuognht insueaelklaiydn vgi fcreoe mv ery­
wherhee,w asy eta damatnhta nto p ublisehdeirtw'oosru ladl theirs
text.
Itw awsi tcho nsidterreapbildeta htaIiat og nr eteosd e teh wiosr tkh rough
thper easfst heirds e atIhh .a dw orkweidt hhi me,v esnh arhiinosgffi ce
foart imaen,dh adt akoevne trh ceo urisnte h hei stoofIr syl acmiivci liza­
tioantt hUen iverosfCi htiyc aagc oo,u rtsheah teh adcr eaatnetddh awte
hadf or ytewaojr osi nttaluyg Thht.Ve e ntoufIr sel haamdo rigintaot ed
meetth nee eodfst hacto urbsuetc; o ncurrHeondtglsryoe nc ogntihzaetd
muchhe h adt os awye nfta bre yoanndyo rdintaerxHyte .a lwahyosp ed
thbeo owko uladp petaotl h eed ucaltaeydm aasnw elalst ot hes pecialist
andt hbee ginsntiundge hnett h;o ughehc to urleda aclhlt hrienet hoen e
worakn,d waistt h utsh ahte wrote.
viii
MARSHALLH ODGSON IX
Hek epvto luminnootueassn ,dh eh adw ritotueftno hri msmealnfy
directtihoenwrsee;r n eu mercooumsp lcehtaera tsws e lalss ketcahneds
desifgonorst heTrhses. a mwea st rufeoi rl lustrwahtiicuonhnf so,r tunately
becaoufsc eo shta vhea dt ob ee liminIas taewmd y.t astkob ea sl ight­
handaesdp ossiabnldte o,p resetrhveme a nuscarsic potm plehtiesl.y
Theretfhoerreae,m oirdsee tatielxeatdn, td h earreme o rceh aratnsmd a ps
fotrh fier sttw o-tohfit rhwdeos r tkh afnot rh lea tshti Hridws.r itsitnygl e,
particiusul naarlltyte,hr eewdre;er p el acients hm ea nuscriphteh awdh ere
delibecrhaatnegtleoyad g reactoemrp lefxriotamyn e arllieedsres,t ailed
styAllew.a hyisas i mw ast o paascm ku chme anianspg o ssiibnltaeo
senteonrac p ea ragrwahpikhle,ee piistno gc ircumsacstr oii nbceldou ndley
whahte w antSeodm.o ef h inse ologmiasynm osbt e a ttracmtoirtvehe a;n
mosott hwerri theorwse,v heerh ,a msa dhei rse adaewrasro eft hter aps
onmea yf ailnltw oh egni vianw go rodrc oncfeapmti ilnio anrce u ltaunr e
apparentlyc onsniomtiialtnati rho ecn o nteoxfat n othceurl tuHries.
worhlids twooruyhl adv hea cde nttroia stlu ccho nceIrf nosl.l ohwineso dt es
wherIce o ulSdi.nh ceeo ptfeoddr i ffersepnetl lainndeg vsei nns omcea ses
differteenrtm inloaltoiegnhry i wsr itIih nagv,te r iteobd r isnogm ceo n­
sisttehnecrIyen a. f eiwn stahneac letse trreadd itdiaottneoaso l t helre,s s
usuaclh ronoltohgedysa;et eIs h avlee fOtn.l wyh erae f tlwn otiens
brackaertfeso unidnB ookS ihxa sm yp reseinncter uIdh eodp.ae n d
belitehvweeo riksh ipsu,r ealnydd irecatnldty h,aI th avdeo nneo thing
toa ltietr.
Noo nweh ow aass socwiiattMhea dr shHaoldlg sroenm aiunnemdo vbeyd
whoh ew asa ndt hsec holahress thoiopd H efw oarsa.l esser-gkinaonwtn
among bettsecrh-oklHnaiorQswsu n.a ker backgrohuinmwd i taph r ovided
quigeetn tlebnaecskbsey da bsolruetseo luwthienonen c esspaerryh;a ps
morteh afnom ro stte achtehrkesi ,no dfp ershoewn a isn fortmhecedl asses
het augehstp,e ctihaolislneQy U r'aannd� iifisNmo.n arrsopwe cihael ist,
fouinndh iwso rwki tthh ien tellewcitduea-lrlaCyno gmimnigto tnSe oec ial
Thougahttt h Uen iverosfCi htiyc aas gaot isfraicvtaitlohinan atgff orded
byh iIss lasmtiucad nytd e aching.
Iti sim posshiebrtleome a kteh aec knowledhgemw eonutlhsda vmea de
ihfe w erael iLveea.d Iisnlga smcihco tlharrosu gthhoweuo trr leda pdo rtions
ofh iwso rkH.ew asa blteot akfee wl eavfersoh mi tse achainndhg i s
administrattoid veev oedtnuett iitreores el sye abrucothn ;oe r t wpor ecious
opportudniiodtc iceuHsre .la pl scoa mfer ofmr ieannddse ,s pecially his
studeInw tosu.ll di kteoa cknowlseidmgpbely ny a mhee lgpr aciaonuds ly
eageorffleyr meedb yh icso lleaangdus etsu dePnrtosf:e WsislolrisHa .m
McNeiMlulh,sM ianh dain,dt hlea tGeu stavvoenG runebfaouvrma luable
counsgerla;d usattued eHnatrso Rlodg eMrasr,i lRyonb inWsaolnd man,
WilliOacmh serawnadlG de,o rCghea dwincokwa, l lla uncohnec da reers
oft heoiwrn a;n mda noyt hetronsou mertooum se ntion.
Mosotfa ltlh,ce o unthloeusMrsas r shHaoldlg swoinf'Pesh, y ldleivso,t ed