This page intentionally left blank THE UNAUTHORISED AGENT The focus of this book, the legal situation created when an agent acts withoutauthority,isoneofthemostimportantissuesinagencylaw.The analysis is divided into three sections: apparent authority, ratification andtheliabilityofthefalsusprocurator.Adoptingauniquecomparative perspective,thecontributionsaredrawnfrommanydifferentlegalsys- tems, providing the opportunity for analysis of the European common law/civillawdivide.TheanalysisextendsbeyondEurope,however,taking intoaccountthemixedlegalsystemofSouthAfrica,aswellastheUnited States.Finally,thereisausefulconsiderationofthePrinciplesofEuropean ContractLawandtheUNIDROITPrinciplesofInternationalCommercial Contracts2004.Thisbookwillbeaninvaluableguideforthoseinterested in the study of comparative law, international practitioners and those interestedintheharmonisationofEuropeanPrivateLaw. danny busch is an attorney-at-law with De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek,Amsterdam,andaSeniorResearchFellowintheBusiness& LawResearchCentre,UniversityofNijmegen. lauraj.macgregorisaSeniorLecturerandDirectoroftheEdinburgh CentreforCommercialLawattheLawSchool,EdinburghUniversity. THE UNAUTHORISED AGENT Perspectives from European and Comparative Law Edited by DANNY BUSCH AND LAURA J. MACGREGOR CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521863889 © Cambridge University Press 2009 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-50674-1 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-86388-9 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. TABLE OF CONTENTS Listofcontributors pagevii Foreword ix Preface xi Abbreviations xiii Tableofcases xix 1. Introduction (danny busch and laura macgregor) 1 PART 1 Thecivilianlegalsystems 15 2. UnauthorisedagencyinFrenchlaw (se´verine saintier) 17 3. UnauthorisedagencyinBelgianlaw (ilse samoy) 61 4. UnauthorisedagencyinGermanlaw (martin schmidt-kessel and ana baide) 100 5. UnauthorisedagencyinDutchlaw (danny busch) 136 PART 2 Thecommonlaw 183 6. UnauthorisedagencyinEnglishlaw (cheng-han tan) 185 7. TheRestatement(Third)ofAgency andtheunauthorisedagentinUSlaw (deborah a. demott) 219 v vi table of contents 8. Unauthorisedagency,theAmericanRestatements andothercommonlawcountries (francis reynolds) 245 PART 3 Mixedlegalsystems 259 9. UnauthorisedagencyinScotslaw (laura macgregor) 261 10. UnauthorisedagencyinSouthAfricanlaw (david yuill) 300 PART 4 International‘codes’ 339 11. UnauthorisedagencyinthePrinciplesofEuropean ContractLaw (danny busch) 341 12. UnauthorisedagencyintheUNIDROITPrinciples ofInternationalCommercialContracts2004 (danny busch) 362 PART 5 Conclusions 383 13. Comparativelawevaluation (danny busch and laura macgregor) 385 14. Comparativeconclusions (danny busch and laura macgregor) 439 Bibliography 449 Index 465 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ana b. baide, llb, ba(hons) Barrister and Solicitor of the High CourtofNewZealand,Solicitor,RussellMcVeagh dr danny busch m. jur. (oxon) Attorney-at-law, De Brauw BlackstoneWestbroek,Amsterdam SeniorResearchFellow,Business&LawResearchCentre,Universityof Nijmegen professor deborah a. demott DavidF.CaversProfessorofLaw, DukeUniversitySchoolofLaw laura j. macgregor SeniorLecturerinCommercialLaw Director,EdinburghCentreforCommercialLaw,UniversityofEdinburgh professor francis reynolds, qc (hon.), dcl, fba Honorary BencherofInnerTemple ProfessorofLawEmeritusintheUniversityofOxford EmeritusFellowofWorcesterCollegeOxford dr se´verine saintier SeniorLecturer,SheffieldUniversity dr ilse samoy Postdoctoral Fellow of the Research Foundation – FlandersK.U.Leuven professor dr iur martin schmidt-kessel European Legal Studies Institute, University of Osnabrück, Dean of the Osnabrück Law Faculty professortancheng-hanDean,FacultyofLaw,NationalUniversity ofSingapore david yuill Attorney,BowmanGilfillan,Inc.,Johannesburg vii
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